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At least 1,207 records · Page 67Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Correlated response in growth and body measurements accompanying selection for milk yield in Jerseys.

Growth and body measurements from a long-term selection project were analyzed to determine correlated responses to single-trait selection for milk yield. Data were from 1056 daughters (765 selection, 291 control) of 37 bulls (17 selection, 20 control) of 37 bulls (17 selection, 20 control) and included BW and measures of heart girth, chest depth, wither height, and length from withers to pins and from withers to hooks taken at 6 mo, 15 mo, first calving, end of first lactation, and maturity. Other data were birth weight, change in measurements and weights from first calving to end of first lactation, monthly rate of gain from 1 to 13 mo of age, and age reaching breeding weight (250 kg). Principal component scores were calculated from standardized measurements at each age. The first three principal components has meaning (size, length vs. girth, and height vs. girth). All analyses used linear mixed models with fixed effects of genetic group, generation within group, year-season of birth or calving, parity of dam, and birth status (multiple or single birth). Sires were assumed to be random and nested within genetic group. Mean squares for sires was used to test for group differences. Generation did not differ in any analysis and was removed from all models. Selection cows were heavier, larger in some measurements, and had greater overall size at 6 mo of age. Selection cows had greater monthly rate of gain and attained breeding weight at an earlier age. Genetic groups did not differ for any other measurement or weight. Control cows gained more weight and increased more in some measurements between first calving and end of first lactation. Selection for milk yield did not result in an undesirable correlated response in an growth or body measurement.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Demographic and sociological setup of premature deliveries for live births in GDR 1973 (author's transl)].

A record was taken 1973 of 22,466 single and 3,287 multiple live births, with premature deliveries being subdivided by age, birth order, coverture, and vocational backgrounds of the mothers concerned. The distributions thus established have produced evidence to the effect that all the above factors may have an impact upon premature delivery. Yet, multiple births were found to distort the distributions of all parameters used. --- Reference is made to possible interpretations of such studies in terms of large-scale trends, resources, risk hypotheses, and clusters, with examples being proposed for the latter.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Multiple sulphatase deficiency presenting at birth.

A new case of multiple sulphatase deficiency with onset at birth is described. The patient had many dysmorphic features and hydrocephalus, similar to one other case with early onset described in the literature. The new patient differed from the other case in having chondrocalcificans congenita, heart abnormalities and an abnormal fold of tissue present between the laryngeal inlet and the oesophagus. Excessive mucopolysacchariduria was present and there was profound deficiency of all sulphatases examined in plasma, leucocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1999

Multiple deliveries in North Carolina: effects on birth outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to examine the trends in multiple deliveries in North Carolina and assess their effect on the rates of low birth weight, fetal mortality, and infant mortality. METHODS: Using North Carolina vital statistics files, trends in multiple births, categorized by race, maternal age, and birth weight, were examined for the period 1980-1997. A partitioning method was used to estimate the contribution of maternal age distribution and age-specific multiple birth rates to the overall increase in multiple births, and the contribution of the changing multiple birth rate to observed trends in low birth weight and fetal and infant mortality. RESULTS: Between 1980 and 1997, the state's multiple birth rate increased by 40%. Most of the increase was due to a rise in the age-specific multiple birth rates, rather than a shift in the maternal age distribution. The increase in the multiple birth rate accounted for a substantial proportion of the increase in low birth weight among Whites and Blacks. The rise in multiple births also hindered further declines in fetal and infant mortality during this time. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple births are an increasingly important contributor to perinatal outcomes, and warrant greater consideration in research aimed at evaluating trends in low birth weight and infant mortality.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

From the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. Use of assisted reproductive technology--United States, 1996 and 1998.

Since 1983, when the first infant was conceived from in vitro fertilization (IVF) in the United States, the use of IVF and related procedures (assisted reproductive technology [ART]) has increased substantially. In 1998, an estimated 0.7% of the 3.9 million births were the result of ART. ART patients are more likely to deliver multiple infants than women who conceive without treatment, and these multiple-infant births are associated with increased risks for pregnancy complications, premature delivery, low birth-weight infants, and long-term disability among surviving infants. This report examines state-specific use of ART in 1996 and 1998 and provides data on ART live-born and multiple-infant birth rates in 1998. Findings indicate that the use of ART is increasing in most states and that more than half the infants born as a result of these procedures are multiple births. These high-risk births contribute disproportionately to health-care costs and might negatively affect maternal and child health outcomes, particularly in states where large numbers of ART procedures are performed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Birth weight discordance in multiple gestations: occurrence and outcomes.

