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At least 1,207 records · Page 67Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Operational use of neem oil as an alternative anopheline larvicide. Part B: Environmental impact and toxicological potential.

This study was conducted to investigate the preliminary environmental and mammalian toxicology of neem oil, temephos and chlorpyriphos-methyl/fenitrothion. Culex pipiens, Daphnia magna and Gambusia affinis were used to study environmental impact. A high level of toxicity was observed, with slight differences between organisms. The emulsifiers individually also displayed toxicity towards the tested organisms. Up to 90 days daily oral crude neem oil treatment (5 g/kg body weight) of laboratory mice did not cause any significant changes in weekly body weight gain, nor in serum liver damage indicators, direct bilirubin or total bilirubin. Blood parameters of treated mice up to 90 days were not statistically different from those of control mice. Neem oil could be used as an environmentally friendly alternative to the traditional chemical anopheline larvicides.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of a malaria control project in DPR Korea, 2001-2003.

This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate a malaria control project implemented from 2001 to 2003. The evaluation indicators included assessing malaria prevalence, people's knowledge, awareness, and preventive behavior regarding malaria. First, a review of clinical records in the study areas was used to measure malaria prevalence. Second, a cross-sectional study was done, and 1,007 people aged > or = 15 years who lived in Saenal Ri (rural area) Sichon County, South Hwanghae Province and Hwangju Up (urban area), North Hwanghae Province, were randomly sampled and interviewed. The prevalence of malaria, from review of clinical records, declined from 20.5 cases per 1,000 population in 2001 to 4.9 cases per 1,000 population in 2003. Of the 245 malaria cases, 1.6% had three, and 13.9% had two, experiences of malaria infection. Survey data showed that the prevalence of malaria was 2.7 cases per 1,000 population. About 75.6% (31/41) were in the age group 30-49 years. Overall outcome evaluation showed that the targets had been achieved: prevalence (2.7 vs 9 per 1,000 population), people's good knowledge of malaria (97.5 vs 90.0%), awareness (93.8 vs 85.0%), and preventive behavior (84.7 vs 80.0%). However, some aspects of the individual target indicators still needed improvement, ie people's knowledge of malaria symptoms and mosquito-source elimination behavior. The malaria control project appeared to be effective in reducing malaria prevalence and improving people's knowledge, awareness and preventive behavior about malaria in the studied areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) for topical drug delivery: incorporation of the lipophilic drugs N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide and vitamin K.

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) for topical delivery were prepared by high pressure homogenization using solid lipids. The lipophilic agents DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) and vitamin K were used as model drugs. These topical agents were incorporated into SLN which were characterized. Differential scanning calorimetry studies were performed in order to detect probable interactions in the SLN dispersions. Physical stability of SLN in aqueous dispersions and the effect of drug incorporation into SLN were investigated by photon correlation spectroscopy and zeta potential measurements. Characterization and short-term stability studies showedthat DEET and vitamin K are good candidates for topical SLN formulations.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2005

A promising biotechnical approach to pest management of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera in Illinois maize fields under kairomonal shielding with the new MSD technique.

Environmentally compatible and sustainable plant protection requires novel approaches to pest management characterized by minimal emphasis on toxicants. Classical toxicants traditionally dominated economic entomology for half a century. But worldwide problems with environmental pollution and with increasing resistance levels in all major pesticide classes and in many key insect species including Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (D.v.v.) strongly advocate a rethinking and a change in management paradigms used. Soft, minimally invasive, biological, biotechnical and cultural approaches should replace hard pesticides which are in favor up to now. Fortunately, pheromones, kairomones, plant attractants, better traps, new plant varieties and cultural methods like crop rotation, in short more sophisticated methods are now available as pressure for finding and exploring novel strategies increases. Facing this situation, a new biotechnical approach of population reduction of D.v.v., called "MSD" technique, is introduced. MSD is characterized as an approach combining mass trapping, shielding and deflecting of adult insects along an invisible odor barrier of synthetic kairomone which diminishes the flux of insects across a high capacity trap line baited with kairomone, thus reducing both the population fluctuation and number and its reproductive success within the shielded area. In the case of D.v.v. in Zea mays fields, effects realized by the MSD technique have been measured simultaneously by a number of independent criteria during the summers of 2003 and 2004 at 2 different locations in Illinois maize fields of up to one half hectare size. Results observed are statistically significant and cannot be explained by mass trapping alone. There is also an additional shielding and deflection, in short "diversion" effect whose basic sensory and behavioral mechanisms call for future exploration.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Sublethal effects of the formamidine amitraz on honeybees gut lipids, following in vivo injections.

