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At least 1,207 records · Page 67Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Intradermal antigen tests in psoriasis.

To assess whether elicitation of delayed hypersensitivity may be superior to trauma in inducing the Koebner reaction in psoriasis, 12 affected patients and 9 control subjects were tested with 0.1 ml intradermal injections of streptokinase/streptodornase (20 mu/5 mu per 0.1 ml), PPD (1 in 1000) and saline control solutions in a double-blind study; Koebner status was also established in the psoriatic patients. Injected sites were examined at 48 h and 7, 14, 21 and 28 days for local development of psoriasis, erythema and induration (diameter). One patient was Koebner-positive and developed psoriasis at all three injection sites. The other, Koebner-negative psoriatic subjects did not develop psoriasis locally. However, compared with non-psoriatic controls they showed a marked delay in resolution of the delayed hypersensitivity reaction to the PPD antigen and a similar but less marked phenomenon was observed for streptokinase/streptodornase. These findings indicate that intradermal antigen, of the nature and amount used in this study, is no more effective in inducing the Koebner phenomenon than injury alone. However, the ability of psoriasis patients to switch off cell-mediated immune reaction appears to be impaired.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of acellular dermal graft (AlloDerm) sheet for soft tissue augmentation: a 1-year follow-up of clinical observations and histological findings.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate and compare the long-term clinical persistence and histological appearance of subdermally implanted acellular dermal graft (AlloDerm) sheets and intradermal type I bovine collagen cross-linked with glutaraldehyde (Zyplast). PATIENTS: Ten adult patients (5 men and 5 women; average age, 46 years; age range, 37-59 years) not allergic to bovine collagen. METHODS: AlloDerm sheets were implanted surgically in a subdermal plane in one postauricular crease, and Zyplast was injected intradermally on the opposite side. AlloDerm and Zyplast implants were digitally photographed and their apparent volumes calculated at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after implantation. A specimen was removed at 3 and 12 months and examined histologically for collagen persistence, host tissue invasion, and inflammatory reaction. RESULTS: The apparent implant volume of the AlloDerm sheets decreased during the first 6 months and then stabilized over the next 6 months. By contrast, Zyplast was progressively absorbed, with complete loss of clinical effect by 6 months. Histological analysis of implanted AlloDerm sheets demonstrated progressive repopulation of the graft with minimal inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: AlloDerm sheets seem to provide stable soft tissue augmentation after an early period of resorption and are clearly superior to Zyplast injections for long-term, large-volume, soft tissue correction. Recommendations for clinical use include routine overcorrection, with subsequent augmentation delayed by at least 6 months.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Catecholamine-containing nerve terminals in piloarrector muscles of stump-tailed macaques (Macaca arctoides) and the effects of local injection of 6-, and 5-hydroxydopamine.

The fluorescence histochemical method of Falck-Hillarp (62) demonstrates dense plexuses of catecholamine-containing nerves in the piloarrector muscles of adult stump-tailed macaques. When these muscle fibers are viewed under the electron microscope, most of the axon terminal profiles between them contain numerous dense-cored vesicles (adrenergic); the rest of the terminals contain mainly agranular vesicles (cholinergic). Intradermal injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, 1 and 5 mg) or 5-hydroxydopamine (5-OHDA, 10mg) into the scalp caused the fluorescence from the nerve fibers in the muscles to completely disappear. The 6-OHDA injections induced severe degenerative changes in the adrenergic terminals whereas the 5-OHDA injections caused only the granules in the vesicles to increase in numbers. Thus, the piloarrector muscles of these macaques are innervated with both adrenergic and cholinergic terminals, but the former are more numerous than the latter.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Ocular immunity to Staphylococcus aureus.