This paper reviews the patterns of occurrence, measurement and the effect of birth weight discordance on fetal and neonatal mortality in multiple pregnancies (twins and triplets). Birth weight discordance is fairly common among multiple pregnancies, and about one-quarter of the twin deliveries are affected by a birth weight discordance of 15%, while nearly 5% of twin gestations experience severe discordance (>or= 35%). Factors influencing birth weight discordance are exaggerated in triplet deliveries. Approximately 20% of triplet sets experience a birth weight discordance of 25 - 35% and nearly 10% experience severe forms of discordance. Frequencies of discordant sets at >25% discordance along the range of birth weight deciles show an inverse logarithmic relationship in twins, while the best-fit function in triplets is polynomial. Birth weight discordance is significantly associated with both fetal and neonatal mortality. Neonatal demise among the severely discordant smaller twin is significantly more frequent than in a non-discordant smaller twin. The magnitude of the effect is greater when one or both of the discordant twins are concomitantly small for gestational age.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1998

Impact of infertility treatments on the health of newborns.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the use of infertility treatments in the general population and their association with neonatal health. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, population-based study. SETTING: Canton of Vaud, Switzerland; Etude du Developpement des Nouveau-nés (EDEN), a prospective study of chronic childhood conditions. PATIENT(S): Six thousand four hundred seventy-seven live newborns (6,379 pregnancies) delivered of residents of Vaud in the 19 maternity hospitals between 1993 and 1994. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Neonatal morbidity, multiplicity, low birth weight, prematurity, intrauterine growth retardation, transfer to intensive care, and length of hospital stay. RESULT(S): Infertility treatments were reported for 2.1% of pregnancies (129 women, 148 newborns) and were associated significantly with adverse outcomes. Population-attributable risks varied from 3%-20%. The outcomes of twins did not differ regardless of whether their mother was treated for infertility. Among singletons, only low birth weight was significantly more frequent when infertility treatments were used. Unadjusted odds ratios for neonatal morbidity were significant only for multiple births (2.56; 95% confidence interval 1.21-5.42). This association was not influenced by maternal characteristics and it disappeared after controlling for sex, gestational age, and birth weight. CONCLUSIONS(S): An independent effect of infertility treatments on neonatal morbidity cannot be ruled out, but most of their impact appeared to be mediated by multiplicity and prematurity. Reducing the number of medically induced multiple pregnancies is the most effective prevention of neonatal morbidity related to infertility treatments. Follow-up studies are needed.

Confidence Intervals↗
PubMed2005

Identifying multiple gestation groups using state-level birth and fetal death certificate data.

PURPOSE: Birth and fetal death certificates classify individuals as twins or higher order multiples, but do not identify multiple gestation groups. As a result, multiple gestations are consistently excluded from maternal and child health research studies despite the surge in multiple births since the early 1980s and the health risks associated with them. A standardized methodology for states to identify multiple gestation groups is proposed to allow researchers to account for multiple gestations in analyses, improve the accuracy of the incidence of multiple gestations and further knowledge of the impact of multiple gestations on birth outcomes. METHODS: Using 3 years of Massachusetts birth and fetal death certificate data from 1998 to 2000 (247,959 births and 1358 fetal deaths), we assigned matching multiple gestation group numbers to records with identical combinations of mother's first name, last name, date of birth, and month of delivery. To validate our methodology, we calculated plurality and compared it to plurality reported on the existing birth and fetal death data. RESULTS: This method correctly identified 10,765 records out of 10,795 validated multiple gestation deliveries (99.8%). Our method identified 71 additional multiple gestation deliveries, which were not identified by the birth and fetal death files. This method resulted in only 4 false positives and 51 false negatives over 3 years. CONCLUSIONS: This algorithm provides much needed information on multiple gestation groupings, and as an additional benefit, improves the identification of multiple gestation deliveries. This method has proven easy to use, employs state-level data, and offers numerous new analytic opportunities.

