Emotional crises imitating television.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
England↗
SEARCH · Search PubMed
Results for “Imitative Behavior”
Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Influences of the media: a powerful what?
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Adolescent↗
From grasping to speech: imitation might provide a missing link.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Animals↗
Natural imitation induced by joint attention in Japanese monkeys.
To examine whether joint attention enables Japanese monkeys to imitate human actions, we presented an oral action and manual actions directed towards targets to three monkeys who had joint attention through communicative eye-gaze and pointing gestures and to one monkey who had incomplete joint attention and who had acquired imperative pointing but not the use of eye-gaze gestures. Two of the monkeys who were already capable of joint attention were also able to imitate naturally, while the monkey who did not previously show joint attention was not able to imitate until acquiring joint attention capacity. We suggest that joint attention induces natural imitation during interaction between different species--in this case, between monkeys and humans--while individuals not showing joint attention but only attention to a target or movement are only able to follow motion. The monkey may be endowed by nature with motion-following capacity. We speculate that motion-following capacity is developed and controlled through joint attention, and is connected with natural imitation.
Animals↗
Using skeleton-based tracking to increase the reliability of optical motion capture.
Optical motion capture provides an impressive ability to replicate gestures. However, even with a highly professional system there are many instances where crucial markers are occluded or when the algorithm confuses the trajectory of one marker with that of another. This requires much editing work on the user's part before the complete animation is ready for use. In this paper, we present an approach to increasing the robustness of a motion capture system by using an anatomical human model. It includes a reasonably precise description of the skeleton's mobility and an approximated envelope. It allows us to accurately predict the 3-D location and visibility of markers, thus significantly increasing the robustness of the marker tracking and assignment, and drastically reducing--or even eliminating--the need for human intervention during the 3-D reconstruction process.
Algorithms↗
Spectral decomposition of variability in synchronization and continuation tapping: comparisons between auditory and visual pacing and feedback conditions.
Spectral analysis was applied to study the variability in human rhythmic synchronization to a visual, auditory or combined auditory-visual metronome of about 2 Hz, as well as the variability in continuation tapping at the same rate with or without visual or auditory feedback. In synchronization, variability was larger in the visual condition than in the auditory and combined conditions, but only below frequencies of about 0.3 Hz. Thus, there seem to be at least two sources of variability in synchronization, one being modality-independent and limited to intervals shorter than 3 s, and the other being modality-dependent and evident as slow "drift", especially in the visual task. In continuation tapping, variability did not depend reliably on the presence or modality of feedback. However, spectral analysis revealed a change in the temporal structure of variability around 0.08 Hz (a period of about 12 s or 24 taps), which roughly agrees with earlier findings reported in the literature.
Adult↗
Research on imitation in mentally retarded persons: theory-bound or ecological validity run amuck?
Research on imitation in mentally retarded persons was examined to assess whether the bulk of the research had been aimed at theory confirmation and/or was ecologically valid. Sixty-seven studies, mostly published between 1975 and 1980, were reviewed within the framework of the Yando, Seitz, and Zigler (1978) two-factor developmental theory of imitation. It was concluded that most of the research on imitation in mentally retarded persons was not theoretical, but was ecologically valid. The failure of a dominant theoretical framework has led to a lack of systematic and programmatic effort, thus hampering the applied potential of modeling and imitation in the education and training of mentally retarded individuals.
Cognition↗
Cross-setting generalization of manual signs to verbal instructions with severely retarded children.
This study assessed the effects of a procedure of transfer of stimulus control on the cross-setting generalization of manual signs with three severely retarded children. The procedure was designed in order to have the subjects perform appropriate signs to verbal instructions. The dependent variables consisted of manual sign responses at probe sessions in the classroom and on the ward to assess generalization of training across settings and persons, as well as the percentage correct verbal imitations of instructions used during training. The results, gathered within a multiple baseline design across responses show that: Performance of manual signs to verbal instructions generalized across settings, yet acquired signs did not facilitate S's production of the appropriate referent within a verbal imitation paradigm. The importance of choosing appropriate signs is emphasized.
Adolescent↗
A program to increase manual signs with severely/profoundly mentally retarded students in natural environments.
