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PubMedDate not supplied

[Excessive daytime sleepiness in Mexico city].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of excessive daytime somnolence (EDS) in a sample of residents from Mexico City. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was done using a randomized telephone survey. A structured questionnaire (including demographic and clinical data) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale, a valid and reliable instrument for the detection of EDS, were administered. RESULTS: A total sample of 200 subjects was obtained, with a mean age of 37 +/- 16.24 years. EDS was found in 31.5% of the subjects; 12.5% considered that EDS interfered in a significant way with daily activities, and 9% with work related abilities. Subjects with EDS were older, came from lower socio-economic status, and had a significantly higher body mass index. DISCUSSION: Our results indicate that EDS is more frequent in Mexico City residents than in other populations. Notwithstanding, the association between EDS with advanced age, lower socio-economic status and high body mass index requires further investigation.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Frequency of the metabolic syndrome among overweight and obese patients in a primary health care facility in northern Mexico].

OBJECTIVE: Assess the frequency of the metabolic syndrome (MS) among overweight and obese subjects attending a primary health care clinic in Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico. METHODS: Male and female patients over 20 years of age attending a primary health care setting during April-Sept 2004 were selected to participate in the study. Metabolic syndrome was defined using the Adult Treatment Panel III criteria (NCEP III). RESULTS: Three-hundred twenty one patients with a mean age 47.9 years were assessed. The MS frequency was 44% for those patients without previous history of diabetes mellitus or hypertension (n = 281). The MS was present in 30% and 53% of overweight and obese patients respectively. Being an older male who had not been born in Baja California State were significantly associated with the presence of MS. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of MS in a selected group of patients was common and higher than the national prevalence. The high frequency of MS in our study could be associated with a high prevalence of diabetes and obesity in the northwest population of Mexico.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[History of clinical studies on hypothalamic hormone analogs in Mexico].

Early clinical trials in Mexico with analogs of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) also known as gonadotropin releasing hormone (Gn-RH), were reviewed. Extensive clinical studies were carried out at IMSS with agonists of LH-RH, both in men and woman. All subjects responded to LH-RH agonists with a release of LH and FSH, but repeated administration of these analogs, initially aimed at stimulation of fertility (thought to stimulate fertility), was later shown to result in inhibition due to desensitization of pituitary gland and downregulation of LH-RH receptors. Various clinical investigations with LH-RH antagonists were also carried out. This included the first demonstration that LH-RHantagonists can suppress LH and FSH and sex steroid secretion in men and women. Various studies in Mexico with early LH-RH antagonists aimed at the development of new contraceptive methods were reviewed. Modern LH-RH antagonist Cetrorelix was shown to be effective in men and women and useful in treatment of uterine leiomyomas and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Major oncological studies were also carried out with agonist D-Trp6-LH-RH and antagonist Cetrorelix in men with prostate cancer, which demonstrated therapeutic efficacy of both types of analogs. Some endocrine studies with early analogs of somatostatin were also cited and a clinical trial with somatostatin analog vapreotide in patients with relapsed prostate cancer was reviewed. All these studies played a major role in introducing analogs of hypothalamic-releasing hormones into clinical medicine.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed2006

Prevalence of Brucella abortus antibodies in equines of a tropical region of Mexico.

A cross-sectional study was conducted to determinate the seroprevalence rate of equine brucellosis in the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico. Serum samples from 420 equines were analyzed with the Rose Bengal test at cell concentrations of 3% (RBT-3%) and 8% (RBT-8%), and positive results were confirmed with the Rivanol test (RT). Risk factors were determined with the prevalence ratio (PR) and the use of variables generated from a questionnaire administered to the animals' owners. Serum from 1 stallion had positive results with both the RBT-8% and the RT, for a seroprevalence rate of 0.238%. Drinking of water from a pond that was also used by cattle and dogs was the only associated risk factor for this animal (PR = 0.25). However, the results were considered false-positive, because the results for other horses in the same environmental conditions were negative. Although brucellosis is considered endemic in ruminants in the study area, the results obtained suggest that equines are not a reservoir of brucellosis and do not play an important role in the epidemiologic patterns of this disease in northeastern Mexico.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Vectorial importance of triatominae bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in Guaymas, Mexico.