Birth Certificates↗
PubMed1975

Factors affecting risks of congenital malformations. I. Analysis of epidemiologic factors in congenital malformations. Report from the Collaborative Perinatal Project.

An analysis was made of over 30 demographic, biologic and medical variables in relation to risks of congenital malformations which occurred in the Collaborative Perinatal Project. The study population consisted of 46,689 single and multiple live births and fetal deaths about whom complete information was available on all study variables. Included in the analysis were 5 general malformation categories, 27 specific major, and 7 specific minor malformations. Several new associations were detected between epidemiologic factors and risks of specific malformations while other previously reported associations were confirmed by the present investigation. The analysis of general categories of malformations showed that multiple births had a higher frequency of major malformations than single births; whenever sex differences in incidence were noted, males, with few exceptions, had an excess of malformations over females; and maternal diabetes during pregnancy was associated with increased risk of major malformations in the fetus. Among specific findings of possible etiologic significance were that the risk for microcephaly was associated with infrequent prenatal visits and the presence of maternal hyperthyroidism; and unusually low weight gain and infrequent prenatal visits were associated with increased risk for lung hypoplasia. There was no significant effect of inbreeding of the fetus or mother on the risks of general or specific types of malformations. Anencephaly was more frequent among white than among Negro infants, whereas no difference in incidence was noted in spina bifida between the two racial groups. This finding points to an inconsistency in the hypothesis of common etiology for these malformations. Whites were also found to have significantly higher incidences over Negroes of pyloric stenosis, congenital dislocation of the hip, micrognathia, and pectus excavatum, while Negroes have higher incidences of metatarsus varus and inguinal hernia.

Cataract↗
PubMed1981

Birth order and risk of multiple sclerosis: are they associated and how?

By analyzing birth order distribution in 107 patients with multiple sclerosis. Conditionally to the number of siblings in the 107 families, patients' mean birth order is significantly greater than expected. The number of patients whose bith order is equal to one is significantly smaller than the corresponding expected value. The present finding is in contrast to recent results observed by Isager et al. (1980) and this potential association deserves to be further investigated.

Birth Order↗
PubMed2005

Assisted conception is a risk factor for postnatal mood disturbance and early parenting difficulties.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether assisted conception is associated with an increased risk of admission to a residential early parenting program for treatment of maternal mood disorder or infant feeding or sleeping disorders in the postpartum year. DESIGN: Systematic audit of consecutive medical records. SETTING: Masada Private Hospital Mother Baby Unit (MPHMBU), Melbourne, Australia. PATIENT(S): Medical records of all mother-infant dyads admitted to MPHMBU between July 2000 and August 2002. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Modes of conception and delivery of index infant, maternal and infant age on admission, multiplicity of birth, infant birth weight, and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale scores. RESULT(S): A total of 745 records were audited, and mode of conception was recorded in 526 (70.6%) of records. Overall 6% (45/745) of the admitted infants had been conceived through assisted reproductive technologies compared with 1.52% in the general population (relative risk 4.0; 95% confidence interval, 3.0-5.4). Mothers who had conceived with assisted reproductive technologies were older and more likely to have had cesarean and multiple births than those who conceived spontaneously. CONCLUSIONS: Assisted conception appears to be associated with a significantly increased rate of early parenting difficulties. Women who experience assisted conception may require additional support before and after their babies are born.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Timing of birth and risk of multiple sclerosis: population based study.

