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At least 1,207 records · Page 67Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

On-line versus off-line vestibular-evoked control of goal-directed arm movements.

The present study tested whether vestibular input can be processed on-line to control goal-directed arm movements towards memorized visual targets when the whole body is passively rotated during movement execution. Subjects succeeded in compensating for current body rotation by regulating ongoing arm movements. This performance was compared to the accuracy with which subjects reached for the target when the rotation occurred before the movement. Subjects were less accurate in updating the internal representation of visual space through vestibular signals than in monitoring on-line body orientation to control arm movement. These results demonstrate that vestibular signals contribute to motor control of voluntary arm movements and suggest that the processes underlying on-line regulation of goal-directed movements are different from those underlying navigation-like behaviors.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Goals of medical student psychiatric education.

In this article the authors present a comprehensive statement of the goals of medical student psychiatric education. The focus is on content rather than on the process of teaching or of curriculum design. Many of the areas of learning are likely either to be taught by nonpsychiatric instructors or to be not specifically programmable into a curriculum. The approach of focusing on the desired competence in terms of knowledge, skills, and attitudes can result in these goals and their subsequent modifications serving as a benchmark for assessment of the adequacy of a particular program.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Educational views and attitudes, and career goals of MD-PhD students at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine.

PURPOSE: Despite the documented contribution of graduates of MD-PhD programs to the medical profession, few data exist concerning the views, attitudes, and career goals of students before they graduate from such programs. METHOD: All 167 students enrolled in the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Combined Degree Program in the spring of 2002 were invited to participate in an IRB-approved online questionnaire consisting of 81 multiple-choice questions covering students' demographics, satisfaction with their educational experience, future goals and career aspirations, and attitudes and views concerning the physician-scientist model. RESULTS: The 96 MD-PhD students (57.5%) who completed the questionnaire represented a diverse group with individuals from every stage of training. The majority of students were satisfied with their overall educational experience (90.5%). Although students reported an interest in a wide range of clinical specialties, 84.4% indicated plans to pursue a career in research and 79.2% preferred a position at an academic medical center. However, a larger percentage of males (70.7%) than females (50.0%) listed research as their primary professional activity. The range of students' views and attitudes regarding the physician-scientist model suggests that additional education and discussion are warranted. CONCLUSION: The MD-PhD students surveyed at the University of Pennsylvania were satisfied with their education and most were planning research-oriented careers. Yet, the aspirations, views and concerns of individual MD-PhD students were varied. The authors believe this information in aggregate will prove useful to current and future students, combined degree programs, policymakers, and residency directors.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Validating a compendium of goals and objectives for educating CNS students in ambulatory care.

In fall 1990, the Department of Veterans Affairs launched a Pilot Ambulatory Care and Education program that has as its major goal the shift from a traditional inpatient specialty-based focus of patient care and health professional education to a more forward-looking outpatient generalist-based focus of care and education. The generalist and specialist focus of the CNS role has been introduced in this innovative ambulatory care program. Formal and informal educational opportunities for interdisciplinary team members and students abound. This article describes the development and validation of a compendium of goals and objectives for educating CNS students in ambulatory care.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed2004

Clinical nurses' understanding of autonomy: accomplishing patient goals through interdependent practice.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to enable nurse managers to identify strategies to support and enhance autonomous practice based on clinical nurses' understanding of autonomy. BACKGROUND: Findings from an organizational work-life satisfaction survey led a nursing management team to question how clinical nurses understand autonomy. The nursing literature offers inconsistent definitions of autonomy and interchangeable use of related concepts. METHODS: Twelve focus groups involving 43 nurses working in cardiovascular service units discussed instances of satisfaction and dissatisfaction with autonomy in their clinical practice and work life. Verbatim transcripts of group discussions were interpreted by a research team to identify salient examples and descriptions of autonomy. RESULTS: Nurses described autonomy as their ability to accomplish patient care goals in a timely manner by using their knowledge and skills to understand and contribute to the overall plan of care; assess patient needs and conditions; effectively communicate concerns and priorities regarding patient care; and access and coordinate the resources of the multidisciplinary team. CONCLUSIONS: These findings challenge assumptions about autonomy as independent decision making and practice. They highlight nurses' contributions to patient care goals through knowledge of how to get things done within hospital systems and through interdisciplinary coordination and collaboration.

Alberta↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Parenting needs, goals, & strategies of adolescent mothers.

