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At least 1,207 records · Page 67Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

How long before resistance makes it impossible to control some field strains of Haemonchus contortus in South Africa with any of the modern anthelmintics?

This paper describes an exceptional spectrum of multiple anthelmintic resistance in two strains of Haemonchus contortus in South Africa, one from Howick in KwaZulu-Natal, and the other from Badplaas, in Mpumalanga. Apparently for the first time, a helminth strain is described with resistance to compounds from all five of the modern anthelmintic groups used for nematode control in sheep; also, two strains of H. contortus show resistance to the two substituted phenols, dinitrophenol and nitroxynil. Only closantel at 5 mg kg-1 of nine compounds tested appears to have undiminished efficacy against the Howick strain, but even in the case of closantel, the residual activity and minimal effective level need to be tested before it can be concluded that its efficiency is unaffected. The exceptional resistance of the Howick strain is demonstrated by the fact that sequential daily drenching of sheep infected with the strain, with levamisole at 18 mg kg-1, oxfendazole at 20 mg kg-1, levamisole at 20 mg kg-1 and a mixture of fenbendazole at 10 mg kg-1 plus trichlorfon at 132 mg kg-1 on the fourth day, failed to clear sheep of the infection. There are strong indications that side-resistance occurs between dinitrophenol and nitroxynil, on the one hand, and the salicylanilides, on the other, and it is suggested that, before long, strains of H. contortus will be found with high levels of resistance to all the currently available anthelmintics.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Evolution's 'missing link': a hypothesis upon neural plasticity, prefrontal working memory and the origins of modern cognition.

Many activities such as reading, mathematics and chess depend upon cognitive processes which arose after our evolution. Why could they arise if not evolved? I argue four things fortuitously came together to make our nonevolved cognitive skills possible: (i) neural plasticity; (ii) large functionally uncommitted prefrontal, temporal and parietal cerebral cortices; (iii) the ability of their neural circuits (due to neural plasticity), if trained, to take on novel symbolic and nonsymbolic skills; and (iv) a large prefrontal cortex which could use its working memory as a tuition management sketch pad in which to train them. Pre-evolved for other reasons, these four (together with invented symbolic systems and technology) together enable modern humans to 'upgrade' our already evolved cognitive skills to do new and nonevolved things.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Rudolf Virchow and modern aspects of tumor pathology.

Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902), the great German pathologist of the 19th century, founder of the "Zellularpathologie", also dealt with principal problems of tumor pathology. His theoretical concepts concern the definition and characterization of the tumor process, the dignity and diagnosis, published especially in his 3 monographs "Die Entwicklungsgeschichte des Krebses" (1847), "Handbuch der speciellen Pathologie und Therapie" (1854) and "Die krankhaften Geschwülste" (1863-65). The achievements of Rudolf Virchow are not related to the description and diagnosis of specific tumors together with their genesis and interpretation. There have been quite a few errors and false concepts which can longer be accepted today. The timeless modernity and topicality of Rudolf Virchow's postulations on tumor pathology is based on his general conclusions which as key propositions have retained general validity throughout more than a century. They have been confirmed and further interpreted by knowledge which has been accumulated largely over the past one or two decades in the fields of tumor research, electron microscopy, molecular biology, genetics, and immunology.

Germany↗
PubMed1999

High-performance liquid chromatographic-electrospray ionization mass spectrometric analyses for the integration of natural products with modern high-throughput screening.

Within the pharmaceutical industry, significant resources have been applied to the identification of new drug compound leads through the use of high-throughput screening (HTS). To meet the demand for rapid analytical characterization of biologically active samples identified by HTS, the technique of high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) has been utilized, and the application of this technique specifically for the integration of natural product sample mixtures into modern HTS is reviewed. The high resolution provided by reversed-phase HPLC coupled with the gentle and relatively universal ionization facilitated by the electrospray process has had significant impact upon a variety of procedures associated with the HTS of natural products, including extract sample diversity evaluation, dereplication, structure elucidation, preparative isolation, and affinity-based biological activity evaluation.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMed1986

The impact of modern cement techniques on acetabular fixation in cemented total hip replacement.

