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At least 1,207 records · Page 67Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

When does cardiovascular risk start? Past and present socioeconomic circumstances and risk factors in adulthood.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To compare associations of childhood and adult socioeconomic position with cardiovascular risk factors measured in adulthood. To estimate the effects of adult socioeconomic position after adjustment for childhood circumstances. DESIGN: Cross sectional survey, using the relative index of inequality method to compare socioeconomic differences at different life stages. SETTING: The Whitehall II longitudinal study of men and women employed in London offices of the Civil Service at study baseline in 1985-88. PARTICIPANTS: 4774 men and 2206 women born in the period 1930-53 who were administered questions on early socioeconomic circumstances. MAIN RESULTS: Adult occupational position (employment grade) was inversely associated (high status-low risk) with current smoking and leisure time physical inactivity, with waist/height, and with metabolic risk factors HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, post-load glucose and fibrinogen. Associations of these variables with childhood socioeconomic position (father's Registrar General Social Class) were weaker or absent, with the exception of smoking in women. Childhood social position was associated with adult weight in both sexes and with current smoking, waist/height, HDL cholesterol and fibrinogen in women. Height, a measure of health capital or constitution, was weakly linked with father's social class and more strongly linked with own employment grade. The combination of childhood disadvantage (low father's class) together with a low status clerical occupation in men was particularly associated with higher body mass index as an adult (interaction test p < 0.001). Adjustment for earlier socioeconomic position--using father's class and own education level simultaneously--did not weaken the effects of adult socioeconomic position, except in the case of smoking in women, when the grade effect was reduced by 59 per cent. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiovascular risk factors in adulthood were in general more strongly related to adult than to childhood socioeconomic position. Among women but not men there was a strong but unexplained link between father's class and adult smoking habit. In both sexes degree of obesity was associated with both childhood and adulthood social position. These findings suggest that the socially patterned accumulation of health capital and cardiovascular risk begins in childhood and continues, according to socioeconomic position, during adulthood.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Study on the incidence of adolescent births in a municipality of the state of Sao Paolo].

The main goal of this study is to find out the rate of childbirth by teenager mothers in São Carlos-SP from july, 1993 to july, 1994. The data were collected during one year and showed that in 14.72% of the birth the mothers were 11 to 18 years old. The data were also analysed in terms of, number of pregnancies, occupation, type of birth, and the mother's marital status. The results are discussed in terms of their implication with regard to educational programs to adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Occupational and environmental medicine in the United States.

The history and the current status of occupational and environmental medicine (OEM) research, educational resources, clinical practice patterns, and regulatory framework in the United States are reviewed. Current or anticipated changes in health-care financing, clinical practice patterns, occupational safety and health regulations and enforcement, and funding for research and medical education at the national level are already having an impact on OEM activities in this country.

Capital Financing↗
PubMed1989

Child mortality differentials in Ghana: a preliminary report.

The relationship is examined of child mortality in Ghana with six socioeconomic factors: mother's type of place of residence, education, occupation and work status, and current husband's education and occupation. Using data from the 1979-80 Ghana Fertility Survey, Trussell's marriage duration model was employed to estimate probabilities of dying at exact ages 2 and 5 in different population subgroups. The two education variables (mother's and husband's education) have the largest effect on child mortality, followed by husband's occupation and mother's occupation, in that order. In order to reduce child mortality to tolerable levels, expansion is urgently required of the medical and health services, balanced by an equal development of education, particularly of girls, help being given especially to the rural areas where the majority of the population live.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Employment, unemployment, occupation, and smoking.

This study analyzes the relationships of cigarette smoking and smoking histories to employment status and occupation. Data from a large, representative sample of U.S. adults in 1985 were analyzed separately for white men, white women, black men, and black women, with controls for age, education, and marital status included in all analyses. It has been hypothesized that women who adopt traditional male roles are more likely to become smokers. However, our data indicate that participation of women in the labor force or employment of women in male-dominated occupations have had little or no effect on women's smoking adoption or cessation. Unemployed men and women (those who were not employed but were seeking work) were substantially more likely than employed men and women to be smokers. Among employed whites, the percentage of smokers was high for industrial manual workers and service workers and low for professionals and farmers. Similar differences were observed in the proportion who had ever adopted smoking. These differences in smoking adoption had begun at young ages, before most people have adopted adult roles, which suggests that the differences in smoking adoption were not caused by unemployment or occupation. Rather, it appears that certain personal characteristics or early experiences influenced both smoking adoption and adult unemployment or occupation. In addition, unemployment may decrease smoking cessation, and employment in professional occupations may increase smoking cessation.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Predicting work status for patients in an occupational medicine setting who report back pain.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the ability of patient-reported health status information to predict physician-determined fit-for-work status for patients reporting complaints of low back pain. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study using survey methods. SETTING: Occupational medicine section of a large multispecialty private clinic. PATIENTS: Four hundred sixty-two questionnaire packets were distributed to patients who were seen for work-related conditions or disorders over a 13-week period; 235 questionnaires were returned (51% response rate). One hundred seven responders reported low back pain and completed the Low Back Pain TyPE (Technology of Patient Experience) Tool. The mean (+/- SD) age of respondents was 39 (+/- 12) years; 67% of respondents were male, 70% were white, 87% were receiving worker's compensation, 58% were married, and 55% had a high school education or less. INTERVENTIONS: Questionnaire packets for self-administration containing health/functional status questions (short form [SF]-36, COOP Charts) and the Low Back Pain TyPE Tool were distributed to the patients. Other variables were abstracted from the medical records and administrative databases. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary study outcome measured was fitness for work; patients were examined and categorized as fit or not fit for work by physicians who were unaware of the questionnaire results. RESULTS: Logistic regression analysis consisted of variables from 107 patients who reported low back pain. The final model contained the physical functioning scale (SF-36), employment status, smoking status, and physical functioning (SF-36) by gender interaction. Seventy-seven percent of the fit-for-work cases and 90% of the not-fit-for-work cases were correctly classified. CONCLUSION: Patient-reported physical function (as modified by gender), smoking status, and employment status predicted physician-determined work status for patients reporting low back pain in this study. Larger studies will be required to confirm this finding.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Ten milestone issues in AOTA history.

This paper identifies 10 professional questions that the author has labeled milestone issues in the history of the American Occupational Therapy Association. Subjects encompassed by these issues are medical control, certified occupational therapy assistants, licensure, proficiency testing, entry-level degrees, treatment media, maintenance of competency, whether occupational therapists serve patients or clients, professional autonomy, and the status of occupational therapy as a profession. Although this paper is primarily a factual record of events and discussions referenced in official publications, the reader will recognize the insertion of author commentary and opinion in several of the issues discussed.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed1999

Two cultures, two levels of AIDS risk.

On the basis of a field survey the authors discuss strategy for reducing the relatively high incidence of HIV infection and AIDS among China's self-employed.

China↗
PubMed1990

Population ageing in a selected region of Bangladesh: socio-economic and health perspectives.

"This paper is an attempt to examine the socio-economic-demographic characteristics and health status of the aged (60 years and above) in rural Bangladesh.... About 87 percent of males are currently married as against only half of the females. On the contrary, a large proportion (50 percent) of females are widowed while only 12 percent are widowers. The educational status of males is much better than that of females.... About half of the females are found unemployed as against only one-third of males. As regards the annual income, the condition of Hindus is better than that of Muslims. The majority of the older people are living in large households of more than five members."

Adult↗