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PubMed1982

[Arbovirus infections in Morocco: serosurvey in small wild mammals in the northern part of the country].

Sera of 128 small wild mammals (rodents, insectivora) trapped in Northern Morocco in March 1979, were studied for antibody against 15 arboviruses. In inhibition-haemagglutination tests, positive reactions were found against West Nile (0.8%), Tahyna (21 %), Arumowot (14 %) and Sicilian Sandfly fever (9.4 %) viruses. In complement fixation tests, an unique serum from Apodemus sylvaticus was simultaneously positive for Quaranfil virus and for a Kemerovo group virus, Brest/Ar/T222, previously isolated from Ornithodoros (A.) maritimus ticks caught in Morocco. These results are discussed according to the bioclimatic profile of the station where the mammals originated and to the potential vectors known to occur here.

Animal Population Groups↗
PubMed1980

[Comparative study of the chemical composition of excrement from some large African herbivorous mammals].

In the course of an ecological and comparative study concerning the beetle and fly communities inhabiting the droppings of some large African grass-eating mammals, we analysed the chemical composition of fresh dung dropped in winter 1977-1978 and in spring 1978. The mammals concerned are : Blesbok (Damaliscus pygargus albifrons Pallas), Impala (Aepyceros melampus Licht.), Bongo (Boocerus euryceros Ogilby), Nyala (Tragelaphus angasi Angas), Eland from Cap (Taurotragus oryx Pallas), Eland of Lloyd Derby (Taurotragus derbianus Gray) and Zebu (Bos indicus Lin). The results of these chemical analysis were treated by a statistical method based upon the different multivariate analysis, largely used in mathematical taxonomy. This method allowed to draw up dendrograms showing the affinities between the different types of excrements. The affinities stated appeared to be related to the systematic position of the species so far studied.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Comparative anatomy of the spinal cord of semi-aquatic, aquatic and terrestrial mammals].

Skeletotopically, cervical thickening of the spinal cord in semiwater mammals (Callorhinus ursinus, Eumetopias jubatus, Phoca larga, Phoca kurilensis, Enhydra lutris) corresponds to 4--5, and in terrestrial mammals (Ursus arctos, Vulpes vulpes)--to 3--6 cervical vertebrae. Lumbar thickening in terrestrial spicies and in Enhydra lutris is situated more caudally from the thoracic portion than in Phocidae. In a typically water animal (Phocaenoides dalli) the cervical thickening is expressed feebly, the lumbar one is absent, the epidural space is developed better than in terrestrial and semiwater animals. In Phocidae, comparing terrestrial species, bringing together of the nerve fasciculi taking their origin from the spinal cord is observed, a powerful development of a "horse tail", elongation of nerve bands, going from the spinal cord to spinal ganglia. The relative length of the spinal cord in semiwater and water animals is less than in terrestrial ones. It is stated that differences in spinal cord construction and topography of the animals in question are closely connected with their environmental conditions, functional loading and locomotor peculiarities.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1980

[Glutathione peroxidase II activity in the blood of hypercholesteremic mammals].

The activity of the lipoperoxide-detoxicating enzyme glutathion--peroxidase II (GP II) in the blood of intact mammals predisposed to atherogenesis (rabbits, mini-pigs, men) is considerably less as compared to the species resistant to atherosclerosis development (rats). Hypercholesterolemia produces an abrupt decrease in GP II activity in the whole blood, plasma and formed elements (red cells, platelets) of the blood of mammals susceptible to atherosclerosis, while in the atherogenesis-resistant species (rats) the activity of the enzyme remains unchanged in spite of a considerable rise in the cholesterol blood content. In the course of the development of mini-pigs, the decreased cholesterol blood content is associated with a respective increase in the activity of GP II and lowered content of the primary and secondary products of lipid peroxidation in the blood of adult animals. The role of decreased activity of the enzymatic systems involved in lipoperoxide detoxication in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Helminths of birds and mammals from Israel. VI. The taxonomy and ecology of Trichostrongylid Nematodes (author's transl)].