Staphylococcus aureus is an important cause of infectious disease of the eye and hypersensitivity lesions of the cornea including phlyctenules and catarrhal infiltrates. Because little is known about ocular immunity to S. aureus, we measured antibody levels to ribitol teichoic acid, the major antigenic determinant of S. aureus, in rabbit serum and tears using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay after immunization with S. aureus antigens using the following routes: intradermal injection of cell wall mixed with complete Freund's adjuvant, subconjunctival injection of cell wall mixed with complete Freund's adjuvant, topical application of cell wall to the eye, and topical application of viable S. aureus to the eye. All four immunization groups showed an IgG antibody response to ribitol teichoic acid in serum and tears with the highest titers in serum found after intradermal immunization with cell wall and the highest titers in tears found after topical application of S. aureus. All four immunization routes showed an IgA antibody response to ribitol teichoic acid in tears with the highest titers found after subconjunctival immunization with cell wall. There was no IgA response to ribitol teichoic acid in serum in any group. The results of this study suggest that ocular immune responses to S. aureus may be influenced by exposure to staphylococcal antigens not only in the external eye but also at sites remote from the eye.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2002

Topical delivery of plasmid DNA using biphasic lipid vesicles (Biphasix).

The development of non-invasive methods for the delivery of vaccines through the skin will greatly improve the safety and the administration of human and veterinary vaccines. In this study we examined the efficiency of topical delivery of plasmids by assessing the localization of gene expression using luciferase as a reporter gene and induction of immune responses using a plasmid encoding for the bovine herpesvirus type-1 glycoprotein D (pgD). Topical administration of plasmids in a lipid-based delivery system (biphasic lipid vesicles--Biphasix) resulted in gene expression in the lymph node, whereas with intradermal injection, antigen expression was found in the skin. Following administration of plasmid with the gene gun, antigen expression was observed in both the skin as well as in the draining lymph nodes. Transcutaneous immunization with pgD formulated in biphasic lipid vesicles elicited gD-specific antibody responses and a Th2-type cellular response. In contrast, immunization by the intradermal route resulted in the stimulation of a Th1-type response. These findings have implications for both vaccine design and tailoring of specific immune responses.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2006

Prospective randomized clinical trial comparing intradermal, intraparenchymal, and subareolar injection routes for sentinel lymph node mapping and biopsy in breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Multiple injection routes, including intradermal (ID), intraparenchymal (IP), and subareolar (SA), are used for 99mTc-sulfur colloid administration for sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping and biopsy in breast cancer. The aim of this study was to compare localization by ID, IP, and SA injection routes based on preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and intraoperative identification. METHODS: Four hundred prospectively randomized breast cancers underwent SLN mapping and biopsy. RESULTS: Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy demonstrated localization to the axilla in 126/133 (95%) ID, 82/132 (62%) IP, and 96/133 (72%) SA (P < 0.001 ID vs. IP and ID vs. SA; P = 0.081 IP vs. SA), with a mean duration of preoperative lymphoscintigraphy of 139 +/- 18 minutes. Mean time to first localization when localization was demonstrated on preoperative lymphoscintigraphy was 8 +/- 14 minutes for ID, 53 +/- 49 for IP, and 22 +/- 29 for SA (P < 0.001 ID vs. IP and ID vs. SA; P = 0.003 IP vs. SA). Intraoperative identification of a SLN at the time of SLN biopsy was successful in 133/133 (100%) ID, 121/134 (90%) IP, and 126/133 (95%) SA (P < 0.001 ID vs IP; P = 0.014 ID vs. SA; P = 0.168 IP vs. SA), with a mean time from injection of 99mTc-sulfur colloid to start of SLN biopsy of 288 +/- 71 minutes. Mean intraoperative time to harvest the first SLN was 9 +/- 4 minutes for ID, 13 +/- 6 for IP, and 12 +/- 6 for SA (P < 0.001 ID vs. IP and ID vs. SA; P = 0.410 IP vs. SA). CONCLUSIONS: The ID injection route demonstrated a significantly greater frequency of localization, decreased time to first localization on preoperative lymphoscintigraphy, and decreased time to harvest the first SLN. This represents the first prospective randomized clinical trial to confirm superiority of the ID route for administration of 99mTc-sulfur colloid during SLN mapping and biopsy in breast cancer.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1995

Cutaneous pretreatment with the capsaicin analog NE-21610 prevents the pain to a burn and subsequent hyperalgesia.

