[Comparative study on yinqiao detoxicating decoction in new convenient and old traditional forms].
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Chromatography, Thin Layer↗
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Antimicrobial activity of essential oil from Micromeria thymifolia (Scop.) Fritsch.
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Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
[Role of stratum corneum and its lipids in permeability of 5-fluorouracil through human skin].
The role of stratum corneum (SC) and its lipid constituents in skin permeability was assessed in vitro in diffusion system combined with the determination of partition coefficients (PC) and DSC technique. 5-Fu and 1,8-CN were used as the hydrophilic drug and penetration enhancer, respectively. The results showed that the PCs of 5-Fu were the same in SC, delipid SC, full skin and SC-stripped full skin, but the diffusion coefficients (D) of 5-Fu were different from each other. They were 1.32 +/- 0.37 x 10(-7), 13.71 +/- 5.12 x 10(-7), 1.01 +/- 0.31 x 10(-7) and 540.85 +/- 50.99 x 10(-7) cm2/h, respectively. When the skin membranes were pretreated with 1,8-CN for 12 h, the PCs were reduced to similar extent. However, the D was increased significantly in SC and in full skin, there was a small increase for delipid SC. No change was found in the D of stripped skin. DSC analysis indicated that 1,8-CN might change the thermal behaviour of SC lipid and the influence disappeared when SC was extracted with organic solvent. These results suggest that SC was the main barrier for 5-Fu diffusion through human skin, and the intercellular lipids played an important role for the hydrophilic drug penetration regardless of the presence of the enhancer in SC.
Calorimetry, Differential Scanning↗
In vitro study on the softening of gutta-percha cones in endodontic retreatment.
Softening time of gutta-percha cones was studied in vitro using five chemical solvents: xylol, chloroform, turpentine, eucalyptol, and orange oil. An apparatus which reproduces the penetration force of an endodontic file was used on the sectioned roots of previously filled teeth. The most rapid chemical solvent of gutta-percha cones was chloroform and the slowest was eucalyptol.
Analysis of Variance↗
Antimicrobial action of AXOL on periodontopathic bacteria.
The antimicrobial action of AXOL was tested against a panel of periodontopathic bacteria, which included Treponema denticola, Treponema vincentii, Treponema sp., Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella melaninogenica, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. The AXOL commercial solution (undiluted) was effective in inhibiting some of the bacteria but not all. The rational for the use of antimicrobials is discussed.
Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
Respiratory preparations.
Australian Family Physician is pleased to present a home course in extemporaneous prescribing, an interesting area that is poorly understood by many practitioners, especially recent graduates. Dr Bernard Kelly has been teaching this discipline to Family Medicine trainees in New South Wales for many years. A question is included at the end of each module.
Administration, Inhalation↗
Inhibition of crystallins-induced inflammation in rabbit eyes with five phytogenic compounds.
Ocular inflammation was induced by injection of crystallins (lens protein) intracamerally and endotoxin intravitreously into rabbit and rat eyes, respectively, and was measured with fluorophotometry by quantitating the amount of fluorescein which entered into the globe. Five compounds isolated from anti-inflammatory Chinese herbs were studied for their effects on ocular inflammation. It was found that lens protein-induced inflammation was inhibited significantly by the topical instillation of pulegone (0.5%), friedelin (0.5%), and sabinene (1%), but not by dihydrojasmon or naringin at concentrations up to 1%. However, none of these compounds inhibited endotoxin-induced posterior uveitis.
Animals↗
Evaluation of a eucalyptus-based repellent against Anopheles spp. in Tanzania.
A eucalyptus-based insect repellent (PMD) with the principal active ingredient p-menthane-3,8-diol was evaluated in the field in comparison with deet. In human landing catches in Tanzania, 3 formulations of PMD were tested against Anopheles gambiae and An. funestus. Repellents, applied to the legs and feet at doses chosen as used in practice, gave complete protection from biting for between 6 and 7.75 h, depending upon the formulation type, with no significant difference between PMD and deet in terms of efficacy and duration of protection.
Animals↗
Evaluation of a eucalyptus-based repellent against Culicoides impunctatus (Diptera:Ceratopogonidae) in Scotland.
A eucalyptus-based insect repellent (PMD) was evaluated against Culicoides impunctatus in Scotland in comparison with deet. In human landing catches, both repellents still afforded 98% protection from biting 8 h after application of 0.5 ml to the forearm. A second trial looking at protection between 8 and 10 h after repellent application showed 99.5% protection for PMD and 97% for deet as compared with controls.
Animals↗
Tiger Balm as a treatment of tension headache. A clinical trial in general practice.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of a topical medication, Tiger Balm, in the treatment of acute tension headache. DESIGN: Randomised, double blind, three group comparison. SETTING: Patients were recruited by newspaper advertisements and general practitioners who were also responsible for enrolment. Pre-treatment assessments took place in seven general practices. INTERVENTION: Groups were given either Tiger Balm, topical placebo or paracetamol. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Headache severity and medication relief scales were measured by self-report. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in headache relief between Tiger Balm and placebo. The difference between Tiger Balm and medication was not significant.
Acute Disease↗
Effect of d-limonene, alpha-pinene and cineole on in vitro transdermal human skin penetration of chlorpromazine and haloperidol.
