Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “PHARMACIES”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,207 records · Page 67Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Pharmacist work activity before and after pharmacy department computerization.

The effects of a dedicated computer system on pharmacists' daily activities at a 363-bed hospital were studied. A one-group pretest-posttest design was used. Twenty-four pharmacists recorded activity frequency and time for seven consecutive days several months before and after a pharmacy computer system was implemented. The computer system could be used for printing unit dose fill lists and i.v. labels, entering data, and printing patient profiles. An admissions, discharge, and transfer interface between the hospital system and the pharmacy system was also operational. The data were organized into 28 activities for analysis. For seven activities that were considered directly affected by computerization, a net 0.1-minute increase in the average time was found. Four of those seven showed an increase in average time (a total of 1.86 minutes): (1) calculating the composition of total parenteral nutrient or i.v. solution, (2) compounding large-volume i.v. solution, (3) profiling orders, and (4) checking the work of pharmacy technicians. The other three showed a decrease in average time (a total of 1.76 minutes): (1) preparing syringe or small-volume i.v. solution, (2) monitoring drug profiles, and (3) dispensing unit dose medications. However, with all 28 activities considered, a 1.03-minute decrease occurred in the average time per activity. Installation of a dedicated pharmacy computer decreased the amount of time pharmacists spent performing 28 activities by an average of 1.03 minutes per activity but increased the amount of time spent on activities directly affected by the computer by an average of 0.1 minute per activity.

Computers↗
PubMed2005

[A survey into smokers' interest in quitting smoking and in the provision of smoking cessation counselling in community pharmacies].

Since even a little help from healthcare professionals provided to smokers in the form of a clear-cut and resolute interventions may help increase a rather low rate of smokers' successful attempts to quit smoking, the pharmacists, who are on a daily basis in a close contact with the patients-smokers, have a very good position to assume an important role in enforcing the anti-smoking activities, both in the form of their active approach to such patients and the provision of counselling to support smoking cessation. Our questionnaire was designed to assess the interest of smokers in the Czech Republic and Slovakia in quitting smoking and the interest of those who intend to give up their bad habit in smoking cessation counselling provided in community pharmacies as well as their potential willingness to pay for this service. The survey has shown that almost 80% of smokers want to quit smoking. Of those, some 42% are interested in smoking cessation counselling provided in community pharmacies, while around 37% are yet undecided as to whether they would use such services. Nearly 91% of potential clients of smoking cessation counselling service expressed willingness to pay for it, 40% of them said they would be willing to pay more then 100 Czech/Slovak crowns (around 3 EUR) for the service. Smoking cessation counselling in community pharmacies could become another effective tool to help cut down the number of smokers and also improve the prestige of pharmaceutical profession as such. The great interest of smokers in quitting smoking and in smoking cessation counselling provided in community pharmacies supports our effort to establish the service as a common service of pharmaceutical care in the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Pharmacy-based antimicrobial-monitoring service.

A pharmacy-based antimicrobial-monitoring service at a university teaching hospital is described. The service was developed and implemented by the pharmacy department in 1987. Antimicrobial drugs that can be misused, that are expensive, or for which bacterial resistance is a concern were targeted. When a pharmacist receives an order for a targeted antimicrobial, an antimicrobial-monitoring card is completed. Monitored drugs meeting approved criteria are dispensed as ordered. When the antimicrobial does not meet the criteria, the pharmacist contacts the physician and suggests an alternative. If the alternative is not accepted, the infectious diseases service is contacted and then informs the pharmacy department about the status of the drug. The agent is dispensed if no response is received within two hours. Qualified staff pharmacists rotate through the position of antimicrobial pharmacist, whose responsibilities include reviewing antimicrobial use throughout the hospital, checking relevant laboratory test results, and recommending adjustments to regimens. From July 1989 to June 1990, 3546 orders for monitored antimicrobials were reviewed; of these, 86% met the criteria, 9% did not meet the criteria but were approved, 2% were for drugs that were replaced by alternative therapies, 1% were for agents that were dispensed because the pharmacist was not contacted, and 2% represented medical staff overrides or drugs dispensed inappropriately. Pharmacist and physician compliance with the monitoring policy has been high. A positive, constructive, and educational relationship exists between pharmacists and physicians vis-à-vis the service. A pharmacy-based antimicrobial-monitoring service has been accepted by pharmacists and physicians and appears to be having a positive impact on prescribing habits.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed2005

Capturing data on medicines usage: the potential of community pharmacy databases.