The study was conducted in Guaymas city, Sonora, in Northwestern Mexico. Triatomines were collected manually during daytime, within and around houses selected randomly, with one person searching for bugs during one hour per house. Collected bugs were identified and analyzed for Trypanosoma cruzi infection. From a total of 279 collected specimens there were 123 females, 65 males and 91 nymphs (entomological indexes: 63% infestation, 68.4% colonization, 8.5% density and 13.5% stacking). There were 251 (90%) triatominae bugs infected with T. cruzi, one of the highest natural infestation levels recorded in Mexico. The insects collected were identified as Triatoma rubida (91%) and T. recurva (9%). Previous reports for the same locality (1959) indicated the presence of T. rubida in the wild, we found T. rubida within houses, and T. recurva as a peridomestic bug. Unplanned housing developments in originally wild areas may have favored T. cruzi transmitters to migrate from the wild and into human dwellings.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Molecular approaches to the control of onchocerciasis in Mexico].

Onchocerciasis is one of the major causes of blindness in the World, with about 17.7 million infected, particularly in West Africa. In Mexico, onchocerciasis is also present and has been subjected to control since 1923. The standard diagnosis of onchocerciasis is by the detection of microfilariae by skin biopsy and transmission is evaluated by detection of Onchocerca volvulus larvae in the vector. Classically, this was carried out by manual dissection of Simuliumn ochraceun s.l. However, with the use of ivermectin, a drug that kills microfilariae but not the adult worms, the skin biopsy is becoming no longer useful for detecting microfilariae levels and due to the reduced transmission, fly dissection is no longer viable. The subject of this paper is to present the immunological and molecular techniques developed to supersede the skin biopsy and fly dissection, and their diagnostic ability to assess the impact of multiple bi-annual mass ivermectin treatments on O. volvulus transmission in Mexico.

Africa, Western↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in patients suffering from acute and chronic liver disease in three public hospitals in Durango, Mexico].

OBJECTIVE: We carried out an observational, descriptive, and retrospective epidemiological study in order to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection (HBV) in patients with acute and chronic liver disease in three public hospitals of Durango, Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty five adult patients were included in the study. Fifty eight (89%) were inpatients and 7 were outpatients. Twenty three patients suffered from acute hepatitis, 10 chronic hepatitis, 29 liver cirrhosis, 2 hepatocellular carcinoma, and I fulminant hepatitis. A questionnaire was administered to all participants that included sociodemographic and epidemiological data. In addition, serum samples were analyzed for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by an immunoassay (A UZYME Monoclonal), manufactured by ABBOTT Diagnostics (North Chicago, IL, USA). RESULTS: Out of the 65 patients, 2 (3%) were positive for HBsAg. Of the two positive cases, one had chronic hepatitis and other liver cirrhosis. Both positive cases had histories of blood transfusion, surgery, and alcohol abuse. In addition, one of them had a history of acupuncture. Previous traveling (within Mexico, abroad or both) was more frequently observed in HBsAg positive patients than in HBsAg negative patients (p <0.05). CONCLUSION: We concluded that the prevalence of HBV infection in patients with liver disease in the city of Durango is low. This prevalence is comparable or lower than the one reported in other Mexican cities, and lower than other countries.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Neurosarcoidosis. Report of one case in Mexico].

INTRODUCTION: The sarcoidosis is a granulomatous, multisystemic disease, of unknown etiology that mainly affects the lungs, skin and lymphatic ganglia. The definitive diagnosis is made by the presence of granulomas non-caseous in diverse organs. Sarcoidosis is rare in Mexico and reports of its incidence do not exist. In Spain the incidence is low (1.2 to 1.5 cases by 100,000 inhabitants). In the United States incidence is 5.9 to 6.3 cases by 100,000 inhabitants (males and females respectively). Neurosarcoidosis is present in 5 to 26% of all the patients with sarcoidosis. The neurological manifestations are diverse, depending on the location site. CLINICAL CASE: We present the case of a male 33 years old, with recurrent facial paralysis, optic neuritis and affection of the third cranial nerve; the tomography of skull reveled an grow of left cavernous sinus and reinforcing bilateral temporal giral, and the nuclear magnetic resonance showed leptomeningeal reinforcing in the temporal lobe. CONCLUSION: Although the neurosarcoidosis is rare in Mexico, it should be considered in patients with suggestive clinical manifestations and compatible imaging findings. It should be done an intense search of systemic affection with biopsy and verification of non-caseous granulomas.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Histopathologic changes of the nasal mucosa in southwest Metropolitan Mexico City inhabitants.

