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PubMed1987

The effect of humor on aggression catharsis in the classroom.

Two studies were designed to measure the cathartic effects of humor on aggressive responses. In the first study, two versions (easy and difficult) of Raven's intelligence test were administered to two groups of high school students. Only the easy version could be solved in the alloted time. Rosenzweig's (1951) Picture Frustration test was then administered and the students' aggressive responses were scored. Results showed that those who did not solve the problems had significantly higher scores on aggressivity than did the others. The second study, using four different groups, was planned according to a modified Solomon design. Two of the four groups of students completed the difficult part of the Raven test, and then two video-tapes were presented: a humorous one to two groups and a neutral one to the others. Finally, the Rosenzweig Picture Frustration test was administered to all four groups. An analysis of variance computed on the aggressivity scores showed one significant difference: frustrated students who viewed the humorous videotape had lower scores than those viewing the neutral one.

Abreaction↗
PubMed1994

Picture and motor sequencing in multiple sclerosis.

Previous studies consistently report that patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) perform poorly on the Picture Arrangement subtest of the Wechsler Intelligence test. Although this finding implies that MS causes difficulties in cognitive sequencing, the Picture Arrangement test taps many cognitive abilities in addition to sequencing, and the reported deficits by MS patients could reflect difficulties in other skills such as information processing speed or visual acuity and scanning. To circumvent some of these interpretive problems, we used an untimed test of sequencing that required arranging relatively large drawings of familiar scenarios. The MS patients were impaired on this picture sequencing test, but they performed normally on the Luria three-step test of motor sequencing. Correlational analyses showed that picture and motor sequencing were highly correlated, and that performance on both sequencing tests was related to performance on a global mental status exam, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and Benton's Facial Recognition Test, but not to upper limb speed and dexterity. These findings demonstrate a relatively specific deficit in cognitive sequencing by MS patients, that can be partially dissociated from impairment in performing simple motor acts.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Attentional and processing skills following traumatic brain injury in early childhood.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: Attentional deficits are common following TBI in adults. This study examined whether these skills are also vulnerable following early childhood injury, when such skills are rapidly developing. RESEARCH DESIGN: This study investigated attention 30 months post-TBI in pre-schoolers (n=56) and age-matched controls (n=26). TBI children were divided into mild, moderate and severe injury groups. METHODS AND PROCEDURE: Pre-injury data were collected at time of injury. Assessment of attention included the Continuous Performance Test, Wechsler Intelligence Scale and Personality Inventory for Children. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: Severe TBI was associated with reduced accuracy and slowed processing, particularly on complex motor responses. Sustained attention was more intact. Parental reports indicate internalized behavioural problems and somatic complaints. CONCLUSIONS: Young children with severe TBI are at risk for severe, persisting attentional impairments. Children with mild and moderate TBI show better outcome, with pre-injury behaviour and age also predictive of attentional skills at 30 months post-injury.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Specific attention and executive function deficits in the long-term outcome of severe closed head injury.

Twenty-eight children (mean age= 10.9 years, SD= 1.9 years) who had experienced a severe closed head injury were assessed for outcome on tests of intelligence, attention and executive function at 1 year post-injury. The children with closed head injury were matched with children from a normative sample for age and intellectual ability. Specific deficits in attention and executive function were found in the closed head injury sample. The importance of including these outcome variables in child neuropsychological assessment is supported.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Random generation and the executive control of working memory.

A series of experiments explores the capacity for generating sequences of random responses, relating it to the central executive component of working memory. Experiment 1 shows a broadly similar pattern of redundancy increasing with speed of generation for both the verbal generation of digits and the manual pressing of keys. In both cases deviations from randomness are shown to reflect the increasing use of a limited number of stereotyped response sets. The remaining experiments use keyboard generation. Experiment 2 demonstrates that concurrent immediate serial recall decreases randomness, and that longer recall sequences produce less random output. Experiments 3 and 4 show that whereas simple counting has no effect on randomness, serial recall, semantic category generation, and concurrent digit generation have substantial effects, and a concurrent fluid intelligence test has the greatest influence on the randomness of key pressing. It is suggested that the task of random generation resembles that of category fluency because it requires the subject to switch retrieval plans and inhibit repetition. On this basis it is predicted that a task involving repeated switching of categories will interfere with generation, despite being predictable and having a low memory load. Experiments 5 and 6 confirm this prediction. Strengths and limitations of the switching hypothesis are discussed, as are the implications of our results for the analysis of executive processes.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Food consumption, growth, and development of Dutch children fed on alternative diets.

