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PubMed1994

Effect of naloxone on luteinizing hormone secretion in premenstrual syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the theory of brain opioid activity disregulation in premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and to discover the changes of central beta-endorphin activity during the menstrual cycle in PMS patients. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: University-based PMS clinic. PATIENTS: All the patients and controls were between 20 and 45 years of age, with regular menses for at least six previous cycles. All the patients demonstrated at least 30% score increase in designated symptoms on the Visual Linear Analog Scale during the luteal phase compared with the follicular phase. In contrast, the score changes in the controls were < 30%. INTERVENTIONS: All subjects underwent LH-releasing hormone (LH-RH) stimulation test on days 2 to 3 of the cycle. Five naloxone infusions were administered on days 7 to 8 and 10 to 11, 1 day, 3 to 4 days, and 12 to 13 days after the LH surge as detected by the ovulation prediction kit. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Luteinizing Hormone levels were recorded for 1 hour, followed by naloxone infusion at 2 mg/h for 4 hours. Blood samples were collected for LH tests every 15 minutes for 1 hour before, during, and for 1 hour after the infusion. RESULTS: All subjects had similar LH response to LH-RH. The integrated area of LH response to naloxone as expressed by percentage of the baseline on each of the 5 days did not show significant differences between the patients and the controls. CONCLUSIONS: The central beta-endorphin changes, if any, in PMS patients could not be demonstrated in our study.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Plasma oestradiol and progesterone estimation for the monitoring of induction of ovulation with clomiphene and chorionic gonadotrophin.

Two hundred and thirty-five courses of treatment with clomiphene and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) were administered for the induction of ovulation in 75 infertile women (three with primary amenorrhoea, 45 with secondary amenorrhoea and 27 with oligomenorrhoea) of whom 61 had previously been unsuccessfully treated with clomiphene alone. The treatment was monitored by plasma oestradiol estimations on day 15 and day 22 in 103 cycles and by plasma progesterone estimations on day 22 in all 235 cycles. Injections of HCG were given on day 15 and 22. Twenty patients failed to respond to treatment (43 courses). The remaining 55 patients showed no response in 32 courses, deficient responses in 55 cycles and adequate responses in 105 cycles (plasma progesterone level exceeding 10 ng per ml on day 22). The mean values (+/- SD) of plasma oestradiol on day 15, reflecting follicular development, were: 73 +/- 30 pg per ml for cycles with no response; 255 +/- 182 for deficient cycles and 366 +/- 226 pg per ml for adequate cycles. There was a positive correlation (r = 0-57) between day 15 plasma oestradiol and day 22 plasma progesterone values. Increased clomiphene dosage resulted in higher plasma oestradiol and progesterone levels. Thirty-nine pregnancies occurred in 34 out of 55 patients capable of response (62 per cent). The plasma progesterone levels during conception cycles were higher than those in non-conception cycles in the same patients. Monitoring of induction of ovulation by plasma hormone estimations allows detection and correction of inadequate response.

Amenorrhea↗
PubMed1989

Anovulatory infertility. Causes and cures.

Disorders of ovulation rank with tuboperitoneal disease as the most common causes of female infertility. A proper diagnosis and selection of therapy can also make anovulation the most treatable form of infertility. A review provides a framework for understanding the various etiologies of anovulation, its detection and current treatment modalities.

Anovulation↗
PubMed2004

Effect of estrogen formulation and its site of deposition on serum PGFM concentrations, uterine contractility, and time of ovulation in artificially inseminated weaned sows.

