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PubMed1984

Memories of parental rearing practices and personality features.

Relationships between own memories of parental rearing practices and adult personality features were examined. Two hundred healthy volunteers, 86 males and 114 females, completed the Own Memories of Child-Rearing Experiences ( EMBU ), the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire ( EPQ ) and the Lazare - Klerman - Armor Trait Scale ( LKAS ). Relations between two sets of variables were examined by means of Pearson product moment correlation coefficient, and Bonferroni inequalities were applied for each family of hypotheses. For the male sample all correlations were not significant. For females there were several significant correlations. The most consistent finding was that the experience of negative parental rearing factors was associated with pathological features in the personality. About one half of the significant correlations were found between female hysterical scores and EMBU father. The findings support the general assumption that females with hysterical traits have complicated relations to their fathers, which may indicate fixation in the Oedipal stage.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Metric properties of nurses' ratings of parkinsonian signs with a modified Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale.

We evaluated the ability of nurse clinicians to assess parkinsonian signs in older persons with a modified version of the motor section of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). After completing a structured training protocol, three nurse clinicians and a neurologist with expertise in movement disorders administered a modified UPDRS to 75 older persons. The nurses repeated the assessment about 3 weeks later. Inter-rater agreement and short-term temporal stability were estimated for each item, the total modified UPDRS score, and for summary measures of bradykinesia, postural reflex impairment, rigidity, and tremor, and a global parkinsonian sign score. We performed our assessment in Catholic religious communities in the Chicago area, using consecutive subjects at four communities participating in the Religious Orders Study, a longitudinal, clinical-pathologic study of older persons. Our results showed that nurses were not a significant source of variability, with intraclass correlations exceeding 0.97 for all items, and they showed good to excellent agreement with the neurologist for most modified UPDRS items. Correlations between nurses and neurologist exceeded 0.90 for the total modified UPDRS, ranged from 0.76 to 0.95 for the four parkinsonian domain scores, and exceeded 0.90 for the global parkinsonian sign score. Nurses showed fair to good agreement with themselves over the 3-week interval for most modified UPDRS items. Correlations over the 3-week interval exceeded 0.90 for the total modified UPDRS score, ranged from 0.70 to 0.95 for the four domain scores, and exceeded 0.90 for the global parkinsonian sign score. Ratings of parkinsonian signs by nurse clinicians corresponded closely to those of a neurologist with expertise in movement disorders and showed good inter-rater agreement and temporal stability. With appropriate training, nurse clinicians can reliably administer the modified UPDRS.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

[Acute gastroduodenal lesions and stress].

Haemorrhagic gastroduodenitis together with complicated peptic ulcer, are--after trauma--the most common causes of urgent admission in hospital for young people. In the present paper the Authors deal with the role of emotional disturbances, generated by environmental stress, in the pathogenesis of many gastrointestinal diseases in the young. They observed a rise in the incidence of gastroduodenal pathology (especially of the erosive-haemorrhagic form) in young males during military service. So they hypothesized that such high incidence of acute GDD during military service, could be attributed to abrupt changes in lifestyle, generating a significant environmental stress. The results of a clinical study on 65 young conscripts out of 483 who underwent EGDS for acute digestive symptoms also tested for psychological evaluation to stress response, are reported. In the 60.7% of all patients, MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) test showed pathological alterations. Correlating the pathological findings with MMPI results, the Authors found that the 25% of patients suffering from oesophagitis, the 36.3% of those with peptic ulcers, the 68% of aspecific gastroduodenitis and the 75% of erosive-haemorrhagic gastroduodenitis, had psychological disturbances. The study shows that GDD in the young is a very frequent pathology, which may be triggered off by abrupt changes in life style, especially in those patients who are unable to react positively to changes in the outer world. GD pathology arises most frequently during the first five months of military service, especially within the third and the fourth month. The Authors conclude that a correct management of GDD in the young needs a versatile approach based on EGDS to establish the correct diagnosis, and on psychopathological investigations.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Ambulatory surgery: preoperative assessment].