PURPOSE: To identify and organize the perceived needs, goals, and strategies of teen mothers. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Qualitative, using a microethnographic design. Data collection strategies included focus groups and interviews in a naturalistic setting. The sample consisted of five unmarried 18-year-old mothers enrolled in an urban high school in a southern state. Data were analyzed using a clustering technique and a modified multistage method of content analysis. RESULTS: Teen mothers identified their needs as support and knowledge. Goals were happiness, independence, and career, and strategies were a support group, life skills education, formal education, and a job. A model was developed incorporating these themes. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Nurses can use the findings of this study to develop support groups for adolescent mothers that offer peer support and education about teen and child needs, are flexible and multidisciplinary, are supportive and accepting, have a comfortable physical environment, and include the adolescents' children and occasionally grandparents.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Outcomes of a nonaversive behavior intervention in intellectually impaired individuals using goal attainment scaling.

BACKGROUND: Intellectually impaired individuals with severe behavior problems pose a challenge to caregivers in treatment and management. The use of behavioral intervention techniques, for example, differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO), has been shown the most effective with this client group type. Studies suggest that DRO is effective and may result in generalization of treatment effects. OBJECTIVES: To test which of three behavior interventions (DRO, mutual goal setting [MGS], and routine care) improve self-care behaviors in moderately intellectually impaired individuals with behavioral problems, and to examine whether the use of goal attainment scaling (GAS) in evaluating interventions reflects improvement in self-care behavior. METHOD: A quasi-experimental design with small-group and single-subject repeated measures were used. The participants (15 congenitally moderately intellectually impaired residents with inadequate self-care behaviors) were randomly assigned to one of the three interventions for fostering self-care behaviors. To evaluate the outcome of treatment, GAS was used. Staff in the DRO and MGS groups developed and evaluated rehabilitation plans with each participant. Participants in the DRO group, but not the MGS group, were positively reinforced immediately. Staff in the routine care group assisted residents. The intervention continued for 22 weeks; follow-up was 16 weeks. RESULTS: A change score was calculated from the GAS for each participant and group. The expected range of mean GAS scores for individuals and groups was between 23 and 77, with 23 (-2) representing less than and 77 (+2) much more than expected improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Findings showed DRO to be more effective than the other interventions in improving self-care behaviors. Comparisons of the GAS mean baseline and mean intervention scores in all three interventions demonstrated the actual improvement in the self-care behaviors.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Long-term goals and normalization strategies of children and families affected by HIV/AIDS.

Decreasing morbidity and mortality of HIV/AIDS has created a growing population of parents and children who are long-term survivors. Using symbolic interaction and ethnographic methods, this study explores families' long-term goals and normalization strategies and the relevance of the published attributes of the concept of normalization for families affected by HIV disease. Findings indicate that treatment complexity and the need for stigma management prevent families from defining their lives as normal, but they do deliberately use normalization strategies to achieve the following goals: health maintenance for members with HIV, facilitation of children's school participation, and enhancement of the emotional well-being of all family members.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Linking maternal efficacy beliefs, developmental goals, parenting practices, and child competence in rural single-parent African American families.

With a sample of 139 rural, single-parent African American families with a 6- to 9-year-old child, we traced the links among family financial resource adequacy, maternal childrearing efficacy beliefs, developmental goals, parenting practices, and children's academic and psychosocial competence. A multimethod, multiinformant design was used to assess the constructs of interest. Consistent with the hypothesized paths, financial resource adequacy was linked with mothers' sense of childrearing efficacy. Efficacy beliefs were linked with parenting practices indirectly through developmental goals. Competence-promoting parenting practices were indirectly linked with children's academic and psychosocial competence through their association with children's self-regulation.

Achievement↗
PubMed1983

Goal-setting in terminal care: a method of recording treatment aims and priorities.

Although hospices are often said to provide a higher standard of care to terminally ill patients than conventional health care facilities, little empirical investigation has been conducted to test such statements. One aspect of the care process for which hospices are often praised is the attention paid to social and emotional problems concerning the patient, as well as more directly clinical matters. Often these goals are not explicitly stated. This paper investigates a method for systematically documenting the goals set by a multidisciplinary group of staff for the patients under their care. The study was conducted in a National Health Service (NHS) terminal cancer care unit, the staff of which were interested in setting clear, explicit objectives for their patients.

Documentation↗
PubMed2005

Twelve- and 18-month-olds copy actions in terms of goals.