A review of four studies examining food consumption growth and development of Dutch children fed on alternative diets is given. A literature study indicated that regarding child nutrition the three important movements in the Netherlands are the ecological movement, the anthroposophics, and the macrobiotics. A study on food consumption, height, and weight in preschool children fed these diets showed that the group of macrobiotic children were most at risk. Antropometric data collected in a cross-sectional study with 300 macrobiotic-fed children aged 0-8 y showed that the growth curves for boys and girls deviated from the Dutch standard curves after approximately 5 mo of age. There was no catch-up growth. In a selected sample of this latter group (43 children aged 4-6 y) mental development was measured by the Snijders-Oomen-Nonverbal intelligence test. The results of this test did not indicate an abnormal mental development for this age group of macrobiotic children.

Child↗
PubMed1993

Quinolinic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid of children with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 disease: relationships to clinical status and therapeutic response.

Quinolinic acid (QUIN) is a neurotoxin implicated in the neurologic deficits associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Forty children with symptomatic HIV-1 disease had elevated (P < .001) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) QUIN levels (55.8 +/- 8.9 nM) compared with controls (14.9 +/- 3.0 nM). Age-adjusted CSF QUIN concentrations in HIV-1-infected children were predicted by the general index of mental abilities (GIMA, from an age-appropriate intelligence test; r = -0.45, P < .01). Zidovudine therapy reduced CSF QUIN from 64.1 +/- 16.3 to 19.7 +/- 5.2 nM (P < .01; N = 16) and increased GIMA from 76.8 +/- 5.2 to 87.2 +/- 6.3 (P < .001). Encephalopathic HIV-1-infected patients had higher CSF QUIN levels than patients without encephalopathy (79.6 +/- 16.1 vs. 32.7 +/- 6.7 nM, P < .01). CSF QUIN concentrations were also higher (P < .001) in patients who died < or = 3 years after their baseline assessment, compared with those who were still alive. These results warrant further investigation of CSF QUIN in HIV-infected children as a mediator of neurologic dysfunction and a supplemental marker of neurologic disease, particularly when combined with measures of neurocognitive functioning.

AIDS Dementia Complex↗
PubMed1998

Urinary iodine excretion is the most appropriate outcome indicator for iodine deficiency at field conditions at district level.

To empower local authorities to plan and evaluate adequate interventions, appropriate iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) indicators need to be identified. The aim of this study was to describe the magnitude and severity of IDD with different outcome indicators and associate them with functional indicators. Schoolchildren (n = 544) aged 8-10 y were assessed in 11 villages within five subdistricts of Malang District, East Java, Indonesia. Outcome indicators of IDD were goiter size as measured by palpation and ultrasonography (USG), urinary iodine excretion (UIE) and serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration in blood as well as functional indicators such as intellectual performance (IQ: Catell's Culture Fair Intelligence Test) and anthropometric indices. The total goiter rate (TGR) measured by palpation and USG were 35.7 and 54.4%, respectively. Based on UIE and TSH, the prevalence of iodine deficiency was 63.7 and 3.4%, respectively. In individuals, goiter, thyroid volume and UIE were associated significantly (r = -0.35; P < 0.001 and r = -0.30; P = 0.02 respectively). Among villages, TGR measured by palpation was significantly correlated with thyroid volume (r = 0.61; P = 0.045) and UIE (r = 0.68; P = 0.021), whereas TSH was not significantly associated with any of the observed indicators in individuals or groups. Multiple regression analysis showed that USG (beta = -0.67; P < 0.001) and UIE (beta = 4.39; P = 0.008) related significantly with cognitive performance (IQ). The associations between IDD indicators and cognitive performance and height-for-age Z scores suggest that socioeconomically advantaged children had better iodine status. We suggest that UIE is the best indicator for local authorities to assess iodine deficiency.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Dietary fat intake is associated with psychosocial and cognitive functioning of school-aged children in the United States.