Cutaneous injection of the capsaicin analog NE-21610 (Procter and Gamble) produces analgesia to heat but not mechanical stimuli in humans. The present study examined whether pretreatment of the skin with NE-21610 prevents the development of hyperalgesia following heat injury. On the 1st day testing, 7 volunteers received a 30-microl intradermal injection of vehicle to one volar forearm and 10 micrograms of NE-21610 to the other volar forearm. On the 2nd test day the subjects rated the intensity of pain to mechanical and heat stimuli before and after a burn (48 degrees C, 120 sec) to each injection site. At the vehicle site, the pain evoked by the burn was rated as moderate to strong. In addition, primary hyperalgesia to heat and mechanical stimuli, secondary hyperalgesia to mechanical stimuli, and flare were observed after the burn. In contrast, the pain evoked by the burn at the NE-21610-treated site was rated as weak, and primary hyperalgesia to heat and mechanical stimuli did not develop. In addition, the area of flare at the drug-tested site was smaller than that observed at the vehicle site, and no secondary hyperalgesia to mechanical stimuli was observed. These data suggest that pretreatment with the capsaicin analog NE-21610 may attenuate the pain and hyperalgesia associated with injury.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

The mechanism of escape of plasma protein from small blood vessels in the mucosa of the small intestine of the rat.

A study has been made in rats of the relative rates of escape of plasma protein, measured by accumulation of Evans Blue, and of the large marker particle, HgS, into uninjured small bowel and into an area of intradermal injection of histamine. The rate of escape of Evans Blue, per unit mass of tissue, into small bowel and into an area of histamine-stimulated skin were found to be almost the same, but leakage of HgS into the bowel was only about 1/10 of leakage of the same tracer into a site of intradermal histamine injection. If it be assumed, as is generally accepted, that all the protein that leaks from histamine-stimulated vessels does so via gaps in vascular endothelium that are large enough to allow escape of large marker particles like HgS, these findings show that only a small fraction of the protein that leaks into normal intestinal mucosa can escape via gaps, and that most of the leakage must occur by a route not permeable to particles of HgS. The findings give no indication of the nature of the alternative route for escape of protein.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

A simple and efficient method for raising steroid antibodies in rabbits.

The production of estradiol antibodies by two immunization procedures was monitored by means of an enzyme-immunoassay. Procedure A consisted of three intramuscular injections given at two-week intervals, followed by five intravenous booster injections and procedure B consisted of multiple intradermal injections given once. Procedure A gave much higher antibody titer. In both procedures the sensitivities of assays using the antisera increased initially and reached a plateau after three to four months of immunization. Consistent changes in specificities were observed. A shortened procedure A is proposed as a simple and efficient procedure for raising steroid antibodies in rabbits.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Cross reactivity of mono- and polyvalent antivenoms with Viperidae and Crotalidae snake venoms.

The lethal, local and defibrinating effects of two African Viperidae and four Crotalidae were assayed. Two commercial antivenoms (Behringwerke Nord Africa and Wyeth anticrotalic) and gamma-globulins from hyperimmune rabbit serum were tested for their ability to neutralize the toxic effects of the venoms. Cross neutralization of the lethal effect (antiviperidae antivenom against Crotalidae venom and vice versa) was evident with Behringwerke against Crotalidae as well as with Wyeth against Viperidae. No cross-reactivity was observed with monovalent antivenoms. Practically complete cross-reactivity was observed with polyvalent, but less with monovalent antivenoms in the neutralization of skin hemorrhage. The local effect was neutralized to 0-20% if the antivenom was mixed with the venom. An i.v. injection of antivenom had no effect after intradermally injected venom. Only Echis and Bothrops venoms cause defibrination in vivo. The ability of the two polyvalent antivenoms to neutralize defibrination was very weak. One half milliliter of antivenom neutralized 1 microgram (Echis carinatus) or 10 micrograms (Bothrops asper) of defibrinating venom if injected simultaneously. If antivenom was administered 3 hr after the venom, the fibrinogen level increased to about 50% of the normal values after 24 hr. Cross-reactivity in the neutralization of the defibrinating activity was observed with both polyvalent antivenoms.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Topical botulinum toxin to treat hyperhidrosis? No sweat!