A radiographic study was performed to assess acetabular fixation in 78 total hip replacements performed between 1971 and 1980. In 1979, the technique of acetabular component insertion was modified to include water-pik lavage, preservation of subchondral bone of the acetabulum during reaming, multiple fixation holes in the pubis ischium and ilium, and devices that improve pressurization of the cement into the cancellous bone surfaces. The impact of these techniques was studied. A cumulative radiolucency score was calculated for each acetabulum from 5-year follow-up radiographs, and the mean cup radiolucency scores for two chronologic groups were compared using the t-test for independent samples. No significant differences in patient age, weight, or sex, type of prosthesis, or approach used was found between groups. The acetabular components inserted between 1979 and 1980 had significantly lower cup radiolucency scores than those inserted between 1971 and 1978, at 5-year follow-up evaluation. Modern cement technique may be responsible for significantly enhanced durability of acetabular fixation in cemented total hip replacement.

Acetabulum↗
PubMed1996

Conversion of failed modern unicompartmental arthroplasty to total knee arthroplasty.

Between January 1983 and January 1991, 29 patients (31 knees) with a failed Robert Brigham metal-backed knee arthroplasty (Johnson & Johnson, Raynham, MA) underwent revision to a total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Twenty-five patients had osteoarthritis, three avascular necrosis, and one rheumatoid arthritis. The average patient age was 72.3 years (range, 49-88 years), and the average weight was 179 lb. (range, 112-242 lb.). The interval between the primary and secondary index procedures averaged 62 months (range, 7-106 months), and mean postrevision follow-up period was 45 months (range, 24-104 months). The primary mechanism of failure of the UKA was tibial polyethylene wear in 21 knees and opposite compartment progression of arthritis in 10 knees. Sixteen knees had particulate synovitis with dense metallic staining of the synovium. At revision, the posterior cruciate ligament was spared in 30 knees and substituted in 1 knee. Restoration of bony deficiency at revision required cancellous bone-graft for contained defects in seven knees, tibial wedges in four knees, and femoral wedges in two knees. No defects received structural allografts. The data suggest that failed, modern unicompartmental knee arthroplasty can successfully be converted to TKA. In most cases, the posterior cruciate ligament can be spared and bone defects corrected with simple wedges or cancellous grafts. Moreover, the results of revision of failed unicompartmental knee arthroplasty are superior to those of failed TKA and failed high tibial osteotomy and comparable to the authors' results of primary TKA with similar-length follow-up periods. Although these results are encouraging, longer-term follow-up evaluation is required to determine survivorship of these revision arthroplasties.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Effect of haptic angulation on posterior capsule opacification in modern foldable lenses with a square, truncated optic edge.

PURPOSE: To analyze the effect of different haptic angulations on posterior capsule opacification (PCO) in a modern foldable intraocular lens (IOL) with a square-edged optic designed to reduce the incidence of PCO. SETTING: Center for Research on Ocular Therapeutics and Biodevices, Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA. METHODS: Ten Dutch Belted, serum Pasteurella-free pigmented rabbits of the same age and sex had bilateral phacoemulsification with endocapsular IOL implantation. The eyes were implanted with Centerflex IOLs (Rayner) with haptic angulations of 0 degree (n = 8), 5 degrees (n = 4), 10 degrees (n = 4), or 15 degrees (n = 4). RESULTS: There was no statistical difference in central PCO, peripheral PCO, and measured IOL decentration among the angulation groups. CONCLUSION: With the Centerflex IOL, haptic angulation did not seem to be a significant factor influencing PCO. It appears that the barrier effect of the IOL's truncated, square-edged optic overrides the angulation factor in preventing PCO.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Evaluation of 3 modern single-piece foldable intraocular lenses: clinicopathological study of posterior capsule opacification in a rabbit model.