Using cross-sectional data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Survey, 1988-1994, we examined whether dietary fat intake is associated with cognitive and psychosocial functioning in school-aged children. Based upon 24-h diet recall interviews, dietary intakes of total fat, SFA, monounsaturated fatty, PUFAs, and cholesterol were estimated in 3666 participants aged 6 to 16 y. Psychosocial functioning was evaluated in interviews of each child's mother. Cognitive functioning was measured using achievement and intelligence tests. Overall, total fat and saturated fat were unrelated to measures of cognitive and psychosocial functioning. Compared with equivalent energy intake from saturated fat or carbohydrate, each 5% increase in energy intake from PUFAs was associated with lower risks of poor performance on the digit span test (replacing SFA, OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.37-0.91; replacing carbohydrate, OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.43-0.88). Cholesterol intake was associated with an increased risk of poor performance on the digit span test (OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.11-1.42 for each 100-mg increment intake of cholesterol). The associations were independent of socioeconomic status, maternal education and marital status, and children's nutrition status and were consistent across different methods of energy adjustment in regression models. We conclude that high intake of PUFAs may contribute to an improved performance on the digit span test. In contrast, increased intake of cholesterol may be associated with a poorer performance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Adaptive behavior of children with symptomatic HIV infection before and after zidovudine therapy.

Assessed longitudinally the effects of HIV infection and zidovudine on the adaptive behavior of 25 children with symptomatic disease (M age = 5.3 years; range = 1-12; 52% classified as encephalopathic) by parent report using the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. Patients also were evaluated with an age-appropriate intelligence test and Q-sort Behavioral Rating Scale. Before treatment, encephalopathic children exhibited greater impairments in adaptive behavior than those without encephalopathy. After 6 months of zidovudine, all behavioral domains (communication, daily living, socialization) except for motor skills showed overall significant improvement. Children with or without encephalopathy showed a similar degree of change. Improvements in adaptive behavior correlated with increases in cognitive ability and decreases in severity of aberrant social-emotional behavior.

AIDS Dementia Complex↗
PubMed1998

Is heading a soccer ball injurious to brain function?

With the growing popularity of soccer both in the United States and worldwide, reports of adverse effects of 'heading' on brain function are a source of concern. This article reviews the related research literature on neurologic and neuropsychological findings. Neurologic and neuropsychological abnormalities have been reported in a significant minority of older former professional players in Norway. Purportedly unrelated to age, the most prominent findings were cerebral atrophy and impairment on intelligence test abilities that are particularly vulnerable to brain damage. Also noteworthy in these retired players were persistent physical, cognitive, and emotional complaints consistent with a postconcussive syndrome. Younger amateur players appear to be free of major abnormalities, although some report persistent difficulties with memory and concentration. The severity of these complaints may be related to a history of soccer-related head injuries and not necessarily specific to heading. Research findings specific to heading are not more than suggestive at best, and clarification of the risks of heading a soccer ball awaits more definitive studies.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1997

Cognitive late effect factors related to decision making and risk behaviors of cancer-surviving adolescents.

The purpose of this correlational study was to examine factors related to cognitive late effects of treatment that may be predictors of decision making and risk behaviors for cancer-surviving adolescents. A convenience sample of 52 survivors (ages 14-19 years, disease-free for 5 years, no treatment for 2 years, and with all types of cancer except primary brain tumors) participated in this study at two regional survivor follow-up clinics. A medical record review, a semistructured interview with the teen, and intelligence testing on a separate day were used to collect data. A history of cancer therapy threatening cognitive function (defined as > or = 18 gy of radiotherapy, intrathecal or high-dose systemic methotrexate, or both) was a marginally significant predictor of poorer-quality decision making in the first regression model. Poorer-quality decision making was a significant predictor of one or more risk behaviors in the second model. Younger age at initial treatment and lower cognitive ability (full-scale IQ) were not significant predictors for either of the models. There were no significant differences for the Wechsler IQ subtests related to abstract and analytic ability by cognitive threat status. Post hoc analysis indicated that lack of sensitivity to change of the Wechsler IQ measure may have affected outcomes. Abstract and/or analytic ability may be important links for decision making and risk behaviors of teen survivors, thus warranting further examination within a larger sample. Intervention to improve decision making needs to be provided for teen survivors; this may be true especially when there is a history of therapy threatening cognitive function.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Conversion from the SPEAK to the ACE strategy in children using the nucleus 24 cochlear implant system: speech perception and speech production outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study was to assess whether speech perception and speech production in children using the Nucleus 24 cochlear implant system improved with a change in speech processing strategy from the SPEAK to the Advanced Combination Encoder (ACE) strategy. The major difference between the two strategies is that ACE uses a higher stimulation rate (in this study the stimulation rate was 900 Hz per channel) compared with the SPEAK strategy, where the stimulation rate is 250 Hz per channel. Information also was obtained regarding the adjustment period after conversion to the ACE strategy. DESIGN: An ABA experimental design was used where scores were initially obtained using the SPEAK strategy' (in the initial A time interval), and subsequently performance was assessed using the ACE strategy (B time interval) and then again with the SPEAK strategy (second A time interval). The duration of the B interval was 10 wk, and the duration for the second A interval was 4 wk. Seven children aged between 9 and 16 yr who had at least 6 mo experience with the SPEAK strategy participated. Open-set monosyllabic CNC word perception in quiet and Speech Intelligibility Test sentence perception in noise was evaluated at the end of each of the time intervals. Word perception was also monitored at fortnightly intervals during the B time interval. Speech production was assessed at the end of the initial A time interval and at the end of the B time interval. RESULTS: Mean word and phoneme scores for open-set words in quiet for the group of seven children were significantly higher with the ACE strategy as compared with the SPEAK strategy scores obtained in both of the A time intervals. For sentences in noise, mean scores using the ACE strategy as well as the SPEAK strategy at the second A evaluation point were significantly higher than the scores using the SPEAK strategy measured at the first A time interval. This suggests that learning effects may have influenced outcomes. For some subjects, an initial decrease in scores was found during the initial 2-wk period after fitting the ACE strategy; however, scores subsequently were found to be similar to or higher than those when using the initial SPEAK strategy. Analysis of speech production assessments showed an improvement in the medial consonant scores after using the ACE strategy. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that some children were able to benefit from the additional information provided by the ACE strategy as compared with the SPEAK strategy. However, the differences in overall performance between the two strategies appear to be relatively small.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1990