At the time of artificial insemination, 48 mixed parity sows were assigned by parity to receive 25 microg estradiol-17beta either in oil deposited onto the vaginal mucosa (E-oil), or dissolved in extended semen (E-semen), or received no estrogen and served as controls. All sows were inseminated transcervically 24 h after detection of estrus. The time of ovulation was determined in 15 sows per treatment by transrectal ultrasonography. Concentrations of prostaglandin F2alpha metabolite (PGFM) were determined in blood samples obtained from eight sows per treatment at 1 h intervals from 1 h pre-treatment until 7 h post-treatment. The remaining eight sows per treatment were fitted with a transducer to allow determination of intrauterine pressure changes during 1 h pre-treatment until 5 h post-treatment. There were no differences among treatments for wean to estrus interval, size of ovarian follicles at the time of treatment or the estrus detection to ovulation interval. In all treatments, plasma PGFM concentrations were increased from 1 h after treatment. However, the increase was greater and of longer duration in the E-oil sows (P=0.03) supporting the suggestion that this formulation and route of administration enhanced uterine PGF2alpha release. Compared to controls, both estradiol treatments were associated with myometrial contractions of increased amplitude and duration, supporting a causal link between estradiol treatment, increased uterine PGF2alpha release, and enhanced myometrial contractility.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed1993

Tamoxifen: an alternative approach in clomiphene resistant polycystic ovarian syndrome patients.

Twenty patients with ultrasound diagnosed polycystic ovaries and high luteinizing hormone levels who failed to respond to clomiphene citrate were given tamoxifen to induce ovulation. Tamoxifen 20 mg daily (group 1, n = 10) and 40 mg daily (group 2, n = 10) was given for 5 consecutive days from the third to seventh day of the cycle. Treatment was monitored by serial ultrasound scans and assessment of serum estradiol. Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) was administered when at least one follicle was > 16mm and serum estradiol level was > 300 pg/ml per follicle. Ovulation was confirmed with detection of the follicular rupture ultrasonographically 2 days after hCG and midluteal progesterone levels. The ovulation rate achieved in group 2 patients was significantly higher (p = 0.01) than group 1. Three pregnancies were achieved in group 2 patients while there was no pregnancy in group 1. The only side effect was ovarian cyst formation in one patient in group 1. As a result, tamoxifen might be a good choice for clomiphene resistant patients prior to treatment with surgery or hMG.

Clomiphene↗
PubMed2003

Experimental model to study reproductive toxicity of chemicals using induced ovulation in immature F344 rats.

We investigated a simple method using induced ovulation in immature rats to detect ovarian injury due to chemicals. We investigated the influence of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on ovulation induced by equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) in immature F344 rats. Single injections of 15 and 30 iu eCG induced ovulation in 4 of 6 rats and in all of 4 rats, respectively. The mean number of ovulated ova was 12.7 in the 15 iu eCG group and 8.0 in the 30 iu group. When rats received 4 daily doses of DEHP at 500 mg/kg, ovulation occurred in 4 of 6 rats in the 15 iu eCG group and in 1 of 3 rats in the 30 iu group. Mean numbers of ovulated ova were 2.50 and 0.33 ova in the 15 and 30 iu groups, respectively. Changes in ovarian and uterine weights were not found. Inhibition of ovulation by the injection of DEHP indicated the utility of induced ovulation in immature rats to detect reproductive toxicity in females.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Plasma LH and progesterone levels before and after ovulation and observation of ovarian follicles by ultrasonographic diagnosis system in dogs.