AIMS: The initial aim of the research projects was to examine the geographic distribution, patronage patterns, and loyalty of prescription clients around individual community pharmacies. A second aim was to explore the geographical and socioeconomic variation in the use of prescription medicines and prescribing trends both between and within therapeutic classes. METHODS: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology (including the tabulating, geocoding, and mapping functions) was used to analyse the information that is held in community pharmacy databases. RESULTS: These studies demonstrated the use of this technology to show variation in local use of prescription medicines, at both an individual level and a population level, through the analysis of data already held in community pharmacy databases. CONCLUSION: The use of GIS technology and pre-existing community pharmacy databases enables improved data capture on the prescription--and medication-related behaviour of health-service consumers.

Community Pharmacy Services↗
PubMed2006

Using clinical evidence to manage pharmacy benefits: experiences of six states.

Medicaid agencies report that pharmacy costs are a major driver of overall program spending growth. Many states believe that clinical evidence can be used to curtail pharmacy costs while ensuring beneficiary access to needed prescription drugs. In 2004, researchers from the National Academy for State Health Policy and Georgetown University conducted site visits to examine how state Medicaid agencies in California, Florida, Kansas, Michigan, Missouri, and Washington manage their pharmacy benefits. This brief focuses on states' use of clinical evidence and preferred drug lists. It summarizes the states' experiences in four areas of pharmacy benefit management: the role of pharmaceutical and therapeutics committees in developing preferred drug lists; use of prior approval processes to enforce preferred drug lists; the role played by the Drug Effectiveness Review Project in helping states manage drug utilization; and the management of behavioral health pharmaceuticals.

Antidepressive Agents↗
PubMed2006

[Preparation of pharmaceuticals in pharmacies. I. Contemporary situation from the viewpoint of computer records].

Pharmaceuticals prepared in pharmacies represent approximately 5 % of the total number of dispensed packages, in financial terms approximately 2.3 % of the total turnover of a pharmacy. For the preparation of pharmaceuticals, 70 % of pharmacies under study use computer files of prescriptions. In most cases, the number of recorded prescriptions does not exceed 150, both for preparations made in larger amounts and those made individually. But not all prescriptions are really used. On the other hand, frequently required prescriptions are often missing. Prescriptions used in pharmacies of different regions are similar or identical. The computer files of prescriptions could be utilized in a more effective way and could also include algorithms to secure the appropriate quality of preparation.

Computers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Clinical pharmacy in lebanon: a pilot study regarding health care professionals' opinion].

INTRODUCTION: In Lebanon, clinical pharmacy is not professionally applied, despite being taught and required by the accreditation system of hospitals established by the Ministry of Health. The objective of our study is to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of medical professionals regarding the concept of clinical pharmacy. METHODS: It is a descriptive cross-sectional study, conducted in hospitals with doctors, nurses and administrators. Standardized self-filling questionnaires were distributed. RESULTS: The majority of physicians and of nurses found a clinical pharmacist intervention beneficial. All administrators were ready to accept a clinical pharmacist in their institution, since his/her presence would contribute to the reduction of hospitalization costs, mortality and morbidity. DISCUSSION: Medical professionals have a clear and positive idea regarding clinical pharmacy. CONCLUSION: Different steps are necessary in order to integrate clinical pharmacy in the Lebanese health care system.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2006

[The history of medicine and pharmacy in "Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki" in the years 1956-2005].