PURPOSE: To assess the development of posterior capsule opacification (PCO) with 3 modern single-piece foldable intraocular lenses (IOLs) in a histopathological study and to compare the potential preventive effects of the IOL design and biomaterial in retarding PCO. SETTING: Center for Research on Ocular Therapeutics and Biodevices, Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA. METHODS: Thirty-one rabbit eyes were randomly operated on with phacoemulsification and implantation of 3 single-piece foldable lenses: a hydrophilic acrylic design, the Rayner Centerflex 570H (n = 11); a hydrophobic acrylic design, the Alcon AcrySof SA30AL (n = 10); and a silicone large-hole plate design, the Staar AA-4203VF (n = 10). Central PCO (CPCO), peripheral PCO (PPCO), and Soemmering's ring formation were evaluated 3 weeks after surgery using the Miyake-Apple posterior photographic technique. Histological sections of each globe were prepared to document capsular bag status and performance of IOL geometry. RESULTS: The acrylic IOLs (Centerflex and AcrySof) had lower CPCO and PPCO scores than the silicone plate IOL (P <.05). There was no significant difference in Soemmering's ring formation among the 3 models. Pathological evaluations revealed effective blockage of migrating lens epithelial cells (LECs) at the site of the truncated optic edge of the Centerflex and AcrySof IOLs, even in the presence of large amounts of retained/regenerative cortical material. CONCLUSIONS: The AcrySof IOL has a hydrophobic surface and the Centerflex a hydrophilic surface, but no correlation to these characteristics could be identified. The single-piece AcrySof optic geometry created a clear-cut barrier effect equal to that of its 3-piece predecessor. The anatomic profile of the Centerflex IOL shows the same characteristics. The optics of both acrylic lenses have square truncated edges that functionally block ingrowth of migrating LECs toward the central visual axis, leaving clear posterior capsules. The square optic edge was an appropriate geometric configuration to create a barrier effect. There was no effect of the biomaterial on PCO prevention.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1987

Modern intraocular lens implants in children with new age limitations.

Seventy-three children received modern designs of posterior and flexible anterior chamber intraocular lenses. Twenty-eight (38%) had anterior chamber and 45 (62%) had posterior chamber lenses implanted. Postoperative implant complications occurred in 38 (54%) eyes; the most frequent was secondary membrane formation. Six eyes (22%) with anterior chamber lenses and 25 eyes (58%) with posterior chamber lenses required posterior capsulotomies. Seventy percent of the posterior chamber lens recipients less than six years of age developed secondary membranes. All of these eyes had a discission except one Nd:YAG laser patient. Forty-eight percent of the patients with posterior chamber lenses over six years of age required posterior capsulotomies: 55% had Nd:YAG laser capsulotomies and 45% had discissions. Based upon these observations, we now recommend primary implantation of flexible anterior chamber lenses in three- to six-year old children who have tissue-free visual axes and for all secondary implantations. Primary posterior chamber lenses are recommended for children six years of age and older and for younger children who will tolerate a Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Modern medical management of endometriosis.

The modern medical management of endometriosis has changed considerably since the first attempts were made to control this disease hormonally over four decades ago. Currently, there are multiple choices for the clinician and patient, including oral contraceptives, danazol, GnRH agonist analogues, and gestrinone. Several advances have been made in the use of GnRH agonists in preventing some of the untoward effects of prolonged hypoestrogenism. These add-back regimens provide the best therapy available today for prolonged medical control of endometriotic symptoms. The antiprogesterones (RU-486) hold promise for the future, but are still in the investigational stage of development.

Danazol↗
PubMed2001

[Influence of tandem optics and television tube of modern digital fluoroscopy equipment on image quality].

The influence of the tandem optics and the TV-tube to the image quality of 1k- and 2k-radiographs of a modern fluoroscopy equipment should be assessed on the basis of objective parameters and clinical requirements. Radiographs of different phantoms with 1k- and 2k-image matrix, different illumination point corrections (IPC) and signal gray levels were taken, examined and evaluated, in order to determine the objective image parameters and the clinical relevancy of these parameters. On the one hand, the digital images data could be used directly for evaluation; on the other hand, the radiographs could be visually evaluated by experienced radiologists within the framework of a blind study. The IPC is controlled by the aperture of the iris diaphragm and the insertion of a neutral gray filter in the tandem optics. The larger the aperture of the iris diaphragm (at constant image receiver dose) the higher were gradation, signal to noise ratio (SNR) and image homogeneity. Furthermore, the larger the aperture, the lower was the square wave response function (SWRF). The insertion of a gray filter in the tandem optics decreases gradation, SNR and homogeneity, and improves the SWRF.

