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At least 1,207 records · Page 67Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Serologic survey for certain zoonotic diseases in black bears in California.

Black bears (Ursus americanus) from 3 geographic areas of California were tested for antibodies against agents of 6 zoonotic diseases: toxoplasmosis (indirect hemagglutination), Q fever (microagglutination), trichinosis (latex particle agglutination), botulism (passive hemagglutination), leptospirosis (plate agglutination), and plague (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Of 149 sera tested, 40 (27%) were positive for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and 25 (17%) had antibodies against Coxiella burnetii. Of 141 bears tested for Trichinella spiralis, 18 (13%) were seropositive, and 19 (15%) of 125 tested had antibodies against the plague organism, Yersinia pestis. Only 2% (2 of 123 tested) had antibodies against Clostridium botulinum. Sera from 129 bears were tested against 4 pools of Leptospira interrogans representing 12 serovars, and 16% of the sera reacted with the pool containing the serovars australis, hyos, and mini georgia.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Specificity of serologic diagnostic tests for legionellosis].

Immune rabbit sera and sera of patients with legionellosis, leptospirosis, Q fever and antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi were examined in cross reactions. In currently used serological tests, indirect immunofluorescence and the microagglutination test no antibodies were detected which could cause difficulties in the interpretation of results in the diagnosis of legionellosis. In one patient a mixed infection with Q fever and legionellosis was found.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1981

Mammalian wildlife diseases as hazards to man and livestock in an area of the Llanos Orientales of Colombia.

Development of the LLanos Orientales of Colombia, and access to underdeveloped areas in the Llanos, may create disease hazards to man and domestic animals or introduce exotic pathogens, creating reservoirs of infection for domestic animals and acting as limiting factors on the native wild species. A survey of wild animals common to the Llanos revealed a number of parasites indigenous to the area. A total total of 59 mammalian species, representing eight orders were examined. Haematozoa were represented by Trypanosoma cruzi, T. evansi and T. rangeli. Eight species of ticks were found: Amblyomma cajennense, A. auricularium, A. rotundatum, A. maculatum, A. longirostre, A. pacae, Ixodes luciae and Boophilus microplus. Four species of fleas were found: Rhopalopsyllus lugubris lugubris, R. australis tupinus, R. cacicus saevus and Polygenis klagesi samuelis. A species of Echinococcus was commonly found in Cuniculus paca. Serologic titers and/or isolations of pathogenic viral and bacterial agents generally indicated that the wildlife population had not been exposed to the diseases common to the domestic population. A low prevalence of titers to Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis was found in Cebus apella and Proechimys sp. Neutralizing antibodies to Group B viruses were found in Proechimys sp., Coendor sp. and Nectomys squamipes. Antibodies to Group C viruses were found in Proechimys sp. Serologic titers to Leptospira sejroe and L. tarassovi were found in Proechimys sp. and Didelphis marsupialis. L. tarassovi was isolated from Proechimys sp. Titers to Brucella were not found in 1964 animals. The significance of these findings are discussed.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed2006

Cerebral venous thrombosis as a complication of leptospirosis.

Leptospirosis is an acute infectious disease caused by a spirochete of the leptospira gender and it is characterized by severe vasculitis. It is not common for leptospirosis to present as a primary neurological disease. On the other hand, no study has been reported on the progression of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) in patients with leptospirosis so far. This is the first case reported which shows CVT as a complication after the leptospirosis infection. An acutely developed leptospirosis and post-infectious CVT in a 21-year-old soldier is described here.

Adult↗
PubMed1971

Cross-neutralization of leptospiral hemolysins from different serotypes.

Cross-neutralization studies on leptospiral hemolysins from strains of two antigenically different serotypes, pomona and canicola, were conducted in sheep. A third strain of serotype hardjo that does not produce hemolysin and is antigenically distinct was included for control purposes. Concentrated hemolysins, prepared from supernatant fluids of canicola or pomona cultures, produced hemolytic anemia in sheep after intravenous injection. Sheep previously infected with hemolysin-producing strains were refractory to effects of homologous or heterologous hemolysins. On the other hand, infection with hardjo did not confer immunity to the action of hemolysins. Hemolysin-neutralizing antibodies were demonstrable in sheep previously infected with pomona or canicola only after challenge with homologous or heterologous hemolysins. Cross-neutralization between two hemolysins were demonstrable in vitro. Hemolysin-neutralizing antibody titers did not correlate with agglutinin titers. Concentrated supernatant fluid of the hardjo culture provoked toxic reactions predominantly in sheep previously infected with pomona or canicola. The causes of these untoward reactions were not determined.

