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At least 1,207 records · Page 67Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Composite fish culture for mosquito control in rice fields in southern India.

Composite culture of edible fishes (common carp, Cryprinus carpio; silver carp, Hypopthalmithys molitrix, grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella; catla, Catla catla; rohu, Labeo rohita; and mrigal, Cirrhinus mrigala) in rice fields in the Cauvery delta of Tamil Nadu, southern India, resulted in 81.0% reduction in the immature mosquito population of anophelines and 83.5% of culicines. Analysis of fish feces for mosquito larval head capsules showed that common carp and silver carp are effective larvivores. The selective feeding of common carp on culicines and silver carp on anophelines is correlated to their trophic niches. Net profit in the fish-cum-rice fields was 2.5 times greater than fields in which rice alone was cultured. Hence, rice-cum-fish culture can be recommended to the farming community in this area.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Emergency control of Aedes aegypti in the Dominican Republic using the Scorpion 20 ULV forced-air generator.

In an effort to develop a more effective measure for use in emergency control of the dengue vector Aedes aegypti. applications of a combination of a larvicide (Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis [B.t.i.]) and an adulticide (permethrin) were made using a truck-mounted forced-air generator (Scorpion 20) and evaluated in the Dominican Republic. This method has the potential to simultaneously control adults and larvae. In bioassay cages placed in household water containers at the time of application, larval mortalities were 95.1 and 100% for 2 application rates of permethrin mixed with B.t.i. Adult mortalities were not as impressive, probably because of resistance to permethrin. Higher adult mortality in caged specimens (78.5%) and a substantial reduction in the natural population (68.4%) of Ae. aegypti were obtained following a 2.1-g AI/ha application of deltamethrin alone.

Aedes↗
PubMed1996

Effect of inactivation by sunlight on the larvicidal activities of mosquitocidal Bacillus thuringiensis H-14 isolates from Nigerian soils.

Bacillus thuringiensis H-14 is a well recognized bioinsecticide against mosquitoes. This study investigates the inactivation effect of sunlight on the larvicidal activities of four Nigerian isolates of B. thuringiensis H-14, code-named OBG1, OBG8, GSC3 and GNA13 as compared with a standard mosquito larvicide, B. thuringiensis var. israelensis (BTI). A 0.125 mg/1 suspension of spore-delta-endotoxin powder of each isolate was exposed to direct sunlight for 7 h on a concrete roof (ca. 13 m high). After exposure, the toxicity of each bacterial suspension to Aedes aegypti larvae was determined by bioassay. Three of the isolates, OBG8, OBG1 and GSC3 exhibited higher larvicidal activities than B.T.I. against A. aegypti larvae after exposure to sunlight. The resistance of Nigerian isolates to inactivation effects of sunlight advocates their potential in biocontrol of mosquitoes.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Aquatic insects that are bioregulators of mosquito larvae present in Pantanos de Villa, Lima, Peru].

The main aquatic insects bioregulators of mosquito larvae living in different reservoirs at the "Pantanos de Villa", Lima, Perú, were collected and determined. Mosquito larvae and pupae of the Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Aedes scapularis Rondani species were found in water reservoirs where aquatic insects are not observed. In those where there were these effective bioregulators of mosquito larvae such as Ischnura ramburii (Selys), Ceratura capreola (Hagen), Erithrodoplax cleopatra Ris, Aeschna elsia Calvert, Tropisternus dorsalis Brullé, Thermonectes circunscripta Latr, Belostoma asiaticum (Mayr), and Buenoa absidata Truxal, no mosquito larvae were found. The species of the aquatic insects collected in the reservoirs as well as the physical and chemical variables of the water are shown.

Aedes↗
PubMed1994

Virus-vectored immunocontraception for control of wild rabbits: identification of target antigens and construction of recombinant viruses.

The need to control animal populations arises in many situations in the world from a variety of motives. Present control strategies are almost universally based on lethal procedures. Increasingly, there is dissatisfaction with such approaches from many different perspectives. In response to these concerns, the concept of controlling populations of pest species through control of their fertility has been mooted. Successful examples of this approach exist in cases of small, discrete pest populations but application of this to a widely distributed species over a broad geographical area has not yet been achieved. In this article, we report on a new approach to fertility control, virus-vectored immunocontraception, and discuss its applicability to control of wild rabbit populations. Particular emphasis is placed on the strategy for selection of a target molecule capable of inducing an immunocontraceptive response and on how the gene encoding such a molecule might be engineered into the myxoma virus for distribution into the population. The fact that the procedures for antigen identification and the viral engineering methods used are, to varying extents, generic means that the broad principles of this approach are applicable in other species.