Thirteen species of trichostronglyloid nematodes have so far been recorded from wild birds and mammals in Israel and surrounding territories. Three species were found in birds: Amidostomum fulicae (Rudolphi, 1819) in Fulica atra L., 1758, A. acutum (Lundahl, 1848) in Anas crecca L., 1758 AND Amidostomum sp. in Ceryle rudis L., 1758. Ten species, 3 of which are new, were found in small mammals: Trichostrongylus colubriformis (Giles, 1892) in Hystrix indica Kerr, 1792; Tenorastrongylus josephi n. sp. in Mus musculus L., 1758; Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Travassos, 1914) in Rattus norvegicus Berk, 1796 and Rattus rattus L., 1758; Nippostrongylus witenbergi Greenberg, 1972, in Nesokia indica Gray et Hardw., 1832; Heligmonina nevoi n. sp. in Spalax ehrenbergi, Nehring, 1898; Boreostrongylus seurati (Travassos et Darriba, 1929) in Gerbillus allenbyi Thomas, 1918, G. pyramidum Geoffrey, 1825, G. (Dipodillus) dasyurus, Meriones sacramenti Thomas, 1922 and M. tristrami Thomas, 1892; Boreostrongylus minutus (Dujardin, 1845) in Microtus guentheri Danford et Alsen, 1880; Heligmosomoides polygyrus polygyrus (Dujardin, 1845) in Apodemus mystacinus Danf. et Alst., 1877 and A. sylvaticus L., 1758; Suncinema witenbergi n. sp. in Crocidura russula Herm., 1780. Ecologic and zoogeographic relationships are discussed.

Ancylostomatoidea↗
PubMed1993

Early experiences with microsporidia of man and mammals.

Comparative data are given of microsporidian infections in insects and mammals. Due to minute size and diffuse distribution in mammals microsporidia were recognized in vertebrates only during search for virus infections. Early infections with Encephalitozoon in rearings of laboratory animals contaminated many isolates of other protozoan infections. Old separate descriptions of microsporidia in mice, rabbits or dogs have to be reevaluated with modern methods of molecular analysis. Old cases of infection of man known now as Encephalitozoon chagasi or Encephalitozoon sp. Matsubayashi are not belonging to the genus Encephalitozoon and should be jointly studied with Nosema connori as eventually identical. With actual improvements of methods of diagnostics the net of detection of microsporidia in man should be extended on routine testing of urine, faecal samples, eye and nose biopsies and other materials including vaginal smears. The way of circulation of the infections in the host organisms must be studied.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The preimplantation embryonic development of 2 species of mammals from the family Mustelidae (Mustela erminea and Mustela vison)].

The preimplantation development of common weasel and American mink embryos was studied using light microscopy. Oocytes and blastomeres of these embryos are rich with lipids synthesized during oogenesis. Apparently, most lipids are utilized during the trophoblast formation. Large spherical blastomeres protecting zona pellucida are formed by the stage of implantation. The shape of the blastocyst, as well as central superficial implantation, are typical for carnivores and distinguish the studied order from other ones (e.g., from rodents or artiodactyls). Several aspects of evolution of mammals are discussed. A suggestion is made that differences between orders in the shape of the blastocyst and ways of their implantation reflect poly-phyletic origin of mammals.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A comparative morphological analysis of the development of the ear in mammals].

This paper is the first comparative study into prenatal ontogenesis of the peripheral auditory system in mammals. A wide range of ecologically different species was studied, including terrestrial, semi-aquatic and aquatic forms with auditory systems functioning at low, medium, and high frequencies. Structural peculiarities of the development of auditory organ were determined for each studied species in relation to its operation frequency and acoustic properties of the outer medium. The origin and individual stages of morphological adaptations found in semi-aquatic, aquatic, and echolocating species are described. The data obtained allowed to reveal general principles of development of the peripheral auditory system in mammals with different ecological specialization.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Serologic screening for the occurrence of Leptospira antibodies in small wild mammals].

During the five years (1986-1990) free living small mammals were examined serologically for the presence of antibodies to leptospires. Standardized techniques were used in the serological examinations (Sebek, 1979). A total 4634 specimens representing 15 mammalian species were examined. During the studied period, higher occurrence of small terrestrial mammals was noticed in the years 1987-1988. In these years, 61% of specimens out of the total number of trapped animals were examined. The field mice (Apodemus sylvaticus and Apodemus flavicollis) and the common vole (Microtus arvalis) were most frequently examined species, their proportion in the total number being 35.4% and 28.4% respectively. Antibodies to leptospires were demonstrated in 557 cases, i.e. in 12.06%, in specimens representing 10 mammalian species, the higher percentage was recorded only in the year 1988, when antibodies were detected in 15.4%. In 550 cases, i.e. 98.7%, the antibodies were to leptospires of the serovar grippotyphosa and only in 7 cases, i.e. 1.3% to leptospires of the serological group Sejroe. Antibodies to leptospires of the serovar grippotyphosa were found in specimens captured in all localities studied. Antibodies were most frequently detected in the specimens of the common vole (Microtus arvalis) in 6.1% and in both species of field mice (Apodemus sylvaticus and Apodemus flavicollis) in 3.4% of the total number of animals examined. Antibodies to leptospires of the serological group Sejroe were found only in blood sera of the house mouse (Mus musculus) and only in one locality studied. Our results confirmed some previously known facts concerning the distribution and structure of leptospirosis foci on this territory. The study of population dynamics should not be neglected because it is directly proportional to the infestation of individual species as we have evidenced. This fact is most expressive in main reservoir species.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Morbillivirus infections in aquatic mammals.

