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PubMed1999

Naming times for the Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures in Spanish.

We present new Spanish norms for object familiarity and rated age of acquisition for 140 pictures taken from Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980), together with data on visual complexity, image agreement, name agreement, word length (in syllables and phonemes), and five measures of word frequency. The pictures were presented to a group of 64 Spanish subjects, and oral naming latencies were recorded. In a multiple regression analysis, age of acquisition, object familiarity, name agreement, word frequency, and word length made significant independent contributions to predicting naming latency.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

A study of masked form priming in picture and word naming.

We report a series of picture- and word-naming experiments in which the masked priming paradigm with prime exposures brief enough to prevent prime identification were used. Experiment 1 demonstrates that the prior presentation of the same word prime facilitates both picture and word naming independently of target frequency. In Experiments 2 and 3, primes that were pseudohomophones of picture targets produced facilitatory effects compared with orthographic controls, but these orthographically similar nonword primes did not facilitate picture naming compared with unrelated controls. On the other hand, word targets were primarily facilitated by orthographic prime-target overlap. This marked dissociation in the priming effects obtained with picture and word targets is discussed in relation to different explanations of masked form priming effects in visual word recognition and current models of picture and word naming.

Attention↗
PubMed1998

Comparing naming, lexical decision, and eye fixation times: word frequency effects and individual differences.

Performance on three different tasks was compared: naming, lexical decision, and reading (with eye fixation times on a target word measured). We examined the word frequency effect for a common set of words for each task and each subject. Naming and reading (particularly gaze duration) yielded similar frequency effects for the target words. The frequency effect found in lexical decision was greater than that found in naming and in eye fixation times. In all tasks, there was a correlation between the frequency effect and average response time. In general, the results suggest that both the naming and the lexical decision tasks yield data about word recognition processes that are consistent with effects found in eye fixations during silent reading.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

[Interference in the Stroop color-naming task].

To clarify the four processing stages in the Stroop task (input, decision, response selection, and output), and to examine on which stage or stages the interference occurs, seven undergraduates were used as subjects in a color-naming task with color names, words strongly associated with color, words weakly associated with color, a neutral word, and "X X X" as control stimulus. Color-patch pieces were also used to measure the operant level of reaction time. Main results were as follows: 1. On the congruent trials, the response time was shorter for color names than for the neutral word, control word, and words with weak association. 2. On the incongruent trials, the response time was longer for color names than for the neutral word, control word, and words with weak and strong association. Moreover, the interaction between pre-exposure duration and word conditions was significant; the difference of response time due to word conditions as significant when the pre-exposure duration was short, while it was not significant when the duration was long. 3. The neutral word and the control word gave similar response time, which was longer than that for color-patch pieces. From these results it is concluded that the interference in the Stroop task is most likely to occur on the decision and the output stages.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Name-based surveillance and public health interventions for persons with HIV infection. Multistate Evaluation of Surveillance for HIV Study Group.

Name-based surveillance of HIV infection is the law in 31 U.S. states but remains controversial. This policy can be advocated solely to support surveillance of the epidemic, but a frequent argument is that it also provides a public health benefit by allowing follow-up of HIV-infected persons. These persons can then receive timely medical care and can be assisted with notifying sex and needle-sharing partners. Few comparative data are available to evaluate the outcomes of these interventions. In five states with name-based surveillance of HIV infection, the Multistate Evaluation of Surveillance for HIV Study Group surveyed a cross-sectional probability sample of persons with AIDS who tested positive for HIV before the date of their AIDS diagnosis. Health department follow-up of a reported HIV infection was not associated with more timely receipt of medical care after a positive HIV test result. Only 8.6% of persons who delayed medical care after their first positive HIV test result gave concern about being reported by name as a reason; no person gave it as the main reason. Persons who were tested anonymously and those who were tested confidentially did not differ in the mean number of sex and needle-sharing partners notified: Those tested anonymously reported personally notifying 3.85 sex and needle-sharing partners, and those tested confidentially reported notifying-personally and through the health department-3.80 partners. Many researchers and policymakers believe that name-based surveillance of HIV infection will have positive or negative effects on partner notification and access to health care. These results suggest that the potential for such effects has been exaggerated.

Anonymous Testing↗
PubMed2005

A comparison of brand-name drug prices between Canadian-based Internet pharmacies and major U.S. drug chain pharmacies.