Over the past 20 years public health expenditure has progressively increased for various reasons. With the aim of reducing public health expenditure and hospital stays, alternative models of public health care have been more widely adopted over the past two decades: Day Hospital, day surgery and ambulatory surgery. What is meant by ambulatory surgery is the clinical, organisational and administrative possibility of performing surgical operations and/or invasive and semi-invasive diagnostic procedures without hospitalisation of patients, in doctors' surgeries, outpatient departments or protected outpatient facilities. For both the patients and the centres providing the service to be able to exploit all the advantages stemming from this kind of health care provision, careful patient selection is mandatory, including assessment of the impact of any potential concomitant pathologies. Starting from their own personal experience and existing reports in the international literature, the authors analyse the impact that concomitant pathologies may have on patient selection for ambulatory surgery. The authors conclude that thorough preoperative evaluation of all the possible variables involved is the only way of ensuring the success of ambulatory surgery.

Ambulatory Surgical Procedures↗
PubMed1976

[Medico-genetic study of isolates in Uzbekistan. IV. Clinico-biochemical diagnosis of hereditary diseases].

An exhaustive clinico-biochemical examination of the population of two kishlaks of the Samarkand Region, viz. Karakent (210 persons) and Ishan (248 persons) was carried out. The program of this examination permitted to exclude over 160 forms of hereditary pathology. A total of 45 persons affected with diseases belonging to 12 nosological forms were revealed in the course of the examination. Among the diseases observed only 5 are hereditary sensu stricto, viz. myoclonus-epilepsy, Bonevi-Ulrich's syndrome, imperfect osteogenesis, pigment choreoretinite and Down's syndrome, others belong to diseases with a pronounced hereditary predisposition. The main part of this group comprises neuro-psychic diseases, such as non-differentiated olygophreny (5.0%), epilepsy (1.3%), schizophreny; many of these cases have a familial character, particularly in Karakent. Besides the persons suffering from diseases, 20 heterozygous carriers of beta-thalassemia and 17 heterozygous carriers of G6PD-deficiency were discovered in the kishlaks examined. On the whole the frequency of the diseases revealed did not exceed the level in the general population. Despite the different degree of isolation of the kishlaks examined (Karakent is isolated on a religious basis, F = 0.0064; while Ishan is a desintagrated isolate, F = = 0.0014), no substantial differences between them in the distribution of pathological phenomena were observed. On the basis of the experience of this expedition recomendations are proposed concerning the origination and accomplishment of medico-genetic expeditions. A scheme is proposed for the performance of medico-genetic examination through several stages. The first stage in the composition of tentative maps of the distribution of hereditary diseases within a region on the basis of the information obtained from the medical personnel and from the examination of the documents of district and regional hospitals. Subsequently the primary information is specified, the regions to be examined are determined, as well as concrete tasks and the staff of the expedition. The conclusive stage is the medico-genetic examination proper, including clinical, biochemical, immunological and cytogenetic diagnoses of hereditary pathological phenomena. The place of the disposition is a village or a district hospital. More complicated laboratory studies should be performed on the basis of the institution by which the expedition is formed. The results obtained by such expeditions would be important for the investigation of the problems of genogeography, for the discovery of new forms of mutant alleles, for the investigation of the causes and the conditions of the formation of the definite populational structure, of clinical polymorphism of human hereditary diseases.

Genetic Diseases, Inborn↗
PubMed1990

Pathological organizations as obstacles to mourning: the role of unbearable guilt.

A patient is described who made moves to face his internal and external reality only to find that this put him in touch with an internal world in a horrific state. The horror resulted from his view of damaged and imprisoned objects which arose from the way his defences were organized into a pathological organization of the personality which controlled his objects with ruthlessness and cruelty. As he began to loosen his dependence on the organization and to face his internal situation, depressive anxieties became prominent and of these he found guilt particularly unbearable. In order to escape from guilt he retreated once more to the protection of the organization and it is this which prevented him mourning his lost objects. It is argued that it is in the process of mourning that lost parts of the self are regained and it is specifically this process which was interfered with by the pathological organization.

Defense Mechanisms↗
PubMed2005

[Defense mechanisms].

Defence mechanisms are mental operations that are involuntary and unconscious and contribute to reduce internal and external stresses. The concept of defensive organisation or style, defined as a set of defence mechanisms relatively stable and characteristic of personality appears to be a major dimension of personality, from normal to pathology. Studies on defence mechanisms have gained the interest of clinicians, largely outside the psychoanalytical field. However, the lack of reliability and validity of the assessment instruments still limits the empirical studies of the relation between defence mechanisms and psychological health as well as of their therapeutic implications.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Pathology of the organ of vision in chronic fatigue syndrome].