Fluoroscopy↗
PubMed2002

[Johann Friedrich Meckel the Younger (1781-1833) and modern teratology].

Among other special topics Johann Friedrich Meckel the Younger concentrated his scientific researches on the systematic investigations of the human and animal malformations. He explored many samples which were part of his private anatomical collection. Today, the Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology possesses a number of important teratological preparations which Meckel and his graduate students minutely investigated (e.g. the individuals to the Meckel, Klippel Feil and Hanhart syndrome). The goals of our studies are to identify the samples originating from the Meckel Collections, and to reinvestigate them with modern methods. Two objects (brainless malformation, Halle I, and neural tube defect, Halle II) were analysed by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). These results obtained are published in Toennies et al. (2002).

Anatomy↗
PubMed2003

Modern laser scanning microscopy in biology, biotechnology and medicine.

Laser microscopic techniques currently used in morphology and cell biology represent highly sensitive tools for detecting biomolecules within their natural environment. Use of the fluorescence-, reflectance- and transmission modes of confocal laser scanning microscopes (CLSM) equipped with He-Ne- and Ar+-ion lasers for CeIV and DAB based detection of endogenous or immunobound enzymatic activities in tissue sections (vibratome, cryostat, paraffin and semithin plastic sections) opens a wide range of interesting new possibilities in cellular and molecular biology. Increased resolution power, blur-free confocal imaging, higher sensitivity, optical sectioning capability and 3D-image analysis provide a large quantity of valuable information about biological objects specimens. The new infrared multiphoton laser scanning microscopy (NIR-LSM) is increasingly becoming the optical tool of choice for (a) fluorescence imaging of cellular and subcellular components with high spatial and temporal resolution, (b) fluorescence resonance energy transfer between physiologically relevant molecular species involving protein-protein interactions, (c) nanoprocessing within living cells and tissues, with varied applications in (d) photochemistry and (e) medical diagnostics as well. Both, CLSM and NIR-LSM as modern microscopical strategies are indispensable in basic research and will prove to be invaluable for clinical diagnostic studies and therapy in the near future.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Is the Pauwels' theory of hip biomechanics still valid? A critical analysis, based on modern methods.

The Pauwels' theory of hip biomechanics assuming bending stresses of the proximal femur has been critisized by recent authors. Therefore, the fundamentals of the classic theory have been reviewed, analysed by means of modern methods, and completed. The conclusion is that, hypothetically, a totally bending-free skeletal scaffold could be obtained by muscular tear strings. The analysis of anatomical specimens and considerations on optimisation show, however, that the bending theory of the proximal femur gives still the best explanation for the observations. Furthermore, the classic model has to be completed by two important conditions: 1. The supporting foot must be positioned on the action line of the gravity force of the body, and 2. the abductorial forces on the hip (to balance the momentum of the body weight) is composed by the forces of the lesser glutei (70%) and the muscles tending the tractus iliotibialis (30%).

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1987

Modern synthetic suture materials and abdominal wound closure techniques in gynaecological surgery.

The introduction of modern synthetic suture materials and an individualized approach to wound closure techniques in gynaecological surgery has created new options. Although many issues remain open to question, we have no doubt that catgut and chromic catgut can be declared obsolete in gynaecological surgery. The choice of synthetic suture materials has to be made on personal preferences and clinical experience. If the use of non-absorbable sutures is desired, with few exceptions monofilament suture material is clearly the first choice. Abdominal opening and closure techniques and the selection of appropriate suture materials have to be considered as important factors in minimizing wound healing complications. The decision-making process is based on the knowledge of anatomy, wound healing and possible risk factors. From theoretical considerations, mass closure of all layers apart from skin is considered to be the superior concept. The incidence of incisional hernias and sinus formation will depend on proper technique and possibly the choice of suture material. Some suggestions to individualize opening and closure of the abdomen are made although prospective randomized trials in gynaecology have not yet been performed.