BACKGROUND: Many Americans have been purchasing their medications from online Canadian pharmacies. Although it is commonly perceived that medications are less expensive in Canada than in the United States, little research has been done to quantify this difference. OBJECTIVE: To compare the prices of retail brand-name medications between Canadian Internet pharmacies and major U.S. drug chain pharmacies with online pricing. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: 12 Canadian Internet pharmacies and 3 major online U.S. drug chain pharmacies. MEASUREMENTS: The authors calculated the per unit and annual savings (in U.S. dollars) for an American if he or she were to buy the 44 brand-name medications most commonly purchased through the Internet from Canadian Internet pharmacies instead of from an online U.S. drug chain pharmacy. RESULTS: Americans can save a mean of approximately 24% per unit of drug if they purchase their medications from Canadian Internet pharmacies instead of from major online U.S. drug chain pharmacies. Forty-one of the 44 brand-name medications examined were less expensive in Canada. The medications offering the largest mean yearly savings were Zyprexa (olanzapine) (Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, Indiana) (1159 dollars), Actos (pioglitazone) (Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, Indiana) (852 dollars), and Nexium (esomeprazole) (AstraZeneca, Wilmington, Delaware) (772 dollars). Only 3 medications, all in the erectile dysfunction category, were more expensive in Canada. LIMITATIONS: Potential savings may vary because of temporal fluctuations in drug prices. CONCLUSIONS: Brand-name medications are often substantially less expensive when purchased from Canadian Internet pharmacies instead of from major online U.S. drug chain pharmacies.

Canada↗
PubMed1998

Effect of L-NAME, a specific nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, on corticotropin-releasing hormone-elicited ACTH and corticosterone secretion.

This study was designed to determine the role of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) in the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)-induced ACTH and corticosterone secretion, as well as possible involvement of hypothalamic dopamine and noradrenaline in that secretion in conscious rats. CRH given i.p. stimulated dose-dependently the pituitary-adrenocortical activity measured 1 h later. Dexamethasone (0.2 mg/kg i.p.) injected 1 h before CRH (1 microg/kg i.p.) totally abolished the CRH-elicited ACTH and corticosterone secretion, indicating a predominantly pituitary site of CRH-evoked stimulation. L-arginine (120 mg/kg i.p.) and N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME 5-10 mg/kg i.p.) did not markedly affect the basal plasma ACTH and corticosterone levels. L-NAME given 15 min before CRH markedly, but not significantly, augmented the CRH-induced ACTH response, and enhanced more potently and significantly the corticosterone response. Pretreatment with L-arginine, a substrate for NOS, slightly diminished the CRH-induced ACTH response and considerably reduced the corticosterone response. L-arginine also significantly reversed the L-NAME-evoked increase in the CRH-induced ACTH and corticosterone secretion. L-NAME did not markedly alter the CRH-induced hypothalamic dopamine and noradrenaline levels, while L-arginine significantly increased noradrenaline level. However, those alterations were not directly correlated with the observed changes in ACTH and corticosterone secretion. These results indicate that in conscious rats NO plays a marked inhibitory role in the CRH-induced ACTH secretion and inhibits more potently corticosterone secretion. Hypothalamic dopamine and noradrenaline do not seem to be directly involved in the observed alterations in ACTH and corticosterone secretion.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1999

Color discrimination, color naming and color preferences in 80-year olds.

The aim of the present study was to investigate color discrimination, color naming and color preference in a random sample of 80-year-old men and women. Knowledge of color perception in old age can be of value when using color contrast, cues and codes in the environment to promote orientation and function. The color naming test indicated that the colors white, black, yellow, red, blue and green promoted recognition to the highest degree among all subjects. A gender-related difference, in favor of women, occurred in naming five of the mixed colors. Women also used more varied color names than men. Color discrimination was easier in the red and yellow area than in the blue and green area. This result correlates positively with visual function on far sight, and negatively with diagnosis of a cataract. The preference order for seven colors put blue, green and red at the top, and brown at the bottom, hence agreeing with earlier studies, and indicating that the preference order for colors remains relatively stable also in old age. This result should be considered when designing environments for old people.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Detecting Gene Symbols and Names in Biological Texts: A First Step toward Pertinent Information Extraction.