218 patients were examined and the chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) was diagnosed in them on the basis of clinical-and-immunologic data. 126 somatically healthy persons of the same age and sex were in the control group. Vascular pathology of the vision organ was found in 153 (70.2%) persons, and dystrophic pathology was found in 115 (52.8%) persons. A combination of vascular and dystrophic pathologies of the vision organ was diagnosed in 46 (21.1%) patients. The detection of vision pathology in the CFS patients essentially exceeded the morbidity of similar pathology in the controls. No reliable differences of refraction anomalies were found between the CFS patients and the controls.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed1978

[Felix Marchand--a retrospect in occasion of the 50th anniversary of his day of death (author's transl)].

In consideration of an autobiographical study of Felix Marchand and of ideas presented by him in various publications his importance for the pathological anatomy and medicine was discussed. His talent of deducing from analytical observations for the detection of generally valid principles was remarkable. His contributions to the theory of inflammation and diseases, to the significance of general and experimental pathology as a basis of pathology, and his understanding for the nature of pathological state as a dynamic event when he is speaking about pathological processes are to emphasize. In our view, Felix Marchand represented besides Rudolf Virchow the most outstanding personality of German-speaking pathology.

Germany↗
PubMed1976

[Systematics and differentiation of personality disorders in children and adolescents with behavioral disorders].

The author discusses some problems of systematization and differential diagnoses of personality disorders which are accompanied by disturbances of behaviour in children and adolescents. An original classification of personality disorders and transient personality reactions in childhood and adolescence is proposed. Special attention is paid to the criteria of delineating pathological and nonpathological forms of personality disorders and personality reactions in this group of children as well as to the differential diagnosis of constitutional and organic psychopathy. On the other hand residual-organic psychopath-like conditions and psychogenic pathocharacterological personality development are analyzed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Surgical problems in the fetus: a multidisciplinary approach.

Over a 2 year period, 90 cases of potential fetal pathologic conditions were presented to a multidisciplinary fetal board. Members, including persons from perinatology, neonatology, genetics, radiology, pathology, pediatric surgery, neurosurgery, and urology, met monthly to discuss new referrals, follow-up ongoing cases, and present findings and treatment in delivered cases. Of 90 referred cases, 76 surgical diagnoses occurred in 71 fetuses (79 percent), with central nervous system and genitourinary anomalies predominating. A formal presentation during a single meeting with the variety of specialists necessary to manage surgical problems in the fetus facilitated perinatal management and allowed for the appropriate specialist to counsel the parents as early as possible.

Congenital Abnormalities↗
PubMed2002

Pathophysiology of anorexia.

A physiologic decline in food intake occurs with advancing age. The physiologic anorexia of aging and its associated weight loss predispose older persons to develop protein-energy malnutrition. In older persons a variety of social and psychologic factors, diseases, and medications can aggravate the physiologic anorexia and lead to severe weight loss. Many of these factors are amenable to treatment, resulting in a reversal of the underlying malnutrition. This article first reviews the physiologic factors responsible for anorexia in older persons. It then reviews the major pathologic processes responsible for producing protein-energy malnutrition in older persons.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Intraesophageal pH monitoring after breakfast + lunch in gastroesophageal reflux.

To evaluate intraesophageal pH monitoring during two consecutive 3-h postprandial periods (breakfast + lunch) in the diagnosis of pathological gastroesophageal reflux, we studied 40 patients with documented gastroesophageal reflux and 15 healthy controls. Reflux events were analyzed in the two separate postprandial periods, their sum (double postprandial pHmetry), and a standard 24-h period. Data from all pH-recording periods were compared and correlation coefficients were obtained between postprandial and 24-h reflux events. While pH recordings from the two separate postprandial periods provided good separation between patients and controls, double postprandial pHmetry was most accurate in the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux. In the latter procedure, mean percent reflux time was 2.5 +/- 1.8% in controls and 19.4% +/- 10.3% in patients (p less than 0.001), with a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 97%. A high degree of correlation existed for all reflux events between postprandial and 24-h pHmetries. We believe that double postprandial intraesophageal pH monitoring accurately distinguishes between normal persons and patients with pathological reflux. The technique considerably shortens the examination time in relation to 24-h pH monitoring and may prove the esophageal test of choice for objective evidence of gastroesophageal reflux.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

3D MRI of the membranous labyrinth. An age related comparison of MR findings in patients with labyrinthine fibrosis and in persons without inner ear symptoms.