Recently, canine frozen semen has been attracting attention for breeding purposes, and methods of judging ovulation and optimum timing for insemination have become important. As methods of predicting the canine ovulation, vaginal smear, plasma sex hormone levels and ultrasonographic diagnosis system (US) have been investigated in combination, but a standard technique has not yet been established. Therefore, we investigated a method of predicting canine ovulation in dogs by US, and by measuring plasma LH and progesterone (P) levels three times a day. Ovulation could be observed by detecting irregularly shaped ovarian follicles by US in six of 11 dogs (54.5%). In these dogs, the time between the LH peak and ovulation was 24-48 hr, 38.0 hr on average. The P level on the ovulation day was 1.88-2.81 ng/ml, 2.34 ng/ml on average. A value of 1.88 ng/ml was detected in one dog, but the other five dogs showed P levels of 2 ng/ml or higher. The P level on the day before ovulation was 0.8-1.56 ng/ml, 1.12 ng/ml on average. Assuming that ovulation occurred two days after the LH peak in the 11 experimental dogs, the P level was 2.12-4.06 ng/ml, 2.78 ng/ml on average. The period of a high LH level, not less than 10 ng/ml, continued for 12 hr around the LH peak. Based on these findings, to predict ovulation using US and LH level, it would be necessary for the tests to be performed several times a day. In contrast, it was shown that the day on which a plasma P level of 2 ng/ml or higher was detected by the test performed once a day corresponded to the ovulation day.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Norplant implants: the mechanism of contraceptive action.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if fertilization occurs unnoticed among Norplant users who are ovulatory. DESIGN: Serial blood samples were obtained during 1 month from sexually active Norplant users experiencing regular menstrual bleeding patterns and a control group of noncontracepting women trying to conceive. The sequential blood samples were assayed for the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). SETTING: All samples were obtained from women receiving contraceptive service and health care at the Center for Research and Services in Human Reproduction and Contraception, Santo Domingo, The Dominican Republic. Assays for hCG were performed at the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland. PATIENTS, PARTICIPANTS: A total of 32 women using Norplant implants were enrolled in the treatment group, and 20 women of proven fertility who were attempting to conceive served as a control group. INTERVENTIONS: Duration of Norplant use was as follows: 4 in the 2nd year of use, 13 in the 3rd year, 11 in the 4th year, 3 in the 5th year, and 1 in the 7th year. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The determination of pregnancy was based on the presence of hCG in the luteal phase, using a sensitive and specific immunoenzymatic assay that can detect dimeric hCG as early as 7 days after ovulation. RESULTS: Nine pregnancies were detected. All were in the control group trying to conceive. Six of these advanced to clinical pregnancies, and three did not proceed beyond the next expected menses. None of the Norplant users had evidence of hCG production, whether the observed cycles were anovulatory or ovulatory. The probability of finding no pregnancies in the ovulatory months at risk among Norplant users is between 1 in 50 and 1 in 150,000. The null hypothesis that Norplant users conceive at a natural rate can be rejected at the 0.05 level. CONCLUSION: Interruption of early pregnancy (menstrual abortion) does not play a role in the mechanism of action of Norplant contraceptive implants.

Chorionic Gonadotropin↗
PubMed1997

Effects of semen components on ovulation and fertilization.

In pigs, transcervical infusion of seminal plasma at the onset of oestrus advances ovulation and thus improves the chance of gametes meeting during their full fertilizing competence. An animal model that allows single uterine horn infusion was used in combination with transcutaneous sonographic monitoring of ovaries. Preparative surgery involved the detachment of one uterine horn from the corpus, leaving the caudal end open to the peritoneal cavity but sealing the corpus wound. Transcervical infusion of 100 ml seminal plasma immediately after the detection of oestrus advanced ovulation by between 8 and 14 h on the ipsilateral ovary adjacent to the infused horn compared with the contralateral ovary. In addition, the seminal plasma infusion did not influence the LH profile compared with uterine infusion of PBS. This finding indicates that the effect is mediated by a local mechanism in the female genital tract. The advancement of ovulation depends on the time of infusion early in oestrus and is more pronounced in gilts exhibiting a long interval between the onset of oestrus and spontaneous ovulation compared with early ovulators. At 24 h after the detection of oestrus, seminal plasma was ineffective. Apparently, seminal plasma does not affect maturation and fertilizing competence of oocytes. The activity resides in a low molecular mass protein fraction and, to a far lesser extent, in seminal oestrogens. Further characterization of the active components may allow a practical application in AI.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Luteogenesis in cyclic ewes: echotextural, histological, and functional correlates.

