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At least 1,207 records · Page 67Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Postnatal development of parvalbumin immunoreactivity in striated muscles of the rat.

The presence of parvalbumin, a calcium-binding protein, has been correlated with the maturation of locomotor activity in developing striated muscle. In the present study, postnatal parvalbumin immunoreactivity is examined in the tibialis anterior, intercostal, diaphragm and intrinsic muscles of the tongue of the rat to gather a better understanding of the different developmental patterns. Parvalbumin immunoreactivity appears in the anterior tibialis muscle by day 4, and reaches an adult checkerboard pattern 2 days later. In contrast, parvalbumin immunoreactivity in the intrinsic muscles of the tongue, and in diaphragm and intercostal muscles, which are active near birth, does not appear until the 2nd week. Therefore, these features suggest that parvalbumin immunoreaction is not exclusively dependent on functional activity. In addition, the finding that differences in parvalbumin expression do not correlate in time with the differentiation of fiber types as judged by myosin ATPase activity, suggests that myosin and parvalbumin might be regulated by different mechanisms.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1985

Chest wall distortion during resistive inspiratory loading.

We studied six (1 naive and 5 experienced) subjects breathing with added inspiratory resistive loads while we recorded chest wall motion (anteroposterior rib cage, anteroposterior abdomen, and lateral rib cage) and tidal volumes. In the five experienced subjects, transdiaphragmatic and pleural pressures, and electromyographs of the sternocleidomastoid and abdominal muscles were also measured. Subjects inspired against the resistor spontaneously and then with specific instructions to reach a target pleural or transdiaphragmatic pressure or to maximize selected electromyographic activities. Depending on the instructions, a wide variety of patterns of inspiratory motion resulted. Although the forces leading to a more elliptical or circular configuration of the chest wall can be identified, it is difficult to analyze or predict the configurational results based on insertional and pressure-related contributions of a few individual respiratory muscles. Although overall chest wall respiratory motion cannot be readily inferred from the electromyographic and pressure data we recorded, it is clear that responses to loading can vary substantially within and between individuals. Undoubtedly, the underlying mechanism for the distortional changes with loading are complex and perhaps many are behavioral rather than automatic and/or compensatory.

Abdominal Muscles↗
PubMed1984

The ventilatory pump in exercise.

The response of the ventilatory pump during exercise in health and in patients with COPD is reviewed. The authors' hope is that the pump's response to the stress of exercise will be seen to be efficiently matched to the demands placed on it, even though in disease or under some extreme circumstances in normal subjects it may be stretched to (or beyond) its capacity. From a review of the literature, suggestions are made for directions for future research.

Abdominal Muscles↗
PubMed1998

Differential respiratory muscle recruitment induced by clonidine in awake goats.

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that dysrhythmic breathing induced by the alpha2-agonist clonidine is accompanied by differential recruitment of respiratory muscles. In adult goats (n = 14) electromyographic (EMG) measurements were made from inspiratory muscles (diaphragm and parasternal intercostal) and expiratory muscles [triangularis sterni (TS) and transversus abdominis (Abd)]. EMG of the thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle was used as an index of upper airway (glottal) patency. Peak EMG activities of all spinal inspiratory and expiratory muscles were augmented by central and peripheral chemoreceptor stimuli. Phasic TA was apparent in the postinspiratory phase of the breathing cycle under normoxic conditions. During dysrhythmic breathing episodes induced by clonidine, TS and Abd activities were attenuated or abolished, whereas diaphragm and parasternal intercostal activities were unchanged. There was no tonic activation of TS or Abd EMG during apneas; however, TA activity became tonic throughout the apnea. We conclude that 1) alpha2-adrenoceptor stimulation results in differential recruitment of respiratory muscles during respiratory dysrhythmias and 2) apneas are accompanied by active glottic closure in the awake goat.

Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists↗
PubMed1979

Effects of neuromuscular blockade on respiratory mechanics in conscious man.