Palmar, plantar and axillary hyperhidrosis, though benign, may be burdensome and occupationally restrictive, even hazardous. Treatment modalities range from topical antiperspirants, iontophoresis, systemic medications such as anticholinergics and benzodiazepines and injections of botulinum toxin, to thoracic sympathectomy. Intradermal injections of botulinum toxin (BTX), though effective, are painful especially when multiple injections are required. Iontophoretic administration of BTX has been described, the BTX entering the eccrine sweat glands via the sweat pores and through the sweat ducts. We postulate that BTX can be administered topically, either unassisted or assisted by application of an electrical gradient, low-frequency ultrasound or excipients such as dimethylsulfoxide. We examine the rationale and feasibility for such a treatment modality and route of administration.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1986

A role for interleukin-1 in the pathogenesis of Lyme disease.

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is the major immunoregulatory molecule produced by macrophages in response to a variety of environmental insults including chemicals, phagocytosis, bacteria, and bacterial products. Macrophages stimulated by Borrelia burgdorferi produced large quantities of IL-1 when spirochetes were added to macrophages at a ratio of 10 spirochetes per macrophage. The release of IL-1 was dose dependent: a single spirochete per macrophage was sufficient to produce significant quantities of IL-1. Spirochetal lipopolysaccharide was not required for this activity in that polymyxin B in the spirochete-macrophage culture had no effect on IL-1 production. Normal murine fibroblasts cultured with this IL-1 were shown to have an increased rate of DNA synthesis and an increase in secreted collagenase. IL-1 was found in joint fluids from Lyme disease patients. When IL-1 was injected intradermally into the backs of rabbits, the injection sites became indurated, erythematous, and warm to the touch after 4 hrs and annular lesions much like those of erythema chronicum migrans were seen in some animals after 24 hrs. B. burgdorferi is a powerful inducer for IL-1 in vitro, and it is reasonable to presume that it acts similarly in Lyme disease patients. Our results suggest that IL-1 in turn, may play a role in many of the clinical manifestations of Lyme disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Production of colicin V in vitro and in vivo and observations on its effects in experimental animals.

In recent years, a possible relationship between pathogenicity and colicinogeny in some Escherichia coli strains responsible for gastrointestinal infection and bacteremia in man and animals has been inferred. Using enterotoxigen-negative, colicin V-producing E. coli strains, we have (i) elaborated a simple in vitro method for producing greater yields of colicin V free of bacterial cells and large, non-dialyzable molecules; (ii) detected the presence of the bacteriocin in peritoneal fluids of moribund mice injected intraperitoneally 18 h previously with colicin V-producing strains (in these mice, Col V+ exconjugants survived and multiplied more extensively than the Col V- recipient strains from which they were derived; and (iii) observed an increased vascular permeability and inflammatory response in rabbits and guinea pigs when a culture supernatant demonstrating colicin activity was injected intradermally. The vascular response obtained after the injection of either a colicin V-containing dialysate alone or that of a trypsinized colicin-containing supernatant was always smaller than when the colicin V-active supernatant was injected. An enterotoxin-free dialysate containing colicin V also increased markedly in rabbits and guinea pigs the mild inflammatory reaction that occurred in the skin when purified endotoxin was injected subcutaneously in microgram doses. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that colicin V may act as a virulence factor in some E. coli strains.

Animals↗
PubMed1972

Vascular permeability factor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The production of vascular permeability factor (PF) by certain strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been demonstrated in rabbits injected intradermally with culture filtrates followed by intravenous injection with Pontamine Sky Blue 6BX. The dose-response curve was found to be rectilinear when lesion diameters, within the range of 10 to 20 mm, were plotted against log dose. Thus, PF in test filtrates can be measured with reasonable accuracy by the concomitant testing of a reference PF. In contrast to the titers of PF obtained with Vibrio cholerae cultures, those with strains of P. aeruginosa were rather low. Thus far, PF has been demonstrated only in shallow still cultures of P. aeruginosa and not in shake cultures. A variety of commercial media were tested for the production of PF, but none was satisfactory. A synthetic medium that gave more reproducible and higher yields of PF was developed. Cultivation at 30 C generally gave higher yields of PF than at 37 C. PF was destroyed by heating at 60 C for 30 min or by digesting with trypsin or Pronase. Strains producing larger amounts of PF appeared to have greater virulence when inoculated onto the surface of burns in mice than those yielding little or no PF.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The production of antibody against human leukocytic pyrogen.