To date, it has not been possible to detect corpus luteum (CL) by ultrasonography, immediately following ovulation, in the ewe. Early CL detection is essential to be able to relate luteal outcome to the developmental pattern of the ovulated follicle and to confirm ovulation. Image analysis of the CL may be useful in providing a noninvasive picture of CL differentiation and function. The present study was designed to use high-resolution ultrasonography to monitor and to correlate the echotextural, histological, and functional attributes of the developing ovine CL from Days 1 to 3 after ovulation. Ten ewes underwent twice-daily transrectal ultrasonography and blood sampling from the day of synchronized estrus. Ewes were ovariectomized at 12-24, 36-48, and 60-72 h after ovulation. Ovaries collected were scanned in a water bath before processing for histology. Ultrasonographic images of CL were analyzed for echotexture. Histological sections were analyzed for the percentage area of the CL occupied by blood clot or luteal tissue. Serum samples were analyzed for progesterone concentration. Numerical pixel value, heterogeneity, and percentage of the CL occupied by blood clot declined (P<0.05) from 12-24 to 60-72 h after ovulation. Luteal area and serum progesterone concentration increased (P<0.05) from 12-24 to 60-72 h. The results indicated that it was possible to visualize developing CL as early as 12-24 h after ovulation in the ewe. Echotexture of the CL was closely associated with its morphological and functional characteristics; image analysis holds promise for noninvasive monitoring of CL differentiation and growth.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

TIRF-based biosensor for sensitive detection of progesterone in milk based on ultra-sensitive progesterone detection in water.

We report on recent advances of our immunoassay for the hormone progesterone in cow's milk. Detection is based on total internal reflectance fluorescence (TIRF), the binding-inhibition assay with an immobilized progesterone derivative, and a commercially available monoclonal antibody to progesterone as biological recognition element. The fully automated River Analyzer (RIANA) biosensor for unattended, cost-effective, and continuous monitoring of environmental pollution therefore was adapted for sensitive determination of progesterone in milk. First, the sensitivity and robustness of the existing progesterone assay for water analysis were improved, resulting in a detection limit (LOD) of only 0.2 pg mL(-1) and a quantification limit (LOQ) of only 2.0 pg mL(-1). These extraordinary results are the lowest detection and quantification limits for progesterone determination using biosensors yet reported in the literature. Second, the accurate indicator of ovulation was calibrated and detected in three different types of milk (UHT milk, fresh milk, and raw milk). For commercial milk and randomly procured raw milk nominal levels of progesterone are typically in the range 5-15 ng mL(-1). Limits of detection (LOD) achieved for added progesterone (i.e. spiked samples) were between 45.5 and 56.1 pg mL(-1) depending on milk type. Having in mind the 1:10 dilution factor, these results are still a success. For the first time a commercially available antibody was incorporated into an immunoassay for progesterone detection in bovine milk, giving a detection limit below 1 ng mL(-1) for a fully automated biosensor. Thus the outstanding progress made with this biosensor in environmental monitoring and water analysis has now been successfully adapted to milk analysis for use in the field of reproduction management.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Does exogenous progesterone and oestradiol treatment from the mid-luteal phase induce follicular cysts in goats?

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of exogenous ovarian steroid treatment, which is known to induce follicular cyst experimentally in cows, on ovarian activity in goats. Eleven female Shiba goats with the length of the normal oestrous cycle (approximately 21 days) received subcutaneously either 1 ml of ethanol (control group, n=4) or 4 mg of progesterone and 2mg of oestradiol (treatment group, n=7) daily for 7 days beginning on day 14 of the oestrous cycle (day 0=ovulation). Ultrasonographic images of the ovary and blood samples were collected daily to monitor the ovarian activity. Ovulation was observed before 1 day after the end of treatment in the control group. In the treatment group, no detectable structures of follicles or corpus luteum (static ovarian condition) were found for 6.0+/-1.4 days (mean+/-S.D.) after the end of treatment. Then, detectable follicles appeared and ovulation was observed in all animals of the treatment group. There was no significant difference in the maximum diameter of the ovulatory follicle between the control and treatment group (4.7+/-0.4mm versus 5.1+/-0.7 mm). The large non-ovulatory follicles, which grew more than 10mm in diameter were observed after the static ovarian condition in one goat of the treatment group, whereas no turnover of the cystic follicular structures was found. The length of the inter-ovulatory intervals in the treatment group was significantly longer than that in the control group (38.4+/-7.4 days versus 20.3+/-0.5 days, P<0.05). The present results demonstrated that the exogenous treatment of progesterone and oestradiol, which was adapted from the follicular cyst model in cows, did not induce follicular cysts in goats, suggesting that there is/are different mechanism(s) mediating the occurrence of follicular cysts between cows and goats.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Precise day of ovulation determined by real-time ultrasound evidence of graafian follicular development.