Metropolitan Mexico City (MMC) is one of the most polluted urban areas in the world. The authors characterized the morphologic nasal mucosal changes in short-term (less than 30 days) and long-term (more than 60 days) exposures to the polluted southwest MMC atmosphere with high levels of ozone and other contaminants versus a control group of subjects living in a nonpolluted, low-ozone Mexican port. Seventy-six inferior turbinate biopsies were examined. The control group showed normal mucociliary epithelium, whereas the short-exposure group displayed loss of normal epithelium, basal cell hyperplasia, and mild dysplasia (17.64%). In the long-term exposure group, 78.72% of dysplasias were found (59.45% mild and 40.54% moderate) together with severe loss of normal respiratory epithelium, prominent basal cell hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, and submucosal vascular proliferation. Our findings suggest that southwest metropolitan Mexico City inhabitants develop histopathologic changes in their nasal mucosa on exposure to the polluted city atmosphere.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nutrition and undernutrition in the valley of Mexico: possible transgenerational influences.

The dietary quality of several generations of inhabitants living in the Valley of Mexico City, was examined on the light of recent information obtained from experimental undernutrition studies. Socioeconomic status and environmental limitations were also considered. This essay proposes that some transgenerational effects described in animal models, such as the diminished brain and body weight, the low cerebral DNA content, the hypermotility and some learning disabilities could have equivalents in the chronically undernourished population of the Valley of Mexico City.

Diet↗
PubMed1991

Fatal poisoning among American Indian, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white children in New Mexico, 1958 to 1982.

Childhood fatalities from unintentional poisoning are a substantial health problem in New Mexico, which ranks second in the nation in injury-related mortality rates. To determine the extent of poison-related mortality in children in this state, and to examine time trends and differences in mortality rates in New Mexico's American Indian, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white children aged 0 to 14 years, we analyzed vital records collected from 1958 to 1982. New Mexican children experienced higher mortality rates than US white children of similar age--approximately eight times higher for children under 5 years old. Of the three ethnic groups, American Indian children had the highest mortality rates from unintentional poisoning during the 25-year period. Children less than 5 years old were at the highest risk for poison-related fatalities among all three ethnic groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Progebiophilus bruscai (Isopoda:Bopyridae) parasitizing the shrimp Upogebia dawsoni (Thalassinoidea:Upogebiidae), in Baja California Sur, Mexico)].

Parasitism of the isopod Progebiophilus bruscai Salazar-Vallejo & Leija-Tristán over the common mud shrimp, Upogebia dawsoni Williams, was analysed in the Ensenada and Bahia de La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Mud-shrimps were collected in three similar sites that differ in grain size and in the anthropogenic organic matter enrichment. Four-hundred-nine mud-shrimps were collected; the largest abundance was registered in the organically enriched site, but they were significantly smaller and more heavily parasited than the animals from the site lacking such organic enrichment. The size of the parasite is clearly dependent on the size of the mud-shrimp. This is the first study of the upogebiid-bopyris relationship in Mexico.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Health impact evaluation of wastewater use in Mexico.

Wastewater from Mexico city is used to irrigate over 85 000 hectares, mainly of fodder and cereal crops in the Mezquital Valley. A cross-sectional study method is being used to test the impact of exposure to raw wastewater and wastewater from storage reservoirs on diarrhoeal disease and parasitic infections in farmworkers and their families. The study population in the rainy season survey included 1 900 households: 680 households where the farmworker is exposed to untreated wastewater (exposed group), 520 households exposed to reservoir water (semi exposed group), and 700 households where the farmworker practices rain-fed agriculture (control group). Preliminary analysis of the data from the rainy season study (dry season study in progress) has been carried out. Current information indicates that the risk of Ascaris lumbricoides infection is much higher in the exposed group than in the semi-exposed and the control groups. According to the procedures employed Entamoeba histolytica infection was more frequent in individuals aged 5 to 14 years exposed to wastewater, than in those in the control group. When diarrhoeal disease rates were analyzed, children under age 15 years from exposed households had a significantly higher prevalence than controls. The final results of this study are expected to aid decisions on low cost treatment options and other health protection measures within the National Wastewater Reuse Programme in Mexico. The implications for assessment of the WHO guidelines for the use of wastewater in agriculture are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Priority health problems in the Mexico-United States border].