OBJECTIVES: To determine if risk of multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with month of birth in countries in the northern hemisphere and if factors related to month of birth interact with genetic risk. DESIGN: Population based study with population and family based controls and a retrospective cohort identified from death certificates. A post hoc pooled analysis was carried out for large northern datasets including Sweden and Denmark. SETTING: 19 MS clinics in major cities across Canada (Canadian collaborative project on the genetic susceptibility to multiple sclerosis); incident cases of MS from a population based study in the Lothian and Border regions of Scotland; and death records from the UK Registrar General. POPULATIONS: 17,874 Canadian patients and 11,502 British patients with multiple sclerosis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. RESULTS: In Canada (n = 17,874) significantly fewer patients with MS were born in November compared with controls from the population census and unaffected siblings. These observations were confirmed in a dataset of British patients (n = 11, 502), in which there was also an increase in the number of births in May. A pooled analysis of datasets from Canada, Great Britain, Denmark, and Sweden (n = 42,045) showed that significantly fewer (8.5%) people with MS were born in November and significantly more (9.1%) were born in May. For recent incident data, the effect of month of birth was most evident in Scotland, where MS prevalence is the highest. CONCLUSIONS: Month of birth and risk of MS are associated, more so in familial cases, implying interactions between genes and environment that are related to climate. Such interactions may act during gestation or shortly after birth in individuals born in the northern countries studied.

Canada↗
PubMed2005

Pregnancy, delivery, and birth outcome in women with multiple sclerosis.

Using data from the compulsory Medical Birth Registry of Norway, the authors investigated the effect of maternal multiple sclerosis (MS) on pregnancy, delivery, and birth outcome in 649 births by MS mothers and 2.1 million control births. The mothers with MS had a higher proportion of neonates small for gestational age and also more frequent induction and operative interventions during delivery.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2006

Fetal growth restriction: the etiology.

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is etiologically associated with various maternal, fetal and placental factors, although such an association may not be present in many cases. Maternal factors include hypertensive diseases, autoimmune disorders, certain medications, severe malnutrition, and maternal lifestyle including smoking, alcohol and cocaine use. Fetal etiologies include aneuploidy, malformations, syndromes related to abnormal genomic imprinting, perinatal viral or protozoan infections, preterm birth, and multiple gestation. Placental factors may involve many conditions including anatomical, vascular, chromosomal and morphological abnormalities. Better understanding of these etiologic conditions may lead to improved prediction, prevention and management of FGR.

Aneuploidy↗
PubMed2002

[Evaluation of the developing human visual system using flash-visual evoked potential].

Flash visual evoked potential (Flash-VEP) is easily recorded in preterm infants. However, its clinical application has not been established due to its great variability in response. Our longitudinal studies on the two components of the N1 wave facilitated peak definition and established normal ranges that are clinically valuable. The N1a (early component of the N1) peak latency decreases at about 4.6 msec/week between 30 and 40 weeks postmenstrual age. A flash-VEP study in the preterm period enables us to observe the neuronal development in the human visual system that normally proceeds in utero. Flash-VEP analyses on preterm infants demonstrated that the decrease in the N1a peak latency reflects the progress of myelination in the visual pathway according to the developmental program irrespective of preterm birth. The developmental changes of the N1 wave configuration reflect the maturation of the neuronal networks in the visual cortex, which is accelerated by extrauterine visual experience. Using improved methodology and peak denomination that we proposed, flash-VEP can be applied to preterm infants safely, and should provide us with neuro-developmental information of the human cerebrum.

Cerebral Hemorrhage↗
PubMed2005

Neonatal morbidity and growth in very low birth-weight infants after multiple courses of antenatal steroids.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the neonatal morbidity and the growth in very low birth-weight (VLBW) infants after exposure to multiple courses of antenatal steroids. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 319 VLBW infants were placed in one of the two groups based on exposure to antenatal steroids: Group 1: less than two complete courses; Group 2: two complete courses or more. Anthropometric measurements at birth and discharge and neonatal morbidity were recorded. Composite morbidity was defined as presence of any of the following: death, chronic lung disease, major intraventricular hemorrhage and periventricular leukomalacia. RESULTS: The composite morbidity was not significantly different between the two groups (p=0.26). A significantly higher percentage of infants born after multiple courses of antenatal steroids had head circumference below 10th percentile at discharge (23 vs 9%, adjusted OR, 3.25, (95% CI, 1.4, 7.3); p=0.015). CONCLUSIONS: Multiple courses of antenatal steroids may predispose VLBW infants to impairment of postnatal somatic growth without providing any additional benefit for immediate neonatal outcome.

Anthropometry↗