Real-time ultrasonic scanning was performed in 21 infertile Japanese women during 37 menstrual cycles. The maximum diameter prior to ovulation was 23.3 +/- 2.9 mm in spontaneous ovulation cycles, 29.6 +/- 5.2 mm in case of clomiphene therapies, and 26.7 +/- 3.9 mm in HMG-HCG therapies, respectively. Size of the graafian follicles was maximum at almost the same time as the LH peak in the plasma and urine, respectively. The LH peak in the urine was determined by the hemagglutination inhibition assay, the results of which were obtainable within 2 h. Four patients became pregnant (19.0%). There was no statistical correlation between the diameter of the largest follicle and the plasma estradiols (r = 0.28, 0.2 less than P less than 0.3) or between the diameter of the largest follicle and the peak luteinising hormone level (r = 0.27, 0.3 less than P less than 0.4). Therefore, the combination of the real-time ultrasound and a hemagglutination inhibition assay for LH in urine can be clinically applied to detect the precise day of the ovulation.

Female↗
PubMed1988

Diagnosis and correction of twin pregnancy in the mare.

Reproductive Physiology 1. Twin pregnancies result in high rates of abortion, stillbirth, and neonatal mortality. 2. Twins develop subsequent to multiple ovulations. Multiple ovulations are related to breed, parity, and mare history. Multiple ovulations are most frequently seen in Thoroughbred and Draft mares. Multiple ovulations are more common in barren and perhaps maiden mares than in lactating mares, and they are more common in certain individual mares. 3. Equine embryos are motile in the uterus from the time of first detection (Days 9 to 10) until fixation (Day 16). They are frequently located in the uterine body on Days 9 and 10. 4. Twin embryos have a pattern of motility and fixation similar to that of single embryos, and fixation is more frequently unilateral than bilateral (70 per cent versus 30 per cent, respectively). 5. Mares have an efficient natural embryo-reduction mechanism to eliminate excess (greater than 1) embryos resulting from multiple ovulations. Natural embryo reduction is more successful in unilateral than bilateral twin pregnancies (89 per cent versus 11 per cent successful reduction, respectively). 6. After the establishment of endometrial cups (Days 35 to 40), mares that are aborted will frequently not cycle for several months. Management of Twin Pregnancy 1. Breed all mares regardless of the number of preovulatory follicles. Withholding mares with preovulatory follicles from breeding does not decrease the incidence of twin pregnancy, but it decreases the overall pregnancy rate and results in a loss of breeding time. 2. Check all mares for twins, regardless of the number of detected ovulations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1994

A controlled study of danazol for the treatment of karyotypically normal spontaneous premature ovarian failure.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if the immunomodulatory and gonadotropin-suppressing properties of danazol would improve follicle function or ovulation rates in patients with karyotypically normal spontaneous premature ovarian failure. DESIGN: Prospective, double-blind, crossover trial. SETTING: Tertiary care research institution. INTERVENTIONS: Two intervention phases lasting 4 months each: one phase during which patients received a standardized estrogen and progestin replacement regimen and one phase during which each patient received a twice daily 400 mg oral dose of danazol. PATIENTS: Fifty-two patients with karyotypically normal spontaneous premature ovarian failure ranging in age from 21 to 39 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We measured serum E2 and P levels weekly during the 2 months after each intervention. We defined a serum E2 > 50 pg/mL (184 pmol/L) as evidence of ovarian follicle function and a P > 3.0 ng/mL (9.5 nmol/L) as evidence for ovulation. RESULTS: Of the 46 patients who completed the study, danazol did not significantly enhance ovarian follicle function or the chance of ovulation. Eight patients ovulated after danazol and four patients ovulated after estrogen and progestin. The power to detect a 30% and a 5% ovulation success rate with therapy was 0.80 and 0.90, respectively. Overall, 30 of 46 women (65%) demonstrated ovarian follicle function and 10 women (21%) ovulated. CONCLUSION: We were unable to demonstrate a statistically significant benefit from the immunomodulatory and gonadotropin-suppressing effects of danazol in patients with karyotypically normal spontaneous premature ovarian failure. These patients often have spontaneous remission. Thus, controlled studies are required to determine the effectiveness of treatments for this condition.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Induction of relaxin secretion in nonpregnant women by human chorionic gonadotropin.