A classroom teacher and 12 residential staff members were taught to increase the opportunities for manual sign use with three severely/profoundly mentally retarded students, to use those opportunities for asking the students to sign-request, and, if necessary, to provide prompts. A multi-faceted package consisting of written instructions, modeling, video presentation, visual cueing, feedback, and group discussion was used in a multiple-baseline design across situations. During intervention, (a) the number of opportunities for sign use increased in both classroom situations but remained stable on the ward, (b) the number of signs made by the students in response to the question increased across each of the situations, and (c) the number of spontaneously emitted signs increased.
Adolescent↗
Measures of visuospatial short-term memory: the Knox Cube Imitation Test and the Corsi Blocks Test compared.
The present investigation analyzes the characteristics of two tasks that have been considered as a measure of visuospatial abilities: The Knox Cube Imitation Test and the Corsi Blocks Test. The former was originally devised by Knox (1913) to diagnose mental retardation in potential immigrants to the United States, while the latter has been specifically designed to be used in neuropsychological practice by Corsi (1972). Although both tasks have been widely used in the past, there is little empirical research investigating the characteristics of these tasks from a theoretical point of view. In order to do so, we carried out two parallel experiments in which both tasks were presented in a baseline condition as well as in association with three different concurrent tasks (i.e., articulatory suppression, spatial tapping, and random generation) supposed to tap the various components of working memory. Results showed that neither of the tasks can be considered as a pure measure of visuospatial processing and that, at the same time, it is necessary to reconsider the architecture of working memory in order to suggest a more integrated functioning of the system.
Adolescent↗
Patterns of limb apraxia in primary progressive aphasia.
Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a syndrome characterized by a progressive language deficit without other dementia features for at least two years (). Other deficits that are likely to co-exist with aphasia, such as apraxia, have only been investigated in a few case studies and only at a rudimentary level for the most part. In this study we investigate the frequency and severity of apraxic deficits in PPA patients. Ten PPA patients and twelve aged-matched healthy adults performed eight transitive gestures to pantomime and to imitation. Gesture performance was measured along five movement dimensions and a composite score based on the arithmetic mean of the five dimensions was calculated. Overall, PPA patients performed worse than controls with both pantomime and imitation. Furthermore, individual comparisons revealed that out of the three apraxia patterns described by (pantomime alone, imitation alone, or apraxia in both conditions), the most frequent pattern in PPA patients was apraxia in both conditions. This result corresponds with previous findings in populations of stroke and Alzheimer's patients. Considering the occurrence of apraxia in this population, this study supports the idea that a comprehensive apraxia assessment should be administered in cases of PPA.
Aphasia↗
Pantomimes are special gestures which rely on working memory.
The case of a patient is reported who presented consistently with overt deficits in producing pantomimes in the absence of any other deficits in producing meaningful gestures. This pattern of spared and impaired abilities is difficult to reconcile with the current layout of cognitive models for praxis. This patient also showed clear impairment in a dual-task paradigm, a test taxing the co-ordination aspect of working memory, though performed normally in a series of other neuropsychological measures assessing language, visuo-spatial functions, reasoning function, and executive function. A specific working memory impairment associated with a deficit of pantomiming in the absence of any other disorders in the production of meaningful gestures suggested a way to modify the model to account for the data. Pantomimes are a particular category of gestures, meaningful, yet novel. We posit that by their very nature they call for the intervention of a mechanism to integrate and synthesise perceptual inputs together with information made available from the action semantics (knowledge about objects and functions) and the output lexicon (stored procedural programmes). This processing stage conceived as a temporary workspace where gesture information is actively manipulated, would generate new motor programmes to carry out pantomimes. The model of gesture production is refined to include this workspace.
Aged↗
Motor facilitation following action observation: a behavioural study in prehensile action.
Previous research has shown that the observation of actions and the execution of actions activate common neural systems. More recently, we have presented data showing that action observation of prehension primes subsequent execution (Castiello, Lusher, Mari, Edwards, & Humphreys, 2002). In the current paper we examined action priming under conditions in which the size of the prime did not predict the size of the target (only 20% of trials were valid). We demonstrated reliable priming under these conditions, consistent with the effect occurring automatically. In addition, we show priming even when observers saw just the object rather than the object and a reaching action on the prime trial. We discuss the findings in relation to the role of mirror neurons and object affordances.
Adolescent↗
Off-line authorship effects in action perception.