Gathering data on molecular interactions to be fed into a specialized database has motivated the development of a computer system to help extracting pertinent information from texts, relying on advanced linguistic tools, completed with object-oriented knowledge modeling capabilities. As a first step toward this challenging objective, a program for the identification of gene symbols and names inside sentences has been devised. The main difficulty is that these names and symbols do not appear to follow construction rules. The program is thus made up of a series of sieves of different natures, lexical, morphological and semantic, to distinguish among the words of a sentence those which can only be potential gene symbols or names. Its performance has been evaluated, in terms of coverage and precision ratios, on a corpus of texts concerning D. melanogaster for which the list of names of known genes is available for checking.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Performance on the Hooper Visual Organizational Test in patients diagnosed with subcortical vascular dementia: relation to naming performance.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the performance of individuals with vascular dementia (VaD) on the Hooper Visual Organization Test (HVOT) and to determine the influence of naming on HVOT performance in this population. BACKGROUND: The HVOT is commonly administered to assess visuospatial perception among neurologic patients, but the test requires verbal identification of stimuli as well as spatial ability. Previous studies have examined the influence of naming on the HVOT, but the issue has not been systematically addressed in individuals with subcortical VaD. METHOD: Individuals with a diagnosis of VaD were administered the HVOT, three additional measures of visuospatial function (Block Design and Picture Completion subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised, Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test copy trial), and the Boston Naming Test (BNT). RESULTS: On average, the VaD patients performed poorly compared with normative data on each of the cognitive measures, with the most pronounced deficit evident on the BNT. Regression analyses revealed that more than 60% of the variance in performance on the HVOT was accounted for by performance on the Block Design subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised; performance on the BNT did not contribute significantly. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that VaD patients perform below expectations on the HVOT and that the measure is robust to naming deficits in this population.

Brain↗
PubMed2002

Ambiguity and synonymy effects in lexical decision, naming, and semantic categorization tasks: interactions between orthography, phonology, and semantics.

In this article, ambiguity and synonymy effects were examined in lexical decision, naming, and semantic categorization tasks. Whereas the typical ambiguity advantage was observed in lexical decision and naming, an ambiguity disadvantage was observed in semantic categorization. In addition, a synonymy effect (slower latencies for words with many synonyms than for words with few synonyms) was observed in lexical decision and naming but not in semantic categorization. These results suggest that (a) an ambiguity disadvantage arises only when a task requires semantic processing, (b) the ambiguity advantage and the synonymy disadvantage in lexical decision and naming are due to semantic feedback, and (c) these effects are determined by the nature of the feedback relationships from semantics to orthography and phonology.

Attention↗
PubMed2002

[The effects of normal aging on face naming and recognition of famous people: battery 75].

The difficulty to recall proper nouns is often something elderly people complain about. Thus, we tried to build and standardize a tool that could allow a quantified estimation of the naming and recognition abilities about famous people faces, specifying the part of gender, age and cultural level for each kind of test. The performances of 542 subjects divided in 3 age brackets and 3 academic knowledge levels were analysed. To carry out the test material, the artistic team of the Grevin Museum (Paris) was called upon. Their work offers a homogeneous way to shape famous people faces. One same person thus photographed 75 characters from different social categories with the same conditions of light, during only one day. The results of the study show that men perform better than women as concerns naming task, but that there's no difference between genders as concerns recognition task. Recognition performances are significantly better whatever the age, the gender and the cultural level may be. Generally, performances are all the more better since subjects are younger and have a higher cultural level. Our study then confirms the fact that normal aging goes hand in hand with rising difficulties to name faces. Moreover, results tend to show that recognition of faces remains better preserved and that the greater disability to recall a name is linked to difficulties in lexical accessing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Determinants of confrontation naming performance.

Confrontation naming tests are commonly employed in neuropsychological assessment. Surprisingly little work has been done, however, to determine how various demographic, linguistic, and disease status variables influence patterns of performance on these tests. The present study examined data on the Boston Naming Test (BNT) from a total of 1,131 subjects, including 719 normals, 325 patients with Alzheimer's disease, and 87 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. The effects of age, education, gender, and diagnostic group were examined with respect to overall scores, the influence of phonemic cuing, and performance on individual items. Profiles of scores on individual items were similar across diagnostic groups, suggesting that anomia is characterized by quantitative rather than qualitative changes in naming performance. Age and education systematically influenced scores. There was a significant effect of gender across diagnostic groups (males scoring higher than females), which appears to be due to performance on specific items. Phonemic cuing effects were similar across groups. The results are discussed with respect to the neuropsychological construct of confrontation naming and the clinical interpretation of performance on the BNT.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Normative data stratified by age and education for two measures of verbal fluency: FAS and animal naming.

