The choice of microcomputer software for infection control.
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Cross Infection↗
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Microcomputers in hospital epidemiology.
Computers can store, manage, and analyze large quantities of data. Thus, computers are an ideal tool for the modern practice of infection control. This article provides practical information for infection control personnel who must choose or upgrade a computer system.
Computer User Training↗
An automated microcomputer based electric response audiometry system for machine scoring of auditory evoked potentials.
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Audiometry↗
A microcomputer-based system for coronary artery Doppler studies.
Intra-vascular Doppler catheters are becoming popular as research tools for studies of the coronary circulation. Velocity estimates can be obtained from Doppler signals sampled with such catheters, and used to calculate various derived parameters which can then be correlated with the haemodynamic situation under investigation. This note discusses the requirements necessary for a system to perform the acquisition of the high-frequency Doppler signals obtained from catheter-tipped transducers, and a system developed to capture, process and store Doppler, ECG and pressure signals is described. Software used to calculate parameters from the stored waveforms is discussed and examples of the system outputs presented.
Coronary Vessels↗
High-frequency electrosurgery using the microcomputer-controlled Erbe ICC 350 unit.
To quantitate electrosurgical and tissue variables during transurethral prostatic resection and electrovaporization, these procedures were performed in five patients using standard endoscopic equipment and the Erbe ICC 350 electrosurgical generator. Current, voltage, power, and resistance were monitored continuously. Energy transfer was quantitated during each electrode pass. Prostatic resection or electrovaporization was successful in each patient. Current, voltage, resistance, and power were similar during resection and electrovaporization, whereas energy transfer was greater during electrovaporization. Generator and tissue characteristics can now be precisely monitored and instantaneously altered during transurethral prostatic electrosurgery to minimize energy transfer to the patient while producing the desired tissue effects.
Aged↗
Microcomputer "real time" capability questioned.
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Computers↗
Microcomputer interpretation of red blood cell panels.
The interpretation of red blood cell panels and identification of alloantibodies can be a difficult and time-consuming task. PANEL-IZER, a computer program that performs this interpretation, is described. The panel analysis is based on a matrix algebra algorithm that is presented in detail. Conditional probability logic supplements the analysis by searching for unexpected reactive cells or other possibilities such as the presence of autoantibodies or antibodies to low- or high-frequency antigens. The program considers phases of reactivity, dosage effects, and reaction strengths to aid in antibody identification. Probability levels for antibody identification based on Fisher's "exact" method are calculated. The program also can help suggest a "select cell" panel. This program can be a valuable tool in blood banks to aid in the interpretation of panels, to check technologists' interpretations, to generate "select cell" panels, and to help teach students and residents antibody identification.
Blood Group Antigens↗
Hepatitis profile interpretation by microcomputer.
A simple BASIC computer program for interpreting two serologic markers of hepatitis A virus infection and five serologic markers of hepatitis B virus infection is described. The program is based on a two-dimensional matrix (table) containing all possible combinations of positive and negative test results with their associated interpretations. Clinically relevant reports are consistent, reliable, and legible. Sample reports are included.
Computers↗
Parlin, a general microcomputer program for parallel-line analysis of bioassays.
Commonly used manual and calculator methods for analysis of clinically important parallel-line bioassays are subject to operator bias and provide neither confidence limits for the results nor any indication of their validity. To remedy this, the authors have written a general program for statistical analysis of these bioassays for the IBM Personal Computer and its compatibles. The program has been used for analysis of bioassays for specific coagulation factors and inflammatory lymphokines and for radioimmunoassays for prostaglandins. The program offers a choice of no transform, logarithmic, or logit transformation of data, which are fitted to parallel lines for standard and unknown. It analyzes the fit for parallelism and linearity with an F test, and calculates the best estimate of the result and its 95% confidence limits. Comparison of results calculated by PARLIN with those previously obtained manually shows excellent correlation (r greater than 0.99). Results obtained using PARLIN are quickly available with current assay technics and provide a complete evaluation of the bioassay at no increase in cost.
Animals↗
A dBASE III surgical pathology reporting and encoding microcomputer system.
The authors have developed a menu-driven dBASE III system for surgical pathology reporting and encoding in Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED). The system requires no knowledge of dBASE and is readily installed on any IBM-standard personal computer equipped with a fixed disk. The use of dBASE memo fields provides the integration of word processing and database functions. Preliminary gross examination reports are automatically accompanied by data from former cases on the same patient. Patient demographics, SNOMED codes, and final diagnoses are stored on the fixed disk; complete reports are saved on floppy diskettes. Cases can be retrieved by patient name, surgical number, or SNOMED codes. Daily work lists, frozen section-final diagnosis correlations, turnaround time reports, and listings of incomplete cases are easily obtained. Cytologic results can also be entered, allowing automatic correlation with surgical cases.
Humans↗
A microcomputer network for biochemistry.