The publications in "Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki" in the years 1956-2005 reflected the state of Polish history of medicine and pharmacy. After the thaw of 1956, a positivist (physician-oriented) current prevailed in such publications, and that tendency grew even stronger in the 1980s. Marxist attempts at writing the history of medicine never gained a dominant position, and a gradual disppearance of that convention could observed from the 1970s onwards. Since 1993, representatives of the antipositivist (humanist) current began to publish in the quarterly, encouraged by a conducive atmosphere in the Institute of the History of Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences. The history of pharmacy, which at first was present in only negligible quantities among the quarterly's publications, began to make its presence felt since the middle of the 1960s. Historians of pharmacy were never engaged in methodological discourse, implementing their own research programmes. The quarterly was held in highly esteemed by the large and institutionalized milieu of historians of medicine, even though other journals also published studies in the history of medicine and pharmacy. The Editorial Board of the quarterly always took care that the articles and materials should be based on sources and represented high standards of quality; the Board was also open to contributions by representatives of other disciplines and to new trends in the history of medicine. Although the existing restrictions have reduced the number of potential contributors to the quarterly who could meet the criteria adopted by the Editorial Board, "Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki" has, in its fifty years of existence, served as a useful platform for the exchange of scholarly views, for the emergence of new research currents and programmes, and for information on new scienticic publications and events.

History of Pharmacy↗
PubMed2006

Management of asthma at private pharmacies in India.

SETTING: Chennai, India. OBJECTIVE: To examine the medications and advice that retail pharmacy attendants recommend to customers presenting with typical symptoms of asthma in an urban area of India. DESIGN: Four simulated clients described symptoms of mild persistent asthma to a quota sample of pharmacies in ten areas of the city. Clients recorded consultations with attendants and purchased a sample of the recommended medications. RESULTS: A total of 52 shops were visited on 56 occasions. Shopkeepers offered 140 medications during the consultations, and clients purchased a sample of 100 medications (71%). Four shops (7%) refused to sell any medications. Attendants recommended oral bronchodilators during 26 (50%) consultations, antibiotics during 23 (44%), methylxanthines during 22 (42%) and oral corticosteroids during 20 (38%). No inhaled medications were ever recommended. The majority of the medications purchased were missing information about dosage (concentration), date of expiry and active ingredients. Thirteen (24%) of 54 attendants advised the clients to seek medical attention. CONCLUSION: The majority of individuals presenting with asthma symptoms did not receive appropriate advice or medications from pharmacy attendants. Efforts to raise the quality of asthma management in developing countries should include interventions to improve pharmacy-guided self-medication.

Anti-Asthmatic Agents↗
PubMed1991

[The 1891 Jubilee National Exhibition and Czech pharmacy].

A hundred years ago, the Pharmaceutical Society in Prague, on the initiative of PhMr. H. Rüdiger, the then pharmacist in Kralupy, and with great participation of PhMr. K. Schürer, the then owner of a firm furnishing pharmacies, participated in the Jubilee Country's Exhibition from May 15 to October 18, 1891 in Prague. Sixteen Czech pharmacists exhibited the products of their laboratories and manufacturing plants, galenical and chemical preparations and the first "specialities of pharmacies", personal and home medicine-cases and various adjusting and auxiliary material (such as bottles and ointment jars), "medicinal wafers" and the pertinent devices for their closing (PhMr. Fr. Sevcík from Prague). K. Schürer exhibited a complete equipment of a modern pharmacy with glass and porcelain drug jars and various pharmaceutical utensils. It was for the first time that pharmaceutical historical material, documentary and literary items were exhibited for the general public. The top exhibit was the Prague baroque pharmacy "The Golden Crown", which was donated to the National Museum in Prague when the exhibition was closed. The exhibition was put under a boycott by some German industrialists and the German pharmacists from Bohemia ostentatiously rejected any participation. The exhibition and its pharmaceutical part thus resulted in a distinguished achievement of Czech effort and work.

Anniversaries and Special Events↗
PubMed1991

Expanding staff pharmacists' responsibilities to maintain pharmacy services in a neonatal intensive-care unit.