Human peripheral blood leukocytes were stimulated with killed staphylococci in vitro to release leukocytic pyrogen (LP). Supernates from these stimulated leukocytes were concentrated, emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant, and injected intradermally into rabbits. After seven monthly booster injections, rabbit antiserum destroyed the pyrogenic activity of human LP, and the titer of this neutralizing ability increased in the subsequent 7 mo. The pyrogen-neutralizing capacity of the rabbit antiserum was recovered in the globulin fraction, the IgG and IgM peaks of Sephadex G-200, and the acid-eluted fraction of a goat anti-rabbit IgG immunoadsorbant. The neutralizing antibody was specific for human LP inasmuch as it had no effect on rabbit, guinea pig, or monkey LP. When coupled to Sepharose, this antibody bound human LP; after acid elution from this immunoadsorbant, LP was recovered without loss of biologic or chemical characteristics. The antiserum was also absorbed with stimulated leukocyte supernates which did not contain LP, and this had no effect on the titer of anti-LP. Crude human LP, eluted from immunoadsorbant columns prepared from absorbed antiserum, contained significantly reduced contaminating protein when evaluated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These studies have established that specific antibody to human leukocytic pyrogen can be produced. This antibody is useful in the further study and purification of leukocytic pyrogen and its role in the pathogenesis of human fever.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Intradermal test with histamine in Schistosomiasis mansoni.

Histamine diphosphate was injected intradermally, at dilutions of 10(-3), 10(-4), and 10(-5), into 25 boys (10--12 yr old), and 25 men (20--30 yr old) with active schistosomiasis mansoni. A linear relationship between the mean area of the wheals and the logarithm of histamine concentrations was determined. Both equations (men and boys) were significant (P less than 0.05) but showed no difference between their regression coefficients. These findings contrast with those obtained with the intradermal test performed with Schistosoma mansoni antigens, in which skin response in men is significantly greater than in boys.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Dermal responses to Ostertagia ostertagi in Ostertagia ostertagi- and Cooperia punctata-inoculated calves.

Calves harboring patent Ostertagia ostertagi or Cooperia punctata were given intradermal injections of O ostertagi 3rd-stage larval antigen. The initial injections were followed 30 days later by a 2nd series of injections. Skin thickness was measured at injection sites for 72 hours after injection. Selected injection sites including saline solution control sites were biopsied at 30 minutes, at 3, 24, 48, and 72 hours, and at 30 days after injection. After the 1st series of injections, there was a clear distinction in dermal reactions between O ostertagi-inoculated calves and C punctata-inoculated calves; after 24 hours, reactions were not seen in the C punctata-inoculated calves. Marked dermal reactions occurred in the O ostertagi-inoculated calves. The reactions at 30 minutes and 3 hours were characterized by slight-to-extensive infiltration of neutrophils and dermal edema. The 24-hour cellular reaction was principally due to neutrophil and eosinophil infiltration with edema and necrosis. Reactions at 48 to 72 hours were due to eosinophils and perivascular accumulations of macrophages and lymphocytes. Necrosis, neutrophils, and edema were present in foci where fragments of nematodes were located. On reinjection, a clear distinction in dermal reactions between calves was not seen based on the type of nematode infection. Thirty days after dermal inoculation, large nodules developed at the site of the initial antigen injection. The nodules were characterized by marked intradermal proliferation of lymphocytes in a follicular pattern with occasional macrophages and rare multinucleated giant cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Inhibition of allergic reactions with monoclonal antibody to the high affinity IgE receptor.

A mAb that reacts with the high affinity IgE-R on the rat basophilic leukemia cells (RBL-2H3) was used to inhibit allergic reactions. In vitro, the intact mAb BA3 and its Fab fragment inhibited radiolabeled IgE binding to the RBL-2H3 cells. The mAb binds to the IgE-R with a higher affinity than does IgE. Whereas the intact mAb released histamine from the RBL-2H3 cells, the Fab was inactive. The addition of the Fab fragments to RBL-2H3 inhibited the IgE-mediated histamine release reaction. The Fab fragments also inhibited in vivo passive cutaneous reactions in rats when injected intradermally either before or after IgE. The injection of the mAb Fab i.v. before the injection of the IgE into the skin sites also inhibited reactions, although it was less effective. The results demonstrate that anti-R antibodies can be used as a model for inhibiting immediate hypersensitivity reactions.

Animals↗