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Biochemistry↗
A microcomputer program for comparison and alignment of DNA sequence gel readings.
During the course of determining the sequence of a large DNA fragment, it is necessary to cross-check numerous gel readings from different DNA fragments, in order to track and eliminate mistakes. An algorithm is presented that takes advantage of the high degree of homology between such sequences to construct an alignment of the matching regions. It does not require knowledge of a starting homology zone, neither large memory areas, even for sequences of several kilobases, and it can overcome large gaps or mismatch zones that correspond for instance to misinterpretation of compressions on sequence gels. This algorithm has been implemented in 6502 assembly language on an Apple II computer as an extension to the PEGASE sequence handling system.
Algorithms↗
The SEQANAL and SEQTALK programs: a new method of access to high-resolution nucleotide sequence comparison and analysis programs from a remote laboratory mini- or microcomputer.
A new method of access has been devised for biologists requiring the use of computer programs offering high-resolution analysis and comparison of nucleotide sequence data. The strategy involves the development of a pair of computer programs, called SEQANAL and SEQTALK, designed to operate in tandem. SEQANAL is a large and complex program intended to be used to discover regions of internal repeats and dyad symmetries within one sequence, or regions of homology, complementarity or optimal alignment between two sequences. Three algorithms are supported: those of Staden (1977, 1978); of Korn et al. (1977); Queen and Korn (1980); and the newly-described exhaustive tree-searching algorithm of Burnett et al. (1985, 1986). The SEQTALK program is a small, portable, interactive, front-end program with which the user can specify the instructions to control the SEQANAL program. Together, the SEQANAL and SEQTALK programs permit analyses to be performed at a remote facility on a mainframe computer under the complete control of a distant user equipped with minimal computing facilities, and without needing networking facilities.
Algorithms↗
MEGA: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis software for microcomputers.
A computer program package called MEGA has been developed for estimating evolutionary distances, reconstructing phylogenetic trees and computing basic statistical quantities from molecular data. It is written in C++ and is intended to be used on IBM and IBM-compatible personal computers. In this program, various methods for estimating evolutionary distances from nucleotide and amino acid sequence data, three different methods of phylogenetic inference (UPGMA, neighbor-joining and maximum parsimony) and two statistical tests of topological differences are included. For the maximum parsimony method, new algorithms of branch-and-bound and heuristic searches are implemented. In addition, MEGA computes statistical quantities such as nucleotide and amino acid frequencies, transition/transversion biases, codon frequencies (codon usage tables), and the number of variable sites in specified segments in nucleotide and amino acid sequences. Advanced on-screen sequence data and phylogenetic-tree editors facilitate publication-quality outputs with a wide range of printers. Integrated and interactive designs, on-line context-sensitive helps, and a text-file editor make MEGA easy to use.
Algorithms↗
IBM microcomputer programs that analyze DNA sequences for tRNA genes.
A set of four computer programs that search DNA sequence data files for transfer RNA genes have been written in IBM (Microsoft) BASIC for the IBM personal computer. These programs locate and plot predicted secondary structures of tRNA genes in the cloverleaf conformation. The set of programs are applicable to eukaryotic tRNA genes, including those containing intervening sequences, and to prokaryotic and mitochondrial tRNA genes. In addition, two of the programs search up to 150 residues downstream of tRNA gene sequences for possible eukaryotic RNA polymerase III termination sites comprised of at least four consecutive T residues. Molecular biologists studying a variety of gene sequence and flanking regions can use these programs to search for the additional presence of tRNA genes. Furthermore, investigators studying tRNA gene structure-to-function relationships would not need to do extensive restriction mapping to locate tRNA gene sequences within their cloned DNA fragments.
Algorithms↗
Protein graphics: historical development, future directions and microcomputer applications.
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Amino Acid Sequence↗
Analysis of repeating oligonucleotide sequences in ribonucleic acids using an Apple II microcomputer.
A simple computer program has been developed to locate repeating subsequences of all possible lengths in a given nucleic acid. The observed number of repeats of subsequences was compared with the expected number of such repeats in several RNAs. The analysis showed that, in the case of rRNAs, there are no constraints in the choice of the fourth and the higher order nucleotides, while the selection is maximum at the level of nearest neighbour. This is, however, not true for RNAs coding for proteins, where the constraints are also found at the level of nucleotides containing five or more bases.
Algorithms↗
HERSIM: a microcomputer program designed to compute the limits of conversion for real homogeneous isothermal enzymic reactors.
HERSIM is a program written in BASIC designed to aid the investigator interested in determining the substrate conversion in a real homogeneous isothermal enzymic reactor, for various kinetic equations. The program runs after tracer data relative to a Dirac impulse to the reactor have been entered, and computes the two limits of real conversion: total segregation and maximum mixedness. The kinetic constants of the reacting system are input as data, and the variation of conversion with reactor temperature between given limits is computed as accurately as requested.
Algorithms↗