This paper shows a general scope of migration and border health in the US-Mexico border. Project CONSENSO's methodology and the results founded by the local and state health personnel are presented. This activity enabled health personnel from both countries to identify the most relevant health problems at the Northern and Southern US and Mexico border.

Demography↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Measurement of heart rate and blood pressure in the population of Ajusco, Tlalpan, Federal District, Mexico, using CEDAT equipment].

To improve the procedures for cardiovascular health care in Mexico it is necessary to be able to perform accurate measurements of the cardiovascular parameters with appropriate equipment and to count with standard values for the Mexican population at the primary health level. Cardiac frequency (CF), systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) were analyzed in O2 consenting volunteers under resting (seated) and standing conditions as well as during exercise (30 sitting), and again after exercise under resurge conditions. A direct relation was found between CF, SAP and DAP with body surface and age. The orthostatic reflex (OR) diminished with age. Exercise increased FC, PAS and PAD, which decreased four-eight minutes after completing the exercise in those subjects under 30 years of age, where as in those aged 30 to 50 years these parameters did not return to their previous values. The RO decrement is more pronounced in men, although arterial pressure values are higher in women aged 30 to 50 years. Data followed a normal distribution curve, agreeing with the data reported for altitudes lower than that of Mexico City. Implementing the measurement systems described in this paper will allow early detection of pathology that might affect cardiac activity and arterial pressure that could be related to environmental pollution at the first level of medical attention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Adolescent suicide and suicide attempts--Santa Fe County, New Mexico, January 1985-May 1990.

In February 1990, a physician notified the Office of Epidemiology, New Mexico Department of Health (NMDH), of a possible cluster of suicides among high school students in Santa Fe County, New Mexico, after two male high school students committed suicide within a 4-day period. Because of concerns by school officials that the number of students attempting suicide in 1990 had increased, the NMDH began an epidemiologic investigation.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Heterozygosity and craniofacial dimensions of Zapotec school children from a subsistence community in the valley of Oaxaca, southern Mexico.

Gene flow is associated with differences in craniofacial and postcranial dimensions among indigenous populations of southern Mexico. This study compares four craniofacial dimensions in 322 children from families which have an average inbreeding coefficient of 0.01 and 36 children from families which have an inbreeding coefficient of zero (more heterozygous) in a Zapotec speaking community. In addition, two indices were computed. With sex and chronological age constant, there is a statistically significant difference between more and less heterozygous children in bizygomatic diameter. Differences in biparietal diameter and fronto-occipital length reflect the same tendency. The differences probably reflect more an effect of heterozygosity on these dimensions than facial dissimilarity of the populations from which the new genetic materials were drawn because gene flow was from related groups of Indians (e.g., Mixtec) in southern Mexico. Hence, midface growth and overall normal size appear to be affected by fluctuation in level of heterozygosity.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1990

Overview of bioethics in Mexico.

In Mexico, as in many other countries, there are numerous situations involving bioethics that are not necessarily covered by officially sanctioned policies or guidelines. In such cases, it is reasonable to describe commonly accepted rules, opinions, and practices in a general way so as to illustrate how bioethical questions are being managed. This article describes certain goals and practices relating to education in bioethics in Mexico. It then outlines Mexican laws and procedures governing research on human subjects, cites certain official rules and activities relating to regulation of human reproduction, quotes literature dealing with intervention in human procreation, discusses artificial prolongation of life, describes laws and practices governing organ transplants, considers ethical issues relating to such transplants, reviews the AIDS situation, and describes how the need for confidentiality is dealt with in managing AIDS cases and related data. In this manner it indicates how bioethical questions in these various areas are being handled and points out certain priority areas needing work.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