The effect of submaximal neuromuscular blockade (SMNB) on lung and chest wall mechanics was studied in six normal, awake subjects infused with pancuronium. Measurements of static lung volumes, specific airway conductance (sGaw), maximum expiratory and inspiratory flow-volume (MEFV, MIFV) curves, and static pressure-volume (PV) curves of the lung and of the relaxed chest wall were obtained after lung recoil pressure (Pst(L)) at full inflation had been reduced to 60 +/- 10% of control. Inspiratory capacity was decreased, but residual volume was not increased. Inspiratory PV curve of the lung was not modified, and the observed decrease in expiratory compliance and the slight increase in Pst(L) during deflation were compatible with the altered lung volume history. SMNB did not modify sGaw nor the relationship between Pst(L) and MEF; by contrast it markedly reduced MIF rates. Finally, SMNB transposed the chest wall PV curve to higher levels on the pressure axis (it decreased the outward pull of the chest wall) without greatly affecting its slope, and thereby it reduced the resting level of the respiratory system. We conclude that 1) muscle weakness per se does not affect the eleastic properties of the lungs and airways, and 2) involuntary respiratory muscle activity influences the elastic recoil of the chest wall. We believe this muscle activity originates from muscle spindles, and lies essentially in the inspiratory portion of the intercostal musculature.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Nerve supply to and the true nature of anterior supracostal muscle: three cases of the anterior supracostal muscle innervated by the external muscular branch of the first intercostal nerve having lateral cutaneous branch.

316 body-halves were examined in order to clarify nerve supply to human anterior supracostal muscle and to reveal the true nature of this particular muscle. 14 body-halves were found to have this muscle. It was innervated by the external muscular branch of the first intercostal nerve having lateral cutaneous branch in 3 out of 14 cases, and by the external muscular branch of the first intercostal nerve lacking lateral cutaneous branch in the remaining 11. As the former 3 cases have not been reported yet, we have examined the anatomy of these muscles in detail, and nerve supply to the anterior supracostal muscle and the true nature of this muscle were discussed in the present study. As a result, it was found that the anterior supracostal muscle is innervated essentially by an element of the components of the external muscular branch, and the muscle is derived from the first external intercostal muscle or rarely from the first and second external intercostal muscles. Moreover, it was inferred that the frequency of occurrence of the anterior supracostal muscle innervated by the intercostal nerve having lateral cutaneous branch is very low.

Female↗
PubMed1983

Endurance properties of respiratory and limb muscles.

Endurance properties of the inspiratory and expiratory muscles were compared with those of the flexors and extensors of the elbow in healthy volunteers. During a series of sustained contractions separated by rest intervals of one minute there was a progressive decline in the force produced by both muscle groups acting at the elbow and by the expiratory muscles. By contrast, the ability of the inspiratory muscles to generate force recovered completely within the one minute intervals. The decline in force during the first sustained contraction was similar for the inspiratory muscles and those acting at the elbow. During series of repeated brief maximal contractions (duty cycle 50%) the inspiratory muscles fatigued less than the other muscle groups. This apparent resistance to fatigue shown by the inspiratory muscles may be due to many factors including the central organization of their motoneurones and to local neuromuscular properties. Evidence supporting a contribution from intrinsic muscle properties is provided by studies of isolated curarized muscles.

Abdominal Muscles↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Respiratory muscle coordination in acute spinal dogs.

Our objectives were (1) to test whether respiratory muscles of spinal dogs can generate the alternating pattern of activation seen in intact animals and (2) to characterize the responsiveness of spinal rhythms to mechanical ventilation. We recorded the electromyographic activities of inspiratory muscles (diaphragm and parasternal intercostals) and expiratory muscles (triangularis sterni and transversus abdominis) in ten anesthetized dogs before and after transection of the cervical cord at levels C1-C2 (n = 2), C2-C3 (n = 6), and C8 (n = 2). In 9/10 dogs, we observed short lasting (3-4 min) rhythmic ventilatory muscle activity for up to 3 h after transection. Inspiratory and expiratory muscles contracted simultaneously, suggesting an absence of mechanism(s) responsible for reciprocal muscle activation on a spinal level. Five of ten dogs showed tonic rib cage activity during apnea that was phasically modulated during mechanical ventilation. From the absence of alternating inspiratory and expiratory muscle activity in acute spinalized dogs, we conclude that dogs do not have a spinal pattern generator for respiration.

Animals↗