Albuminuria↗
PubMed1984

The long term efficacy of a hardjo-pomona vaccine in preventing leptospiruria in cattle exposed to natural challenge with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo.

The long term efficacy of a commercially prepared bivalent vaccine against Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo and L. interrogans serovar pomona was evaluated in a group of 82 dairy heifers exposed to natural challenge with L. interrogans serovar hardjo for up to 55 weeks after calfhood vaccination. Nineteen heifers were vaccinated twice with a one-month interval, at calfhood (9 to 10 months). A further 18 heifers received a similar calfhood vaccination regimen plus a third injection at adulthood (22 to 23 months), while 19 heifers were vaccinated twice at adulthood only and finally 22 heifers were used as unvaccinated controls. At 55 weeks after calfhood vaccination and prior to adulthood vaccination, only 2.7% of the vaccinated heifers were found to have leptospiruria compared with 58.5% of the unvaccinated heifers (p less than 0.0001). Microscopic agglutination (MA) titres at the same time in the unvaccinated heifers ranged from 32 to 4096 while those vaccinated at calfhood ranged from 32 to 64. Adult vaccination of infected animals did not significantly reduce leptospiruria . Prior to adulthood vaccination, 9 of 19 heifers had leptospiruria , in comparison to 4 of 15 after adulthood vaccination. At the same sampling periods 15 of 22 controls had leptospiruria in comparison to 4 of 9 subsequently tested.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Rodents as the vectors of infective agents in the natural foci of infections in the Moscow megapolis].

This work deals with the results of 40-year observations on the circulation of infective agents in the natural foci of infections (tularemia, leptospirosis, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome) among rodents and other small mammals in the territory of the Moscow. The monitoring of their frequency and the infection rates remains the main effective measure for the prophylaxis of dangerous infections among the population of the megapolis.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in New England horses: serologic survey.

Twelve of 50 randomly selected horses from areas endemic for Borrelia burgdorferi had indirect fluorescent antibody titers of 1:8 to 1:2,048 against B burgdorferi. One of 50 horses from nonendemic areas had a titer of 1:8. This difference in the number of horses seropositive for B burgdorferi (P less than 0.002) and our finding that seropositive horses did not have agglutinating antibodies against potentially cross-reacting Leptospira spp indicated that horses in endemic areas were exposed to B burgdorferi and that the spirochete induced an antibody response in the horses.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The magnitude and duration of titres of leptospiral agglutinins in human sera.

Sixty-nine meat inspectors with titres of leptospiral agglutinins ranging from 1:768 to 1:24, were re-bled and reexamined periodically over a period of 53 months. Some individuals maintained titres of 1:384 and 1:192 for at least 30 months and others with initial titres of 1:48 and 1:24 maintained such titres for 53 months. Only six, of 63 initially seronegative (less than 1:24) meat inspectors, seroconverted during the period of study. The magnitudes of titres at a single sampling from each of 162 people, with previous histories of medically confirmed leptospirosis, were analysed in relation to time elapsed since initial diagnosis. Some individuals had titres of 1:192 seven years after infection, while others had lower titres after more than 20 years. Conversely, 12% of the population was seronegative two years after infection. These results indicate that it is not possible, from the results of a leptospiral agglutination test, to estimate retrospectively the time at which infection may have occurred. In a small proportion of individuals recently affected by leptospirosis, it will not be possible to demonstrate a change in agglutinating titre.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1978

Equine leptospirosis with some clinical observations.