The conversion of pharmacist responsibilities in a neonatal intensive-care unit (NICU) pharmacy satellite from drug distribution to both clinical services and drug distribution is described. When the pharmacy department could not recruit a specialty-trained clinical practitioner to fill an open NICU position, the position was converted to a fourth satellite pharmacist position, and each of the four NICU satellite pharmacists assumed clinical responsibilities for the NICU. Clinical and distributive functions had previously been separate. Staff development programs and a contract with the previous NICU clinical practitioner for consultative services helped to ease the transition. NICU pharmacists currently provide inservice education to medical residents and the nursing staff, provide drug information, monitor drug therapy, perform pharmacokinetic monitoring, are involved in research, and work to streamline satellite operations. For one of every four months, the NICU pharmacists primarily provide clinical services; the remainder of the time clinical activities are combined with drug distribution responsibilities. The staffing schedule has enabled the department to extend the hours that clinical services are available. The NICU pharmacists maintain secondary areas of staffing, and other pharmacists periodically staff the NICU satellite. Staff pharmacists in the NICU pharmacy satellite developed clinical skills that permitted integration of clinical and distributive pharmacy services.

Hospital Bed Capacity, 500 and over↗
PubMed1990

Pharmacy-managed patient-controlled analgesia service.

The implementation and functioning of a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) service operated by staff pharmacists are described. The pharmacy-managed PCA service was introduced into the hospital in 1988. Pharmacists initiate PCA therapy upon physician request. Standard narcotic-dosing guidelines were developed for patients receiving PCA; criteria were also developed to allow the pharmacist to adjust the narcotic dose based upon the patient's response. The dosing guidelines were approved by the pharmacy and therapeutics committee. A hospitalwide education program introduced nurses and physicians to the pharmacy-managed PCA service. Of 299 patients who received PCA therapy in 1989, more than 90% were managed by staff pharmacists. Pharmacists calculate and program initial narcotic doses and are responsible for daily patient monitoring to determine the success of therapy. Using the established guidelines, pharmacists adjust the narcotic dose based upon patient response. A quality assurance review of the PCA service has documented its safety and success. A pharmacy-managed PCA service has increased the clinical involvement of pharmacists and provided safe and effective pain management for postsurgical patients.

Analgesia, Patient-Controlled↗
PubMed1990

Value of pharmacy services: perceptions of consumers, physicians, and third party prescription plan administrators.

A study of patients, physicians, and third party prescription plan administrators was conducted to identify those pharmacy services they believe are important and valuable and to determine whether third party plan administrators would reimburse pharmacists for such services. Patient and physician focus groups indicated that both wanted personalized services related to medications. Physicians believe that pharmacists are talking to patients about their medications, whereas patients want more drug information but report that pharmacists are not always providing such information. A mail survey of 41 third party prescription plan administrators indicated they believe that pharmacy services are important to consumers and that pharmacists are already providing most of the services identified. One-third of the third party administrators said their companies would consider implementing a structured pharmacist incentive plan to improve enrollee satisfaction. Those whose companies would not most often gave "increased cost" as the reason. No clear relationship was shown between number or type of services and the incentive value offered. Providing administrators with evidence that enhanced pharmacy services will increase overall program cost savings may lead to implementation of pharmacy incentives.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1990

Attitudes of pharmacy students toward mental illness.

Undergraduate pharmacy students' attitudes toward mental illness were measured by a questionnaire that also included questions about students' demographic variables and previous exposure to mental illness. Baccalaureate pharmacy students entering their first week of clinical rotations were asked to voluntarily complete a questionnaire that included Whatley's social distance scale and Morrison's Client Attitude Questionnaire version B (CAQ-B). Information was also sought about demographics, socio-economic factors, and prior exposure to mental illness. Possible total scores for Whatley's social distance scale range from 8 to 24, with lower scores implying more favorable attitudes toward mentally ill patients. Possible total scores for the CAQ-B range from 20 to 60, with scores lower than 40 indicative of a medical-model orientation and scores higher than 46 indicative of a psychosocial-model orientation. A total of 250 students completed the questionnaire. The first 85 students received Morrison's CAQ-B; the other 165 students completed both scales. The mean +/- S.D. score of 13.6 +/- 3.5 on the social distance scale indicates that the pharmacy students generally had favorable attitudes towards patients with mental illness. The mean +/- S.D. score of 32.8 +/- 3.6 on the CAQ-B indicates that the pharmacy students accepted a medical-model orientation. Students reporting a family history of psychiatric diagnoses and hospitalizations, a personal psychiatric diagnosis, or a history of visiting a psychiatric hospital had more favorable attitudes toward mentally ill patients. Female students and students who had a family history of psychiatric hospitalizations and diagnoses were significantly more oriented toward the medical model than students without this history.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1989

Point-of-service computer system and drug-use evaluation: implications for pharmacy practice in ambulatory care.