The aim of this research is to carry out a comparative study of the ability to cross human skin of two neuroleptic drugs: chlorpromazine (CAS 50-53-3) and haloperidol (CAS 52-86-8), in the absence and in the presence of three terpenes (cineole, d-limonene and alpha-pinene) with the purpose of considering the possibility of improving their transdermal penetration profile. Franz diffusion cells were used, in conjunction with human skin as permeation membrane. The permeation parameters calculated were permeability constant (Kp), flux (J) and lag time (Tl) in the presence and in the absence of enhancers. None of the three enhancers assayed improved the penetration profile of chlorpromazine, and d-limonene even reduced the transdermal permeability (enhancement index, EI = 0.67) since its coefficient of relative activity was reduced, (Xr = 0.73). Cineole and d-limonene increased the permeation profile of haloperidol, giving EI values of 1.95 and 4.21, respectively, and leading to a fourfold increase in the flux value for both enhancers. alpha-Pinene did not modify the permeation profile of haloperidol. None of the three terpenes assayed had a significant effect on the lag time of chlorpromazine or haloperidol. In these experimental conditions the concentration values predicted at steady state of chlorpromazine formulated without enhancers are within the therapeutic range. In contrast, therapeutic levels of haloperidol cannot be predicted in the absence of enhancers such as d-limonene or cineole.
Antipsychotic Agents↗
Multiple organ failure after ingestion of pennyroyal oil from herbal tea in two infants.
BACKGROUND: Hepatic and neurologic injury developed in two infants after ingestion of mint tea. Examination of the mint plants, from which the teas were brewed, indicated that they contained the toxic agent pennyroyal oil. METHODS: Sera from each infant were analyzed for the toxic constituents of pennyroyal oil, including pulegone and its metabolite menthofuran. RESULTS: Fulminant liver failure with cerebral edema and necrosis developed in the first infant, who died. This infant was positive only for menthofuran (10 ng/mL). In the other infant, who was positive for both pulegone (25 ng/mL) and menthofuran (41 ng/mL), hepatic dysfunction and a severe epileptic encephalopathy developed. CONCLUSION: Pennyroyal oil is a highly toxic agent that may cause both hepatic and neurologic injury if ingested. A potential source of pennyroyal oil is certain mint teas mistakenly used as home remedies to treat minor ailments and colic in infants. Physicians should consider pennyroyal oil poisoning as a possible cause of hepatic and neurologic injury in infants, particularly if the infants may have been given home-brewed mint teas.
Beverages↗
Identification of a long-lasting form of odor adaptation that depends on the carbon Monoxide/cGMP second-messenger system.
The diffusible messenger carbon monoxide (CO) has been proposed to mediate endogenous cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) formation and sensory adaptation in vertebrate olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). We have identified and characterized a long-lasting form of odor response adaptation (LLA) that operates at the level of isolated salamander ORNs and does not require any interactions from other cells. Manifestations of LLA are seen in reduced amplitude and prolonged kinetics of the cAMP-mediated excitatory odor response and the generation of a persistent current component that lasts for several minutes and is attributable to cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel activation by cGMP. Because these effects can be mimicked by micromolar amounts of exogenous cGMP or CO, we applied various inhibitors of cGMP formation. LLA is abolished selectively by heme oxygenase inhibitors known to prevent CO release and cGMP formation in ORNs, whereas odor excitation remains unaffected. In contrast, blockers of nitric oxide synthase are unable to eliminate LLA. Several controls rule out a contribution of nonspecific actions to the effects of CO inhibitors. The results indicate that endogenous CO/cGMP signals contribute to olfactory adaptation and underlie the control of gain and sensitivity of odor transduction. The findings offer a mechanism by which a single, brief odor stimulus can be translated into long-lasting intracellular changes that could play an important role in the perceptual adaptation to odors, and explain the longstanding puzzle that the olfactory CNG channels can be gated by both cAMP and cGMP.
Acclimatization↗
[Pastillas Juanola and arterial hypertension].
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Adult↗
Volumetric changes of solvent softened gutta-percha using chloroform, eucalyptol or halothane.
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Analysis of Variance↗
Antiinflammatory effects of euclyptol (1.8-cineole) in bronchial asthma: inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism in human blood monocytes ex vivo.
Monoterpenes are prescribed to treat chronic obstructive airway disorders mainly because of their familiar secretolytic properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 1.8-cineole (Soledum) on arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism in blood monocytes of patients with bronchial asthma. Patients with bronchial asthma (n = 10) and healthy test subjects (n = 12) were included in the study. Production of the representative AA-metabolites LTB4 and PGE2 from isolated monocytes stimulated with the calcium ionophore A23187 were measured ex vivo before therapy with 1.8-cineole (3 x 200 mg/day), after three days of treatment (day 4) and four days after discontinuation of 1. 8-cineole (day 8). The production of LTB4 and PGE2 from monocytes ex vivo was significantly inhibited on day 4 in patients with bronchial asthma (-40.3%, n = 10 and -31.3%, p = 0.1, n = 3 respectively) as well as in healthy volunteers (-57.9%, n = 12 and -42.7%, n = 8 respectively). In conclusion, 1.8-cineole was shown to inhibit LTB4 and PGE2, both pathways of AA-metabolism. Further studies are needed to show that 1.8-cineole is suitable in the treatment of bronchial asthma.
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗
Inhibition of cytokine production and arachidonic acid metabolism by eucalyptol (1.8-cineole) in human blood monocytes in vitro.
Cineole (eucalyptol) is the isolated active agent of eucalyptus oil. Traditionally, it is recommended for treating the symptoms of airway diseases exacerbated by infection. We have examined the inhibitory effect of 1.8-cineole on LPS-and IL1beta-stimulated mediator production by human monocytes in vitro. For the first time, we report on a dose-dependent and highly significant inhibition of production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, leukotriene B4 and thromboxane B2 by 1.8-cineole. In summary, this is the first report on a new mechanism of action of monoterpenes suggesting 1.8-cineole as a strong inhibitor of cytokines that might be suitable for longterm treatment of airway inflammation in bronchial asthma and other steroid-sensitive disorders.
Adult↗