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At least 1,207 records · Page 67Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Effects of environmental design and police enforcement on violations of a handicapped parking ordinance.

This study presents two experiments that evaluate strategies to reduce violations of a handicapped parking ordinance. The first experiment compared effects of upright versus ground handicapped parking signs on percentage of intervals in which cars were parked illegally. Introducing upright signs produced an immediate reduction in the percentage of intervals of inappropriate use of parking spaces. The second experiment examined effects of a police enforcement program on percentage of intervals of inappropriate use of parking spaces and frequency of inappropriately parked cars. Results showed consistent reductions in percentage of intervals of inappropriate use and number of inappropriately parked cars compared with a control site where no enforcement program was introduced. Implications of the research data for law enforcement and public policy are discussed.

Architectural Accessibility↗
PubMed1989

Parent education project. III: Increasing affection and responsivity in developmentally handicapped mothers: component analysis, generalization, and effects on child language.

We evaluated the effects of a parent training program consisting of verbal instruction, modeling, and feedback on the affection and responsivity of 3 developmentally handicapped mothers towards their children. The results indicated the following: First, the training package increased maternal physical affection, praise, and imitation of child vocalizations. These parenting skills increased to levels found in comparison groups of nonhandicapped mothers. Second, the training package was more effective than verbal instruction alone, the latter being the predominant method presently used by social service workers. Third, most maternal gains were maintained over a 3- to 18-month follow-up period, although one mother required a reinforced maintenance procedure. Fourth, instructing mothers to generalize served to increase the generalization of newly acquired skills from play times (the training context) to child-care tasks (e.g., diapering, feeding). Fifth, teaching the parents to imitate child vocalizations was related to gains in both the frequency and quality of verbal behavior of the two language delayed children as measured by standardized developmental tests and in vivo comparisons with age-matched children (who had nonhandicapped parents). These results show that behavioral instruction can improve important child-rearing skills of developmentally handicapped mothers, with corresponding benefits to their children.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The use of behavioral assessment to prescribe and evaluate treatments for severely handicapped children.

Behavioral assessment procedures were used to prescribe and evaluate treatments of maladaptive behavior for 2 children with severe multiple handicaps. In Experiment 1, the results of an assessment of reinforcer preference were used in conjunction with a functional analysis of the conditions maintaining self-injurious behavior to prescribe a treatment for a child with severe disabilities. The treatment procedure involved the use of a pressure-sensitive microswitch to activate reinforcing stimuli during two solitary conditions, during which self-injurious behavior had occurred at high rates. The results were evaluated with a multiple baseline across settings design and indicated that self-injury decreased with concomitant increases in microswitch activation. Results were maintained at 6 weeks, 8 weeks, and 6 months. In Experiment 2, the results of behavioral assessments of reinforcer preference and self-injurious behavior were combined to develop a treatment for a second severely handicapped child, who exhibited high rates of self-injury in demand situations. This treatment was evaluated with a multiple baseline across tasks design and resulted in the elimination of self-injury for up to 15 months.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1991

A comprehensive evaluation of reinforcer identification processes for persons with profound multiple handicaps.

We evaluated comprehensively a preference assessment for identifying reinforcers for persons with profound multiple handicaps. Four experiments were conducted involving 18 individuals. Results of Experiment 1 replicated previous findings in that the assessment identified student preferences for respective stimuli, and caregiver opinion of preferences did not coincide with the systematic assessment. Results of Experiment 2 indicated highly preferred stimuli were likely to function as reinforcers in training programs, whereas stimuli not highly preferred did not function as reinforcers. Results of Experiment 3 suggested the 12 stimuli used in the assessment represented a comprehensive stimulus set for identifying preferences, although the utility of the set sometimes could be enhanced by caregiver opinion. Results of Experiment 4 indicated the assessment identified preferences likely to be maintained over time. Overall, results are discussed in terms of identifying limits and alternatives to a behavioral teaching technology when applied to persons with profound multiple handicaps.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Comparison of a 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthrinse and an essential oil mouthrinse on oral health in institutionalized, mentally handicapped adults: one-year results.