In a serologic survey on equine leptospirosis in Egypt, the following incidences of leptospiral serosensitivity were found: 1. Hospitalised horses 65/113 (57.5 %). 2. Hospitalised donkeys 90/125 (72.0 %). 3. Apparently healthy horses 21/72 (29.1 %). Sera of these animals were mostly reacting to serotypes butembo, pomona, icterohemorragiae, and grippotyphosa. Equine in Egypt are close animals to humans and may constitute a potential source of leptospiral infection. From the clinical point of view, it is very possible that ocular, hoof lesions and icterus in equines would be expected with leptospiral titres.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Chemiluminescence and phagocytic responses of rat polymorphonuclear neutrophils to leptospires.

The interaction of leptospires with polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) was examined by the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (CL) test. Whole blood CL changed in relation to the stage of leptospiral infection both in susceptible (SUS) and resistant (RES) rats. The intensity of CL grew with an increasing number of leptospires in the blood. CL responses were observed in isolated PMN upon exposure to living leptospires. In contrast, the same bacteria, having been inactivated by formalin, did not stimulate PMN. A variation was found in the CL response by different living strains of Leptospira. The CL intensity was arranged as follows: L. illini greater than L. biflexa greater than L. interrogans avirulent strains greater than L. interrogans virulent strains. The CL response was markedly enhanced by an opsonization of leptospires. Specific opsonization was shown to increase the rate of phagocytosis of leptospires with relation to the CL response.

Animals↗
PubMed2007

A survey of zoonotic pathogens carried by Norway rats in Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) carry several zoonotic pathogens and because rats and humans live in close proximity in urban environments, there exists potential for transmission. To identify zoonotic agents carried by rats in Baltimore, Maryland, USA, we live-trapped 201 rats during 2005-2006 and screened them for a panel of viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Antibodies against Seoul virus (57.7%), hepatitis E virus (HEV, 73.5%), Leptospira interrogans (65.3%), Bartonella elizabethae (34.1%), and Rickettsia typhi (7.0%) were detected in Norway rats. Endoparasites, including Calodium hepatica (87.9%) and Hymenolepis sp. (34.4%), and ectoparasites (13.9%, primarily Laelaps echidninus) also were present. The risk of human exposure to these pathogens is a significant public health concern. Because these pathogens cause non-specific and often self-limiting symptoms in humans, infection in human populations is probably underdiagnosed.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

A serosurvey of leptospirosis in Connecticut peridomestic wildlife.

Recently, leptospirosis has gained attention as a re-emerging infection in domestic dogs in the northeastern United States. In order to gain insight into the epizootiology of leptospirosis in this region, 109 small wild mammals (31 raccoons (Procyon lotor), 30 skunks (Mephitis mephitis), 28 opossums (Didelphis virginiana), and 20 gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis)) collected between February 27 and September 17, 2001 were tested for serologic evidence of exposure to five common Leptospira serovars (serovars pomona, icterohemorrhagiae, canicola, hardjo, grippotyphosa). Evidence of exposure to leptospirosis was detected in 36% of raccoons tested; icterohemorrhagiae was the predominant reactive serovar in these animals. Sera from 13% of skunks showed evidence of exposure to serovar grippotyphosa. One squirrel exhibited high antibody titers to serovars grippotyphosa and canicola. All 28 opossums examined tested negative to the five Leptospira serovars. Results from this serosurvey suggest that common peridomestic wildlife species should be considered as potential sources of leptospirosis to dogs and humans in Connecticut. Additional investigation is warranted to clarify their role in the epidemiology of this zoonotic disease in the northeastern United States.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed2004

New approach for serological testing for leptospirosis by using detection of leptospira agglutination by flow cytometry light scatter analysis.