Abdominal Muscles↗
PubMed2002

Modern management of non-chemotherapy drug-induced agranulocytosis: a monocentric cohort study of 90 cases and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: The present study reports a monocentric experience of 90 drug-induced agranulocytosis cases and discusses their management, in particular the role of hematopoietic growth factors. METHODS: Data from 90 patients with drug-induced agranulocytosis who met the criteria of the IAAAS group and of Bénichou and Solal-Celigny [Nouv Rev Fr Hematol 1993; 33: 257.] were retrospectively reviewed. All cases were extracted from a cohort study of the Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France. Data were specifically analyzed with regard to the use of hematopoietic growth factors (in 42 patients). RESULTS: Mean patient age was 63 (range 17-95) years and the sex ratio (M/F) was 0.39. An underlying disease was present in 37% of the patients. Antibiotics (25%), antithyroid drugs (23%), and antiaggregative platelet agents (16%) were the most frequent causative drugs. Main clinical features included isolated fever (41%), septicemia or septic shock (31%), and pneumonia (10%). Mean neutrophil count was 0.13 (range 0-0.46)x10(9)/l. Outcome was favorable in 98% of patients. The mean durations of hematological recovery (neutrophil count over 1.5x10(9)/l), antibiotic therapy, and hospitalization was 8.5 (range 2-21) days, 9.2 (range 2-21) days, and 10.5 (range 3-23) days, respectively. All patients were treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics and 42 patients with hematopoietic growth factors. In these 42 patients, the mean durations for hematological recovery, antibiotic therapy, and hospitalization were significantly reduced at: 6.3 (range 2-16) days, 7.1 (range 2-16) days, and 9.1 (range 3-23) days, respectively (all P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The present study shows that new causative drugs are emerging (antibiotics, antithyroid, and antiaggregative platelet agents), that drug-induced agranulocytosis remains typically a serious accident with severe sepsis, and that modern management with broad spectrum antibiotics and hematopoietic growth factors may reduce the mortality.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Pharmaceutical provisions of the FDA Modernization Act of 1997: one year and counting.

The FDA Modernization Act of 1997 represents a notable public policy achievement that was conceived not out of crisis, but rather out of a shared commitment that the FDA can both protect patient health (by assuring drugs are safe and effective) and promote public health (by being given additional resources and new procedural efficiencies to accelerate the review of applications for new medicines). The FDA is conscientiously implementing this important new law, but there are areas where more work is required. On balance, the prospects are that this law will help usher in a much improved era for patients.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed2001

Cerebral embolisation during modern cardiopulmonary bypass.

OBJECTIVES: Cerebral microembolisation still occurs during cardiopulmonary bypass and may cause both stroke and postoperative cognitive impairment. We investigated the frequency of cerebral embolisation during coronary artery bypass surgery with modern cardiopulmonary bypass and related these to ascending aortic atherosclerosis. METHODS: Transcranial Doppler monitoring for cerebral embolisation to both middle cerebral arteries was performed in 65 patients undergoing coronary artery surgery with non-pulsatile alpha-stat hypothermic bypass. Epicardial ultrasound imaging of ascending aortic atherosclerosis was performed in 14 patients. RESULTS: Thirty patients (56.9%) had more than 200 emboli entering the middle cerebral artery territories during surgery; most at the start of bypass and during defibrillation. Readjustment of aortic clamps and aortic cannulation also caused a large number of emboli which were probably particulate. Aortic disease was mild (mean plaque thickness 1 mm, interquartile range 0.9-1.2 mm) and did not relate to the number of cerebral emboli produced by aortic manipulation. CONCLUSIONS: Cerebral embolisation remains common during coronary surgery despite advances in filter and bypass pump technology. Aortic manipulation and clamping was associated with emboli but epicardial ultrasound imaging was of little help in its prediction.

Adult↗