The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of a 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthrinse and an essential oil mouthrinse on plaque accumulation and gingivitis in mentally handicapped adults over a one-year period. Twenty-seven institutionalized mentally handicapped adults participated. Gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), and probing depths (PD) were recorded and an ultrasonic scaling was performed (Baseline 1). GI, PI, and PD were again recorded after 2 weeks (Baseline 2). Patients were then assigned to either the chlorhexidine or essential oil mouthrinse group. The patients rinsed twice daily under supervision with their assigned mouthrinse while maintaining their attempts at daily brushing. GI and PI were recorded at monthly intervals for 12 months, while the PD was recorded only at Baseline 1 and 2 and at 12 months. A paired t-test was used to compare differences between the parameters at Baseline 1 and Baseline 2. A 2-factor repeated measure ANOVA was performed on each parameter after the Baseline 2 evaluation. A statistically significant decrease in the probing depth occurred as a result of ultrasonic scaling; however, no significant changes in the PI or GI occurred. Both mouthrinses produced a significant improvement in the GI after one month. Despite the improvement, the GI was still indicative of disease. Over the 12 months no further significant improvement in the GI occurred. A statistically significant improvement in the PI occurred in the chlorhexidine group at month 1, but returned to Baseline 2 levels over the 12 months. No improvement in the PI occurred in the essential oil group. The probing depths remained the same over the 12 months.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Comparison of static balance in trainable mentally handicapped and nonhandicapped children.

While for 31 trainable mentally handicapped children and for 31 nonhandicapped (Mage 91.56 mo.), there were no differences in static balance on left or right legs, total balance time was significantly different between the two groups, confirming prior work which related motor proficiency to intelligence. The normal group showed significant positive correlations among height, weight, age, and measures of static balance but only age was not correlated with balance for the handicapped group.

Body Height↗
PubMed1985

Grapheme development in handicapped children's drawings.

According to F. Olivier children's drawings are composed of basic shapes called graphemes. Three sets of these graphemes develop between the ages of 3 and 5 yr. A cross-cultural study had shown no difference in grapheme development between Turkish and German children. When the drawings of physically handicapped children were compared with those of normally developing children, a significant difference was found in the third step of grapheme development, the production of symmetrical graphemes. Physically handicapped children are retarded by comparison with normally developing ones in rendering graphemes symmetrical. The reason for this might by asymmetry in their body schema.

Art↗
PubMed1985

Comparison of hand preference in trainable mentally handicapped and nonhandicapped children.

Hand preference was compared in 22 trainable mentally handicapped and 22 nonhandicapped children (Mage 78.00 mo.). Significant differences were found, showing the nonhandicapped group had a stronger preference when presented 10 hand-choice items from The Harris Tests of Lateral Dominance. In addition, stronger lefthandedness characterized the handicapped group, supporting previous research.

Child↗
PubMed1987

Latency of head movements of normal hearing and auditorially handicapped children.

19 auditory handicapped and 19 hearing children (4- to 12-yr.-old) were compared for performance on a visual localization task during which visual stimuli were presented both within and beyond the initial field of view. In the latter situations the localization response depends, initially on a cognitive map of the surrounding environment. The youngest group (4- and 5-yr.-old) of auditorially handicapped children showed, relative to their nondeaf peers, slower latencies of head movements to stimuli beyond their initial field of view. This finding is interpreted as these subjects having at their disposal a less precise, less adequate, cognitive map of the environment, possibly arising from a disturbed crossmodal integration as a consequence of the absence of auditory input.

Auditory Perception↗
PubMed1990

Attitudes of handicapped and nonhandicapped high school students toward physical education.