Infections with morbilliviruses have caused heavy losses among different populations of aquatic mammals during the last 5 years. Two different morbilliviruses were isolated from disease outbreaks among seals in Europe and Siberia: phocid distemper virus-1 (PDV-1) and phocid distemper virus-2 (PDV-2) respectively. PDV-1 was characterized as a newly identified morbillivirus, most related to canine distemper virus (CDV), whereas PDV-2 most probably is a strain of CDV. Morbilliviruses were also isolated from porpoises--porpoise morbillivirus (PMV)--and dolphins--dolphin morbillivirus (DMV)--which had stranded on the coasts of Europe. PMV and DMV proved to be closely related to, but distinct from 2 ruminant morbilliviruses, rinderpest virus (RPV) and peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV). Serological surveys carried out among pinniped and cetacean species in the seas of Europe and North America indicated that infections with these newly discovered morbilliviruses or closely related viruses commonly occur among aquatic mammal species.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A comparative study of the cholinesterase and carboxylesterase sensitivities of mammals and arthropods to new phenyl and glycidyl esters of dialkyl thiophosphoric acid].

The antienzymic activities of 14 organophosphorous compounds, the derivatives of dialkyl thiophosphoric acid, towards the acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) and carboxylesterase (CE) from the spring grain aphid and mammals were investigated. The dependence of inhibitory activity of the compounds on their alkyl radical length was shown to be different for the AchE from the aphid and man. Some less pronounced differences in this dependence were revealed between the BuChEs from the aphid and horse as well as between the CEs from the aphid, mouse and red spider mite. The data give evidence of a distinction in structure of the active surfaces of the enzymes from the aphid and mammals. Some peculiar properties of the aphid cholinesterases are discussed taking account of the results of the present and previous papers.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Immunohistochemical localization of riboflavin carrier protein in testicular cells of mammals.

Using specific polyclonal antibodies against chicken riboflavin carrier protein (cRCP), immunocytochemical localization of riboflavin carrier protein was carried out in testicular sections and isolated cells of mammals. A positive reaction was observed in the developing germ cells of rat testis, especially in meiotic and post-meiotic germ cells such as pachytene spermatocytes, round spermatids and spermatozoa. In addition both the somatic cells of the testis, viz. Leydig and Sertoli cells with vital function in germ cell proliferation and differentiation, displayed a moderate to strong staining reaction. This was further confirmed using in utero X-irradiated rat testis devoid of germ cells. Different types of cells isolated from testis when subjected to immunostaining showed similar patterns of reaction as in the intact tissue. Mature spermatozoa from different mammals (rat, bull and monkey) exhibited strong staining reaction in their head regions localized mainly in acrosomal caps. It is suggested that the testicular riboflavin carrier protein has a role in cell to cell communication and may be crucial during development of germ cells especially at the meiotic and post-meiotic stages.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The binding potential of commercial antibody conjugates with sera of various small terrestrial mammals.

Infectious diseases of wild animals are of increasing importance, both from an economic viewpoint and because several of these diseases are pathogenic to man. However, serosurveys to determine the circulation of infectious organisms in wildlife are complicated by the fact that antibodies to species-specific immunoglobulins are not available for use in serological assays such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) or immunofluorescence assays. To determine the binding potential of four commercially available antibody conjugates with the sera of wild animals, sera from 27 species of small terrestrial mammals were allowed to react with alkaline phosphatase-labelled protein A, anti-rabbit IgG, anti-mouse IgG and anti-human IgG by by the use of an ELISA. It was found that sera from some species of the order Lagomorpha bound optimally to anti-rabbit IgG, while anti-mouse IgG could be used for most species of Rodentia. For all Carnivora, Insectivora, Macroscelidea, Hyracoidea and other Rodentia, staphylococcal protein A demonstrated optimal binding. None of the sera that was tested bound to anti-human IgG. These results demonstrate that commercial conjugates can be used in serological assays in which wild animal sera are used, and should be useful for future serosurveys to determine the circulation of infectious agents in small terrestrial mammals.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The gamasid mites (Parasitiformes: Mesostigmata) of small mammals from undeveloped land in Moscow].

On 11 species of small mammals collected in the parks and ruderal areas of Moscow in 1964-1991, 35 species of mites were revealed. Among them 23 species were parasitic. Laelaps hilaris, Haemogamasus nidi, and Androlaelaps glasgowi were predominant. The mite species diversity on small mammals in Moscow is similar to that in natural environments. The epidemiological and epizootiological significance of revealed species of mites is discussed. The rat mite Ornithonyssus bacoti has the major medical importance as the pathogen of the rat mite dermatitis in Moscow and as a vector of transmissive diseases. According to literature and the data obtained the favorable conditions for maintenance of transmissive diseases reservoirs exist permanently in Moscow.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Mitochondrial membrane peroxidizability index is inversely related to maximum life span in mammals.