Does the perception of our actions differ from the perception of other individuals' actions when we observe them, like other individual's actions, in an offline perspective? Previous studies, using recognition as well as prediction judgments, suggest that it does even if the stimulus information is reduced to a single moving point-light. Here, we assessed whether this difference also affects the timing of actions. This was tested in two experiments, using a specific synchronization task. After some practice, self-generated action events were anticipated faster than other action events, provided that the anticipation could not be accomplished sufficiently well on the basis of easily detectable cues. The results are discussed with regard to the previous findings of off-line authorship effects in action perception.
Adult↗
Treatment of patients with severe burn injuries: the impact of schizophrenia.
Four patients treated in one ward of a psychiatric clinic were admitted to our burn unit within 2 months due to severe burn injuries. The patients showed signs of a self-mutilation epidemic. All four patients were female and the mean age was 28 years. The psychiatric diagnosis was schizophrenia in all patients (ICD 10: F20.9). The ignition of flammable liquid was the most common method and the mean burned TBSA was 33%. The mean severity score (ABSI) was 8 and the median hospital stay was 50 days. All patients were characterised by a prolonged hospital stay in comparison to patients without additional psychiatric pathology (median 31 days). This prolonged stay was based on a delayed wound healing, more operations, extended time for mobilisation and difficulties in co-operation. It is possible that in patients with schizophrenia, changes in nutrition, activity, sleep and drug use could influence their immune system profoundly. Anxiety and depression is also associated with the impairment of cellular and humoural immunity. Poor sleep reduces the production of an anabolic endocrine environment and sleep disturbances can interfere with macrophage and lymphocyte functions. Poor appetite leads to malnutrition, which is also capable of producing delayed wound healing. On the other hand, apathy and a general lack of motivation interfere with therapeutic strategies, because poor appetite and weight loss often occurs after neuroleptic withdrawal, which is correlated with clinical decompensation. Moreover, this "self-destructive" behaviour, which is acting on the immune system, might make a patient more susceptible to infection. All these aspects and side effects of schizophrenia combine to make the treatment of burned patients with schizophrenia a very special and difficult task.
Adult↗
Qualitative model of otolith-ocular asymmetry in vertical eccentric rotation experiments.
Today, investigation of the vestibulo-ocular reactions is a mainstream method of studying the vestibular asymmetry. Analysis of experimental data requires a model of otolith-ocular interaction. The proposed model is based on the literary data concerning measurements of ocular counter-rotation (OCR) and luminous line rotation (LLR) in experiments with eccentric rotation carried out by Wetzig et al. [Acta Astronaut. 21 (1990) 519-525]. The method utilizes a number of simplifications and suppositions, the basic of which is linearity of all stages of transformation of mechanical stimulus with the exception of the proportionality of neural response to acceleration. It was demonstrated that the model qualitatively imitates the behavior of OCR and LLR in response to centrifugal acceleration of utricular otoliths and permits analysis of the role of various parameters of the otolith-ocular interaction. Comparison of modeling and experimental dependences of OCR and LLR on acceleration can help understand otolithic asymmetry.
Humans↗
Observational learning and the formation of classes of reading skills by individuals with autism and other developmental disabilities.
We investigated whether individuals with developmental disabilities will demonstrate stimulus classes after observing another individual demonstrate the prerequisite conditional discriminations. In Experiment 1, participants learned conditional discriminations among dictated words, pictures, and printed words. They also observed a model without disabilities demonstrate conditional discriminations among a different set of dictated words, pictures, and printed words. The classes assigned to each participant belonged to a larger superordinate category, as did the classes assigned to each model. The superordinate categories were different for participants and models. All participants subsequently demonstrated full stimulus classes with the stimuli involved in direct training: They named pictures, read printed words, and matched pictures and words to one another. However, based on observing a model, none of the participants demonstrated full stimulus classes. In Experiment 2, participants learned conditional discriminations among the stimuli in three sets, and observed a model's training with the stimuli in three different sets. The classes assigned to each participant belonged to the same larger superordinate category as did those assigned to their respective model. All participants subsequently demonstrated full stimulus classes with the stimuli involved in direct training. They also demonstrated full classes with at least one of their model's sets of training stimuli. When full stimulus classes did not occur from observing a model, participants named the model's pictures, read the model's printed words, or matched the model's pictures and words. Stimulus class technology, coupled with the opportunity to observe another individual perform a skill, may be an economical and efficient means of teaching persons with developmental disabilities.
Autistic Disorder↗