The attitudes of 381 handicapped and nonhandicapped high school students toward physical education in mainstreamed classes were compared using measures from the Kneer Attitude Inventory and Diagnostic Statements. A two-way analysis of variance yielded a significant difference between the groups' attitudes. Nonhandicapped high school students had significantly more positive attitudes toward physical education than their handicapped peers. No sex differences were significant.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Self-handicapping and obesity: is there a sympathetic audience out there?

After reading a case description of a 20-year-old woman, subjects attributed her personal shortcomings to her weight rather than to herself per se. In particular, people who scored higher on a measure of self-handicapping were even more likely to attribute shortcomings to a person's weight and excuse or overlook them. A person who attributes shortcomings to being overweight will very likely find a sympathetic audience. These results support the suggestion by Baumeister, Kahn, and Tice (1990) that obesity can be a self-handicapping strategy.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Preschool children's comprehension of the world "handicapped".

A group of 4- and 5-yr.-old children were asked the meaning of the word "handicapped," while another group were asked the meaning of a nonsense word. Five of 15 children claimed to know the meaning of "handicapped" but none could supply a factual definition. Two of 15 children in the comparison group claimed to know the meaning of the nonsense word. Despite their lack of knowledge, children in both groups continued to answer questions regarding their attitudes toward the word. The results cast doubt on the effective use of verbal measures of attitudes toward persons with disabilities when the subjects are preschool children.

Attitude↗
PubMed1998

Preliminary study on the effect of rocking on activities of persons with severe mental and physical handicaps.

In this preliminary observation, a group of seven mentally and physically handicapped persons of chronological ages ranging from 15.4 yr. to 26.8 yr. experienced 15 sec. of physical rocking. For the further analysis, the poststimulus periods were classified into either those when the subjects' spontaneous head, mouth, and body movements had increased from the prestimulus period or those decreased. The median heart rates recorded in the poststimulus period were not significantly different from those in the prestimulus period on trials on which there was an observable increase in the rates of spontaneous head, mouth, and body movements; however, the median heart rates decreased during those trials on which a decrease in the rates of the movements occurred. Since it is said that rocking heightens arousal of persons with mental and physical handicaps, it is suggested that spontaneously emitted, aimless head, mouth, and body movements attributed to low arousal were reduced by heightened arousal rather than by a decline in participants' activities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Correlations between self-handicapping and self-defeating personality.

In this study scores on Strube's self-handicapping scale were correlated with scores on Schill's self-defeating personality scale. Berglas believes there are subtypes of self-defeating personality and that his concept of self-handicapping should be correlated with the three criteria which represent a self-protective component of self-defeating personality. Some support for Berglas' proposition was found, particularly for men. However, correlations with other components of self-defeating personality suggest the criteria thought to be self-protective may need to be reconsidered.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Evaluation of toy variation on engagement in a leisure activity of two children with profound multiple handicaps.

We conducted two studies to examine whether satiation occurs during leisure activities for children with profound multiple handicaps and whether it can be prevented by the alternate use of a sufficient number of different toys. The two studies were done in a training program in which the use of a switch connected to battery-operated toys was taught to two children with profound multiple handicaps. In Study I (Child 1), two experimental conditions were compared: variation (use of 5 toys in the same learning session) and identity (use of only one of these toys throughout the session). The variation condition produced higher and more stable performance than the identity condition, which yielded a progressive decrease in the appearance of the target behavior. In Study 2 (Child 2), satiation appeared from one session to another and the rate of responding increased when a new toy was presented. Some practical and theoretical implications are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Motivation and future temporal orientation: a test of the self-handicapping hypothesis.

Self-handicapping motivation refers to the likelihood a person will project personal ambition into the future, make a pessimistic judgement, and then mobilise effort in the present to avoid an anticipated negative outcome. It should, therefore, be a correlate of future time perspective. This study showed for a sample of 120 first-year students that, whilst future time perspective did strongly predict scores on a measure of self-handicapping motivation, neither variable was a useful predictor of outcome.

Adolescent↗