The oxidative stress theory of aging predicts a low degree of fatty acid unsaturation in tissues of longevous animals, because membrane lipids increase their sensitivity to oxidative damage as a function of their unsaturation. Accordingly, the fatty acids analyses of liver mitochondria from eight mammals, ranging in maximum life span from 3.5 to 46 years, show that the total number of double bonds and the peroxidizability index are negatively correlated with maximum life span (r = -0. 88, P < 0.003; r = -0.87, P < 0.004, respectively). This is not due to a low content of unsaturated fatty acids in longevous animals, but mainly to a redistribution between kinds of the polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids series, shifting from the highly unsaturated docosahexaenoic acid (r = -0.89, P < 0.003) to the less unsaturated linolenic acid (r = 0.97, P < 0.0001). This redistribution pattern strongly suggests the presence of a constitutively low delta6-desaturase activity in longevous animals (r = -0.96, P < 0.0001). Thus, it may be proposed that, during evolution, a low degree of fatty acid unsaturation in liver mitochondria may have been selected in longevous mammals in order to protect the tissues against oxidative damage, while maintaining an appropriate environment for membrane function.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Features of the parasitic system of Ixodid ticks--Borrelia--small mammals in the Russian Northwest].

Mammals and ticks was collected in 1995-1997 years in Novgorod region from May to September. Traps were exposed during 5 consecutive days every month in 4 different biotopes. 928 hosts were captured during three years. 357 larvae and 59 nymphs of Ixodes persulcatus, 356 larvae and 71 nymphs of I. trianguliceps were collected. The Clethrionomys glareolus and Sorex araneus are main hosts of larvae of I. persulcatus and I. trianguliceps. C. glareolus feed 76.2% of I. persulcatus larvae and 25% of I. trianguliceps larvae, S. araneus--27.1 and 45.9% of larvae, respectively. The abundance of larvae and nymphs of I. persulcatus was 0.26 and 0.13 on C. glareolus, and 0.41, 0.08 on S. araneus; for I. trianguliceps this indices are 0.15 and 0.09, 0.95 and 0.13, respectively. Infection rate of larvae and nymphs I. persulcatus and I. trianguliceps with Borrelia burgdorferi s. l. was 94-100%, confirmed by IFA with H5332. The borreliemia was found in 13.6% G. glareolus, 6.6--Microtus arvialis, 4.2% Apodemus uralensis. For all species of sorex this index varied from 0.9 to 44.9% in different years. Increase of mammal's numbers with the borreliemia correlated with peaks of activity of larvae of I. persulcatus. Finding of Borrelia burgdorferi s. l. in I. trianguliceps indicates an occurrence of enzootic locuses.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

The terminal zone of the external auditory meatus in a variety of mammals.

Standard texts describe the human tympanic recess as a shallow depression. Khanna and Tonndorf (1975) made silicone rubber casts from the auditory meatus of cats and found the recess to be narrow and deep. Guided by this finding, casts were made from 13 different mammals. At the terminal zone of the auditory meatus, profound variations were found, the consequence of three changing parameters: (1) angle between roof of the canal and tympanic membrane; (2) shape of the isthmus; (3) shape of the recess. For all specimens, values were assigned to each of these variables and a composite graph plotted. A reasonably good correlation was found to exist: the larger the angle, the higher and narrower will be the isthmus and the more narrow and deep the recess. The acoustic implications of these findings will be assessed in a separate study.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Carpal development and morphology in archontan mammals.

Carpal morphology and development in bats, colugos, tree shrews, murids, and sciurids were studied in order to homologize carpal elements. Prenatal coalescence of discrete cartilaginous templates with a loss of a center of ossification appears to be the most common method of reducing carpal elements in these mammals. Only bats and colugos showed postnatal ossification between discrete elements as a method of reducing carpal elements. Carpal morphology of tree shrews is more diverse than previously reported. Ptilocercus shows a highly derived carpal morphology that may be related to its relatively greater arboreality. Dendrogale exhibits what is most likely the ancestral tupaiid carpal morphology. Carpal morphologies of Tupaia, Urogale, and Anathana are identical to each other. Carpal morphology differs between megachiropterans and microchiropterans. These differences may be related to different aerodynamic constraints between the suborders. The carpal morphology of microchiropterans is diverse and may reflect different adaptive regimes between microchiropteran families. Carpal morphology of the colugos shows both megachiropteran and microchiropteran characters. The function of these characters in colugos and bats (stabilization of the carpus in dorsiflexion) is proposed to be similar, although the locomotor roles may be quite different between these taxa.

Animals↗