Leptospirosis is considered an important reemerging infectious disease worldwide. The standard and most widespread method for the diagnosis of leptospirosis is the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). This test is laborious and time-consuming, and the interpretation of the results is subjective. In the present work we describe an application of flow cytometry (FCM) as a tool for the serological diagnosis of leptospirosis. The analysis is based on the sensitivity of FCM to the size and shape of the bacteria analyzed by measurement of light scatter parameters: forward scatter (FSC) and side scatter (SSC). The addition of positive serum to an infecting leptospiral serovar results in a shift of the light scatter parameter to a different location with higher FSC and SSC values, indicating the formation of leptospiral aggregates. By using immunofluorescent staining, we have shown that the large particles formed are the agglutinated leptospires. Quantification of the agglutination process has been achieved by calculating an agglutination factor (Af), based on changes in the light scatter parameters measured by FCM. Af enables us to determine the specificity of the serological reaction of the patient serum with each leptospiral serovar. In this work, 27 serum samples from 18 leptospirosis patients were tested by both the MAT and the FCM techniques, in which each serum sample was tested against 13 serovars. Twenty-six human serum samples derived from patients with a variety of other defined illnesses were used as negative controls and enabled us to define the Af threshold value as < 9.3 for negative patients, while any value higher than that would be a positive result for leptospirosis. Compared to MAT, the FCM technique was found to be more specific and sensitive, especially in identifying the serogroup in the acute phase of the disease. The whole process was found to be rapid and took less than 1.5 h. Moreover, FCM analysis is objective and can be automated for the handling of large numbers of samples.

Agglutination↗
PubMed1982

Human leptospirosis in Somalia: a serological survey.

Sera from Somalis of both sexes between the ages of 16 and 60 were examined for leptospiral agglutinins. 37% of 105 apparently healthy individuals living in the arid Mogadishu area were positive, as were 64% of 107 schistosomiasis patients living in two villages on the Shabeele River (50.5% over-all). Pools of sera from similar subjects, as well as leprosy patients living on the Juba River and patients in Mogadishu hospitals with suspected viral hepatitis showed a similar prevalence rate of 56%. These figures are higher than prevelance rates for leptospiral antibodies generally found in other parts of the world, and in part may be related to the nomadic, cattle-driving existence common in Somalia. The titres of 11.2% of the positive sera examined singly indicated recent infection. Approximately twice as many subjects from the river villages as from the Mogadishu area were positive for more than one serovar, and a greater number of serovars were recorded from the villages. Antibodies to bratislava serovar, not previously recorded in Africa, were found in 57% of positive subjects, showing the highest prevalence rate among the investigated serovars. Co-antibodies to saprophytic Leptospira biflexa serovars were found in many of the sera.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Identification by cross-agglutination absorption and restriction endonuclease analysis of leptospires of the Pomona serogroup isolated in the United Kingdom.

Five strains of Leptospira interrogans isolated in the United Kingdom and belonging to the Pomona serogroup were subjected to cross-agglutination absorption and bacterial restriction endonuclease DNA analysis (BRENDA) for their identification. British isolates were compared with reference strains representing the known serovars in the Pomona serogroup and also with isolates of the Pomona serogroup obtained from other countries. Three strains isolated from wildlife in England produced equivocal results when the cross-agglutination absorption and BRENDA results were compared. According to the World Health Organisation definition of a serovar the three English strains represented two new serovars, whereas by BRENDA all three had DNA electrophoresis patterns indistinguishable from serovar mozdok. Serovar pomona has not as yet been isolated in Great Britain and the epidemiology of the Pomona serogroup infections that have been detected by serology suggests that a serovar such as mozdok, maintained by wildlife, may be the causal agent. Two strains isolated in Northern Ireland were identified as pomona by the cross-agglutination absorption test. Further studies are needed to investigate the homogeneity of field and reference strains that are designated as pomona using the cross-agglutination absorption test.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1979

Leptospirosis in meat inspectors: preliminary results of a serological survey.

A serological survey of leptospirosis among more than 1000 meat inspectors, from meat works throughout New Zealand, revealed a serological prevalence at a minimum serum dilution of 1:24, of 10.2 percent. Eighty-five percent of serological reactions were to serovars pomona and tarassovi. A highly significant correlation was demonstrated between the serological prevalence of these serovars and the inspection of pigs. Evidence is provided to substantiate the use of titres as low as 1:24 as an indication of previous leptospiral infection. Forty-two inspectors reported medical evidence of previous clinical infection with leptospirosis. Analysis of those who still exhibited a serological response and their individual case histories, indicated that detectable titres of leptospirosis can exist for up to 10 years.

Animals↗