Animals↗
PubMed2025

Disruption of HaVipR1 confers Vip3Aa resistance in the moth crop pest Helicoverpa armigera.

The global reliance on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins for controlling lepidopteran pests in cotton, corn, and soybean crops underscores the critical need to understand resistance mechanisms. Vip3Aa, one of the most widely deployed and currently effective Bt proteins in genetically modified crops, plays a pivotal role in pest management. This study investigates the molecular basis of Vip3Aa resistance in Australian Helicoverpa armigera through genetic crosses, and integrated genomic and transcriptomic analyses. We identified a previously uncharacterized gene, LOC110373801 (designated HaVipR1), as potentially important in Vip3Aa resistance in two field-derived resistant lines. Functional validation using CRISPR/Cas9 knockout in susceptible lines confirmed the gene's role in conferring high-level resistance to Vip3Aa. Despite extensive laboratory selection of Vip3Aa-resistant colonies in Lepidoptera, the biochemical mechanisms underlying resistance have remained elusive. Our research identifies HaVipR1 as a potential contributor to resistance, adding to our understanding of how insects may develop resistance to this important Bt protein. The identification of HaVipR1 contributes to our understanding of potential resistance mechanisms and may inform future resistance management strategies. Future work should explore the biochemical pathways influenced by HaVipR1 and assess its interactions with other resistance mechanisms. The approach utilized here underscores the value of field-derived resistant lines for understanding resistance in agricultural pests and highlights the need for targeted approaches to manage resistance sustainably.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The prey-dependent consumption two-prey one-predator models with stage structure for the predator and impulsive effects.

In this paper, we consider the prey-dependent consumption two-prey one-predator models with stage structure for the predator and impulsive effects. By applying the Floquet theory of linear periodic impulsive equation, we show that there exists a globally asymptotically stable pest-eradication periodic solution when the impulsive period is less than some critical value, that is, the pest population can be eradicated totally. But from the point of ecological balance and saving resources, we only need to control the pest population under the economic threshold level instead of eradicating it totally, and thus, we further prove that the system is uniformly permanent if the impulsive period is larger than some critical value, and meanwhile we also give the conditions for the extinction of one of the two preys and permanence of the remaining species. Thus, we can use the stability of the positive periodic solution and its period to control insect pests at acceptably low levels. Considering population communities always are imbedded in periodically varying environments, and the parameters in ecosystem models may oscillate simultaneously with the periodically varying environments, we add a forcing term into the prey population's intrinsic growth rate. The resulting bifurcation diagrams show that with the varying of parameters, the system experiences process of cycles, periodic windows, periodic-doubling cascade, symmetry breaking bifurcation as well as chaos.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

A review of potential pathogens of sea lice and the application of cleaner fish in biological control.

There are many examples of successful biological control of pest populations in aquatic environments. This approach to sea louse control has environmental benefits and is cost-effective. The range of possible pathogens of lice is reviewed and epibionts recorded from sea lice, including the monogenean Udonella caligorum and ciliates, are examined. Baculoviruses when ingested by insects form occlusion bodies resulting in severe damage to the digestive system and subsequent death, and this may be a promising approach. Cleaner wrasse (Labridae) have been stocked commercially with farmed salmon since 1989, and recent work on improving the method is reviewed. Wrasse are sourced from a wild fishery and stocked at ratios of 1 to 25-150 salmon. Over 5 million wrasse are stocked annually in Norway and c 30% of smolts in Scotland were stocked with wrasse until 1998, when an outbreak of infections salmon anaemia (ISA) deterred many farmers from transferring wild fish to cages. A case study is given showing that salmon in cages stocked with wrasse had a burden of one to eight lice through the first year compared with up to 40 lice per fish on unprotected and untreated fish. Electivity indices were used to compare the relative composition of lice developmental stages on salmon in stocked and unstocked cages, and adult male and female lice were found to comprise only 6% of the population in cages with wrasse, compared with 49% adults on fish in control cages. Measures to improve the efficacy of wrasse as a way of cleaning salmon in the second production year include the use of refuges to assist over-wintering survival, and stocking ballan wrasse. Health hygiene includes sourcing wrasse in the farm locality, testing for pathogens, vaccination of wrasse and ultimately rearing wrasse for stocking. The role of wrasse in an IPM strategy is described.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Plant host associations of Penthaleus species and Halotydeus destructor (Acari: Penthaleidae) and implications for integrated pest management.