PURPOSE: We compared MRI of the membranous labyrinth in patients with chronic non-neoplastic inner ear disease and MR signs of labyrinthine fibrosis and controls depending on their age, in order to establish whether there were any MR differences regarding patient age groups, control age groups and between the patients and controls themselves. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical ENT examinations as well as a T2* weighted 3D CISS (Constructive Interference in Steady State) sequence with a slice thickness of 0.7 mm were performed. Our collective was subdivided as follows: 0-19 years (10 controls, 3 patients with chronic non-neoplastic inner ear disease), 20-49 years (55 controls, 8 patients), 50 years and older (40 controls, 22 patients). Detectability of labyrinthine structures (e.g. cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals) and filling defects were evaluated. RESULTS: In the 3 age-groups of the control collective no significant differences were observed in the membranous labyrinth. However differences concerning labyrinthine detectability emerged between controls and patients in both the 20-49 years and 50 years and older age groups. In the patient collective the 3 age groups showed no significant discrepancy in the mean number of lesions. CONCLUSION: Filling defects of the membranous labyrinth on 3D CISS MR images are pathological even in older persons. We would therefore recommend high resolution T2* weighted MRI in the case of suspected labyrinthine fibrosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anorexia, sarcopenia, and aging.

Food intake declines throughout the life span. This physiologic anorexia of aging is caused in part by alterations of stomach-fundus compliance and release and activity of cholecystokinin. In addition, the decline in testosterone in males results in elevated leptin levels that increase the anorexia. There is also evidence that cytokines play a role in the pathogenesis of anorexia and sarcopenia, thus accelerating the development of frailty in older persons. Numerous treatable causes of anorexia and weight loss exist. Depression is the most commonly diagnosed cause of pathologic weight loss in older persons.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

[Investigating Quisling's brain].

The trial against Vidkun Quisling (1887-1945) started on 20 August 1945. The question of whether he might suffer from a brain disease came up in court, and on Saturday 25 August he was examined by pneumoencephalography and cerebral angiography on the right side. Nothing pathological was found. Later on it has been claimed that these examinations were "experiments which today would be regarded as life-threatening". This is not correct; they were standard procedures at the time. What is criticizable is that Quisling was brought back to court in a relatively short time after the examinations. This paper gives a brief historic account of the development of the two methods, emphasising the contributions of Norwegian physicians such as Arne Engeset (1906-73) and Leif Emblem (1907-91). It has been claimed that the pneumoencephalography of Quisling has been used as an example of a normal finding from encephalography in the internationally renowned textbook "Clinical examination of the nervous system".

Brain↗
PubMed2006

Long-term memory following transient global amnesia: an investigation of episodic and semantic memory.

BACKGROUND: Several studies noted persistence of memory impairment following an episode of transient global amnesia (TGA) with standard tests. AIM: To specify long-term memory impairments in a group of patients selected with stringent criteria. METHODS: Both retrograde and anterograde memory were investigated in 32 patients 13-67 months after a TGA episode with original tasks encompassing retrograde semantic memory (academic, public and personal knowledge), retrograde episodic memory (autobiographical events) and anterograde episodic memory. RESULTS: Patients had preserved academic and public knowledge. Pathological scores were obtained in personal verbal fluency for the two most recent periods, and patients produced less autobiographical events than controls. However, when they were provided time to detail, memories were as episodic as in controls regardless of their remoteness. Anterograde episodic tasks revealed a mild but significant impairment of the capacity of re-living the condition of encoding, i.e. the moment at which words were presented. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who have suffered from an episode of TGA manifest deficits of memory focused on the retrieval of both recent semantic information and episodic memories and especially the capacity of re-living. These deficits may not result from a deterioration of memory per se but rather from difficulties in accessing memories.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Relationship between the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire and DSM-III-R personality traits.

The authors investigated the relationship between Cloninger's personality dimensions and DSM-III-R personality traits by comparison of scores on the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire with axis II traits found in structured interviews with 99 patients. Consistent with theoretical predictions, axis II pathology was significantly related to personality dimensions after the effects of axis I disorders were controlled for.

Adult↗