Effects of prenatal exposure to ionizing radiation.

Prenatal exposure to ionizing radiation induces some effects that are seen at birth and others that cannot be detected until later in life. Data from A-bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki show a diminished number of births after exposure under 4 wk of gestational age. Although a wide array of congenital malformations has been found in animal experimentation after such exposure to x rays, in humans only small head size (exposure at 4-17 wk) and mental retardation (exposure primarily at 8-15 wk) have been observed. In Hiroshima, small head size occurred after doses of 0.10-0.19 Gy or more, and an excess of mental retardation at 0.2-0.4 Gy or more. Intelligence test scores were reduced among A-bomb survivors exposed at 8-15 wk of gestational age by 21-29 IQ points per Gy. Other effects of in-utero exposure to atomic radiation include long-lasting complex chromosome abnormalities.

Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced↗
PubMed1998

Psychological evaluations of patients operated for idiopathic scoliosis by the Harrington method.

A study group of 204 patients operated for idiopathic scoliosis by the Harrington method at The Orthopedic Hospital of the Invalid Foundation (Orton) between 1970 and 1975 was studied to evaluate the integration of these patients into society regarding work outside the home, and to evaluate the patients' adaptation to their illness and factors relating to this adaptation. A brief intelligence test was also given. The mean age at the time of the first operation was 14 years, and at the time of follow-up it was 33 years. Eighty-four percent of the patients were female. The patients completed a questionnaire, which was also sent to an age and gender matched control group. The results show that these patients with idiopathic scoliosis appear to be predominantly content with their lives. These scoliosis patients tend to form families later in life than the controls, and have fewer and less satisfying sexual relationships than the controls. These scoliosis patients feel that their illness has mostly influenced their participation in work outside the home and their partaking in physical activities, but these influences were slight and also influenced by education. The studied patients had some fears about the heredity of their illness, but only those dissatisfied with their lives let it influence their childbearing.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Serial cerebral MRI with FLAIR sequences in acute carbon monoxide poisoning.

In a patient with acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning in whom no delayed sequelae have been observed, MRI was performed serially from the time of exposure. When few clear findings were noted on conventional T2-weighted spin echo (SE) imaging, distinct hyperintense areas in the deep cerebral white matter were already evident on fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) pulse imaging. These abnormal findings appeared to reflect a disease process differing from the acute phase disturbance of consciousness, namely the course of a gradually progressive demyelination. Neither serial intelligence tests nor single photon emission CT (SPECT) studies of regional cerebral blood flow conducted in the same period revealed any abnormalities. These results suggest that, in the subclinical phase in which there are few significant findings on T2-weighted SE imaging or SPECT, insidious demyelinating changes are already apparent on FLAIR imaging and that FLAIR imaging may thus be useful in the early diagnosis of the interval form of CO poisoning.

Adult↗