The point-of-service (POS) computer system and its possible effects on ambulatory-care pharmacy practice are described. The POS system, a key component of the Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act, is an electronic claims-transmittal device to be installed in community pharmacies. The system transmits information about the patient and the prescribed drug to a claims processor, which verifies the eligibility of the patient for Medicare drug benefits, determines the amount of payment allowed, and sends information back to the POS terminal in less than 30 seconds. Because prescription information can be consolidated into a central data pool, drug-use patterns can be reviewed. The system will also permit automated screening of drug-drug interactions. Problems posed by the POS system relate to (1) the lack of a claims-transmittal device that can communicate with all claims processors, (2) the lack of a direct interface between the POS system and all pharmacy computer systems, (3) the expense of training personnel to operate the POS system, (4) the cost incurred by pharmacies in installing the POS system, and (5) the conflict between protecting the privacy of a patient's drug profile and permitting the monitoring of drug interactions. The catastrophic coverage act proposes that POS data be used to assess the appropriateness of drug use with a focus on outcome and quality-of-care issues; for the full intent of the act to be achieved, the components of an effective drug-use-evaluation program must be employed. Drug-use evaluation should eventually decrease health-care costs and improve quality of care.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Ambulatory Care Information Systems↗
PubMed1986

National survey of hospital pharmacy facilities: introduction.

This paper introduces three articles that report results of a national survey of hospital pharmacy facilities conducted in July 1982. A historical perspective of pharmacists' involvement in facilities planning and examples of internal and external factors influencing the optimal design of hospital pharmacies are presented. The survey aimed to identify and describe existing hospital pharmacy facilities, the adequacy of existing facilities, the anticipated need for facilities, and the processes used for planning facilities. These baseline data can be used in the future as a starting point for developing updated model plans for hospital pharmacies and recommending improvements in the planning process.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1986

Implementing a mainframe packaged pharmacy computer system in a 190-bed hospital.

The implementation of a pharmacy computer system in a 190-bed institution is described. A computer system was instituted in the pharmacy department as part of a hospitalwide conversion to an online information system. Planning for implementation began nine months before the actual live date (date of full computerization). Problems in the existing distribution and record-keeping systems that might be eliminated by computerization were identified, and changes in the layout of the pharmacy and department procedures were initiated to prepare for computerization. The events leading to computerization are presented in chronological order, and the advantages and shortcomings of the system are discussed. Because of careful planning, the cooperation of all pharmacy staff members, and frequent assistance from the computer vender, the nine-month conversion to a computerized system proceeded smoothly.

Computers↗
PubMed1986

Burnout experienced by recent pharmacy graduates of Mercer University.

The degree of burnout experienced by graduates of the Mercer University Southern School of Pharmacy from 1973 to 1983 was studied. Questionnaires were mailed to 1000 alumni, representing 850 Bachelor of Science (B.S.) and 150 Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) graduates. Three components of burnout--emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal achievement--were measured using the Maslach Burnout Inventory to determine relationships between burnout and primary work setting, primary work activity, and type of degree (Pharm.D. or B.S.). The response rate was 41%. The respondents experienced a moderate degree of burnout. Those pharmacists working primarily in community chain store settings reported greater levels of burnout than those working in hospital or institutional pharmacies, independent community pharmacies, academia, and home health care. Respondents who performed primarily nondistributive duties (direct patient care, drug information, teaching or research, and management or administration) experienced lower levels of burnout than those involved primarily in drug distribution. Pharmacists holding the Pharm.D. degree were involved to a greater extent in nondistributive positions and experienced a lower degree of burnout than the pharmacists holding a B.S. degree only. Pharmacists in nondistributive roles appear to be less affected by burnout than pharmacists performing traditional distributive activities.

Burnout, Professional↗