Normative data stratified by three levels of age (16-59, 60-79, and 80-95 years) and three levels of education (0-8, 9-12, and 13-21 years) are presented for phonemic verbal fluency (FAS) and categorical verbal fluency (Animal Naming). The normative sample, aged 16 to 95 years, consisted of 1,300 cognitively intact individuals who resided in the community. Years of education ranged from 0 to 21. The total number of words in 1 minute for each of the letters F, A, and S was correlated r =.52 with the number of animal names generated in 1 minute. Regression analyses showed that FAS was more sensitive to the effects of education (18.6% of the variance) than age (11.0% of the variance). The opposite relationship occurred for Animal Naming, where age accounted for 23.4% of the variance and education accounted only for 13.6%. Gender accounted for less than 1% of variance for FAS and Animal Naming. The clinical utility of these norms is discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

The influence of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME on bones of male rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes.

The pathophysiological processes underlying the development of diabetic osteopenia has not hitherto been elucidated. Induction of streptozotocin diabetes leads in our experiments to decrease of bone density, ash, mineral content and to thinner cortical width compared to control male rats. In order to investigate the pathogenetic role of bone resorption by osteoclasts in streptozotocin-induced diabetes, we determined the circulating levels of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), a biochemical marker for bone resorption. Plasma TRAP values in diabetic rats did not differ from their corresponding controls. Streptozotocin diabetes by itself did not have any effect on the weight of seminal vesicles which are highly testosterone-dependent. Low doses of nitric oxide cause bone resorption, but higher doses of NO inhibit bone resorbing activity. We examined the effect of L-NAME (inhibitor of nitric oxide production) after six weeks of administration to diabetic rats. There was no further significant loss of bone mineral density, ash and mineral content or tibia weight in diabetic rats treated with L-NAME. L-NAME itself did not decrease bone metabolism. In our study no evidence of an increased bone resorption was found. Our results have indicated that a predominance of bone resorption over bone formation is not involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes-associated osteopenia. Inhibition of NO neither increased osteoclastic activity (TRAP) nor induced osteopenia in L-NAME-treated rats. This suggests a possibility that NO is not involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic osteopenia.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed2003

[Protective effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (L-NAME) on germ cell apoptosis in experimentally cryptorchid rats].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the protective effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (L-NAME) on the germ cell apoptosis in the rat cryptorchid. METHODS: Immature rats (22 day-old Sprague Dawley) were subjected to unilateral cryptorchid. Thirty rats were divided into three groups: sham operation group (testes still in the scrotum after operation); operation group; operation + L-NAME group(given L-NAME 10 mg/kg after operation, dip). Seven days after operation germ cell apoptosis was detected by terminal-deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated-dUTP nick end labeling(TUNEL). Biochemical parameters (NO, NOS) were evaluated with spectrophotometric determination. RESULTS: At the 7th day after the operation, compared with the control, the number of apoptotic germ cells in the cryptorchid testis was increased significantly, but the testis weight was decreased predominantly(P < 0.01). The levels of NO and NOS in the cryptorchid were significantly higher than the control. CONCLUSIONS: The levels of NO and NOS might be involved in the germ cell apoptosis in the cryptorchid; L-NAME could protect the germ cell from apoptosis in experimentally cryptorchid rats by reducing the activity of NOS and reducing the level of NO in the testis.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Very long-term memory for odors: retention of odor-name associations.

The ability to remember odor-name associations for recent odors (those associated with everyday products experienced within the past 2 years) and distant odors (those associated with children's toys not encountered for 3 years or more) was examined in two experiments. In recognition tasks, subjects attempted to match odor names to odors, or odors to odor names. In a recall task, subjects tried to identify odors by name. The results showed that although odor retention was better for recent than distant odors, significant retention remains for odors not experienced since childhood. These results are consistent with other studies that found very slow and gradual loss of odor information in memory. They extend that research by showing that odor information is still available over a much longer period of time.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Picture naming and memory in children: phonological and semantic effects].

BACKGROUND: [corrected] The relation between picture naming and the short and long term memories. AIM: to verify the ability of picture naming based on phonological and semantic queues, relating it to memory. METHOD: 80 pictures selected from a set of 400 (Cycowicz et al., 1997) were presented to 80 children with ages ranging from 3 to 6 years. Responses were classified in semantic and phonologic errors and number of correct answers. RESULTS: The effect of the articulatory complexity was significant and the effect of the semantic complexity was not significant. CONCLUSION: Naming is the result of memory activation which is organized in categories, physical properties and function; phonologic effects do interfere in the activity of naming, whereas the semantic effects reflect that the long term memory is organized in categories which are dependant of the context and of the development.

Child↗