The time-course and dose-related action of amitraz (AMZ) on gut lipids of worker honeybees were examined over 3 hours following in vivo injections of 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 nmols of pesticide per bee. Significant decreases were observed at 30-45 min with 0.25 nmols per bee, for phospholipids, fatty acids, steroids and triacylglycerols. However increases were observed either later or with higher doses. The decreasing action observed with 0.25 nmol AMZ per bee was inhibited by simultaneous injections of the alpha antagonist phentolamine (from 0.25 to 2.0 nmols per bee). The toxicity of AMZ to honeybees thus likely involves the mobilization of lipids from the gut, via action of this formamidine pesticide on alpha-adrenoceptors.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pharmacokinetics of 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol. I. Systemic disposition following single intravenous doses in male Fischer 344 rats.

A determination of the systemic pharmacokinetics of [1,3-14C]-2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol (EHD) was conducted following i.v. dosing of male Fischer 344 rats. Pharmacokinetic analyses of the plasma data indicated that there is dose linearity in the 1.5 to 150 mg/kg range, and that EHD is cleared from plasma in a biexponential manner according to first order transfer and elimination processes. The data show that EHD-derived radioactivity is very rapidly distributed and then is slowly eliminated (probably as EHD metabolites) over a 48-hr period after a single i.v. injection. EHD is not found in the urine as unchanged test material by HPLC analysis following these i.v. doses, indicating that this chemical is probably completely metabolized in the rat. The appearance of EHD-derived radioactivity in the urine also follows a first order behavior, as evidenced by calculations of rate constants which are similar to the terminal rate constants from plasma radioactivity data. Both U infinity-Ut and dU/dt analyses of urine radioactivity data demonstrated that first order rate constants can be derived from urinary excretion data and supported the overall conclusion that the elimination of EHD from the rat follows first order processes in this range of i.v. doses.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Non-host plant extracts reduce oviposition of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and enhance parasitism by its parasitoid Cotesia plutellae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae).

Botanical preparations, usually from non-host plants, can be used to manipulate the behaviour of insect pests and their natural enemies. In this study, the effects of extracts of Chrysanthemum morifolium, a non-host plant of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus), on the olfactory and oviposition responses of this phytophagous insect and on levels of parasitism by its specialist parasitoid Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov) were examined, using Chinese cabbage Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis as the test host plant. Olfactometer tests showed that volatiles of chrysanthemum extract-treated host plants were less attractive to P. xylostella females than those from untreated host plants; and in contrast, volatiles of the chrysanthemum extract-treated host plants were more attractive to females of its parasitoid C. plutellae than those from untreated host plants. Oviposition preference tests showed that P. xylostella females laid only a small proportion of their eggs on chrysanthemum extract-treated host plants, while ovipositing parasitoid females parasitized a much higher proportion of host larvae feeding on the treated host plants than on untreated host plants. These results suggest that certain non-host plant compounds, when applied onto a host plant, may render the plant less attractive to a phytophagous insect but more attractive to its parasitoids. Application of such non-host plant compounds can be explored to develop push-pull systems to reduce oviposition by a pest insect and at the same time enhance parasitism by its parasitoids in crops.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Pilot study to evaluate the efficiency of insecticide-treated mosquito net fences for the protection of horses against nuisance insects in northern Brandenburg].

A fence of black mosquito netting of 100 cm height, pre-treated with 80 mg/m2 of deltamethrin and UV-protected, was used to shelter horses from nuisance and biting insects on pasture in northern Brandenburg. The netting material was attached to the surrounding poles of the existing fences at a height of 15 cm above ground. Three trial groups were selected grazing in spatially separated areas with comparable densities of insect populations. One paddock was completely fenced apart from a wall of 170 cm height and 70 m length. The second pasture had only partial protection with 126 m (13.4%) of fence out of a total perimeter of 942 m. The third pasture served as control. Trap catches outside the fully or partially protected pasture were by at least 60% lower than those recorded for the control pasture. Digital pictures from five different anatomical regions indicated fewer flies on horses kept at the completely or partially protected areas as compared to the control area. The average attack rate in the protected areas amounted to 4.4 and 7.6 flies per horse at the completely or partially protected areas, respectively, as opposed to horses on the control pasture with 172.1 flies. In comparison to the control pasture the horses grazing on the protected areas showed fewer defensive movements, grazing in an undisturbed manner.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

A simple test for mothball component differentiation using water and a saturated solution of table salt: its utilization for poison information service.

All 651 cases of mothball ingestion received by a poison information center were studied. At each time of inquiry, the staff member asked the caller to test whether the mothball floated or sank in water and a saturated solution of table salt. With the results of the test the staff member identified the mothball ingredient. Though most of the callers were housewives with little knowledge of medicine, the differentiations were each completed within 5 min. Later, gas chromatographic analyses revealed that no errors in differentiations had been made. Our method proved a quick preliminary test for mothball component differentiation in poison information service.

Animals↗