Integrated pest management programs seek to minimise reliance on pesticides and provide effective long-term control of pests. Cultural control strategies, such as crop rotations, trap and border crops, and weed management, require a thorough understanding of pest host associations. This paper examines the effects of different plant hosts on the persistence and reproduction of blue oat mites, Penthaleus spp., and the redlegged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor (Tucker), which are major agricultural pests in southern Australia. Field and shade-house experiments were conducted testing several crop and plant types. All species survived and reproduced from one mite season to the next when confined to pasture. Canola and a common weed, 'bristly ox-tongue', were suitable hosts for H. destructor and Penthaleus falcatus (Qin and Halliday), whereas Penthaleus sp. x and Penthaleus major (Dugés) failed to persist on these plants. A mixture of wheat and oats sustained P. sp. x and H. destructor, but not P. falcatus or P. major. Lentils were generally a poor host plant for all mite species. These findings show that earth mite species differ in their ability to persist on different plant types, highlighting the importance of distinguishing mite species before implementing control strategies. Results are discussed with respect to cultural control options for the management of these winter pests.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[The strategy of ectoparasite control in extensive animal farming].

The strategic concepts worked out for controlling animal pests and parasitoses in the GDR can also be applied to the control of ectoparasites under the conditions of extensive animal farming in Africa and Central Asia. Above all, the natural prerequisites are characterized by a wide variability and differ considerably from those in the GDR. Their careful analysis and assessment form the basis of the strategic concept and ensure the success of a programme. The paper outlines the effect to the national economy of a planned control of ectoparasites.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed2006

Within-species variability of the response to 20-hydroxyecdysone in peach-potato aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer).

Phytoecdysteroids have been proposed as new tools for controlling crop pests because of their endocrine disruption and deterrent effects on insects and nematodes. There is increasing evidence of variability between taxa in sensitivity to phytoecdysteroids, but the genetic variability of this sensitivity within species is unknown. However, knowledge about this intraspecies variability is required for predicting evolution of the pest's response to new control methods. We assessed the variability of the response of the aphid Myzus persicae Sulzer, a major agricultural pest, to 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). We determined the number of nymphs produced by six clones of M. persicae exposed to various concentrations of 20E and the capacity of these clones to detect 20E in choice experiments. High concentrations of 20E significantly decreased the number of nymphs produced for two clones and both increases and decreases in the number of offspring were detected at low concentrations. Two clones significantly avoided food with 20E, while one significantly preferred it, suggesting that 20E does not always act as a deterrent in this species. We conclude that genetic variability in the response to 20E exists in natural populations of M. persicae. The consequences of this finding on the sustainability of control methods using 20E are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Genetically modified baculoviruses: a historical overview and future outlook.

The concept of using genetic engineering to improve the natural insecticidal activity of baculoviruses emerged during the 1980s. Both academic and industrial laboratories have since invested a great deal of effort to generate genetically modified (GM) or recombinant baculoviruses with dramatically improved speeds of kill. Optimal production methodologies and formulations have also been developed, and the safety and ecology of the recombinant baculoviruses have been thoroughly investigated. Unfortunately, the initial excitement that was generated by these technologies was tempered when industry made a critical decision to not complete the registration process of GM baculoviruses for pest insect control. In this chapter, we summarize the developments in the field from a historical perspective and provide our opinions as to the current status and future potential of the technology. We will argue that GM baculoviruses are valuable and viable tools for pest insect control both alone and in combination with wild-type viruses. We believe that these highly effective biopesticides still have a bright future in modern agriculture as public awareness and acceptance of GM organisms, including GM baculoviruses, increases.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Eradication and pest management.

Eradication is the elimination of every single individual of a species from an area to which recolonization is unlikely to occur. Cost-benefit analyses of eradication programs involve biases that tend to underestimate the costs and overestimate the benefits. In this review, we (a) highlight limitations of current cost-benefit analyses, (b) assess eradication strategies from biological and sociological perspectives by discussing particular cases of successful and failed eradication efforts, and (c) briefly contrast eradication and ongoing area-wide control as pest management strategies. Two successful eradication programs involve the screwworm and cattle ticks. Gypsy moth and medfly eradication programs have not been successful, and subsequent captures of insects recur in eradication areas. In situations where heterogeneity of land use patterns make it difficult to prevent reinvasion of the pest, education and area-wide suppression are probably more realistic goals than eradication.

Animals↗