Five normal women using barrier forms of contraception has serum samples drawn every 2 days during control menstrual cycles. Relaxin was not detectable in their serum. All five subjects then received 2500 IU hCG im every 2 days beginning 8--10 days after presumed ovulation. All had immunoreactive relaxin detectable in serum 2--6 days after the first hCG injection. Relaxin rose to pregnancy levels (range, 0.26--0.62 ng/ml; mean, 0.38 +/- 0.17 ng/ml) by cycle day 31 and then declined before menstruation. Progesterone levels and cycle lengths of relaxin-secreting cycles were significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than control cycles. Three of the five subjects subsequently received 2500 IU hCG im every 2 days commencing 2--3 days after presumed ovulation until menstruation. Relaxin was not detectable in these cycles. hCG can induce relaxin secretion in nonpregnant women. A hCG stimulus which can induce relaxin secretion from an 8- to 10-day-old corpus luteum cannot induce relaxin secretion in a 2- to 3-day-old corpus luteum, suggesting that the age of the human corpus luteum of the menstrual cycle is an important determinant of responsiveness to hCG.

Chorionic Gonadotropin↗
PubMed2006

Time of ovulation and reproductive performance over three parities after treatment of primiparous sows with PG600.

Primiparous sows from a commercial pig farm in central Brazil were utilized to investigate the effect of post-weaning gonadotrophins (given during summer) on estrus, time of ovulation and reproductive performance over three parities. One group of sows (PG600) was treated with a combination of 400 IU equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG)+200 IU human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) (PG600) 24h after weaning (n=420), whereas the control group received saline (n=408). In a subset of sows (n=150), estrus was detected and time of ovulation was determined by transcutaneous ultrasound. Treatment with PG600 increased the percentage of primiparous sows in estrus within 10 days after weaning (94.8% versus 79.7%) and reduced the first weaning-to-estrus interval (5.3 days versus 8.0 days) relative to control sows (P<0.05). Although the duration of estrus was longer (P<0.05) in sows given PG600 (65.7 h versus 61.0 h), the interval from estrus to ovulation was not different (P>0.05) between PG600 and control sows (46.6 h versus 43.3 h). Treatment with PG600 did not affect (P>0.05) rates of return-to-estrus and farrowing over three parities, but it increased the number of total piglets born (P<0.05) in the second parity (11.2 versus 10.4), thereby minimizing the magnitude of second-litter syndrome. Culling rates from the first to the fourth parity were 26.7 and 24.5% (P>0.05) for PG600 and control sows, respectively. In conclusion, PG600 given 24 h after the first weaning reduced the weaning-to-estrus interval and increased the size of the second litter.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[The incidence of multiple ovulations in Dutch warmblood mares].

In the period 1994-1996 1030 oestruses of Dutch Warmblood mares were evaluated on the incidence of multiple ovulations diagnosed by rectal palpation. Ultrasonography was not used. All follicles > 25 mm were noted. The examination was repeated every 48 hours. The incidence of multiple follicle development was 7.3%. In a group of 50 ultrasonographically diagnosed twin-pregnant mares only 14 (28%) had been detected by rectal palpation as a multiple ovulation. This suggests an incidence of multiple ovulations in Dutch Warmblood mares of 7.3 x 1/28 x 100 = 26%. Restrictions of rectal palpation are discussed. Ultrasonography is essential for the diagnosis of multiple ovulations. The importance of a good twin-prevention programme is emphasized.

Animals↗