In the context of an imitation game, 12- and 18-month-old infants saw an adult do such things as make a toy mouse hop across a mat (with sound effects). In one condition (House), the adult ended by placing the mouse in a toy house, whereas in another condition (No House) there was no house present at the final location. Infants at both ages usually simply put the mouse in the house (ignoring the hopping motion and sound effects) in the House condition, presumably because they interpreted the adult's action in terms of this final goal and so ignored the behavioral means. In contrast, infants copied the adult's action (both the hopping motion and the sound effects) when no house was present, presumably because here infants saw the action itself as the adult's only goal. From very early, infants' social learning is flexible: infants focus on and copy either the end or the means of an adult action as required by the context.

Child Development↗
PubMed1996

A randomised controlled trial of different intensities of physiotherapy and different goal-setting procedures in 44 children with cerebral palsy.

Forty-four children aged 3 to 11 years with quadriplegic cerebral palsy were prospectively stratified and randomised into four treatment groups. The acquisition of motor skills was assessed in a 2 x 2 factorial design using the Gross Motor Function Measure. The two factors were conventional amounts of physiotherapy vs intensive amounts of physiotherapy, and the use of broad, generalised aims vs the use of specific measurable goals directed at motor skill acquisition. 82% of the children improved. Over the two-week period, intensive physiotherapy produced a slightly greater effect than conventional physiotherapy but the factor more strongly associated with increased motor skill acquisition was the use of specific measurable goals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

The 'good mother'--a comparative study of Swedish, Italian and American maternal behavior and goals.

This paper is based on a comparative, psychologically informed ethnographic study of maternal goals and infant care during the first year of life for 20 mothers and infants in each of three Western settings: Stockholm, Sweden, outside Rome, Italy, and suburban Boston, in the United States. Two research questions were posed to consider cultural ideas and ideals about mothering; How was the 'good mother' defined? How did sample women themselves, mother? Research hypotheses were that definitions of a good mother would be culture-specific with minimal within-culture variance. Furthermore, the frequency of maternal behaviors would also exhibit culture specific patterns. Research methods included event based behavioral observations of infant-caregiver interactions in the home, daily routine questionnaires, maternal attitude interviews, and ethnographic observations of community and family life. Research hypothesis were confirmed. Results revealed culture-specific variation in conceptions of the 'good mother'. Cultural differences were reflected in the short- and long-term goals which the sample women described for their children. Patterns of infant care, in turn, were consistent with the cultural values expressed, as well as the cultural norms of social interaction.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Goals in hemiplegia care.

Physicians should assume leadership and a greater role in the post-stroke management of the hemiplegic patient, so that the recipient of care becomes an active participant in the treatment team. The patient should be fully aware of his condition, and partake in establishment of the goals together with subsequent evaluation of accomplishments and progress. Some short-term and some longer-term goals are outlined as a guide. A method for performance scoring is suggested. These performance ratings may assist in establishing priorities for discharge planning and continuation of care. They also may permit more accurate assessment and documentation of the patient's capacities and the efficacy of the various approaches to adequate care.

Achievement↗
PubMed1998

Managed care and the goals of medicine.

The goals of medicine encompass the relief of pain and suffering, the promotion of health and the prevention of disease, the forestalling of death and the promoting of a peaceful death, and the cure of disease when possible and the care of those who can not be cured. Managed care, as a system of integrated healthcare delivery designed to control costs, is not, in principle, incompatible with the goals of medicine, but in practice it may well be, depending on whether profit is sought, whether the integrity of physicians' medical judgment is protected, and whether government regulations control managed care practices to prevent abuse and to enhance the quality of care.

Goals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Parental goals and the birthing experience.

In order to assess the extent to which the obstetric care they were providing was oriented to the family's goals, health-care professionals at a midwestern university hospital planned and conducted an evaluation study of patient services. A mailed questionnaire survey of 91 families who used three family practice residency program model clinics for obstetric care focused on the goals, plans, and experiences that parents has regarding the labor, delivery, and postpartum periods. Parents reported wanting opportunities to be close to the infant immediately postpartum, more time with the infant in the recovery room, earlier rooming-in, more time spent with the infant at night for feeding, and sibling visitation as well as opportunities for siblings to hold the new infant.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Affect and achievement goals in physical activity: a meta-analysis.

Achievement goal orientation theory has been the subject of extensive research in recent years. In view of the importance of identifying the motivational antecedents of affect in physical activity, this study examined through meta-analysis the conflicting evidence regarding the links between different achievement goals and emotions. Using the formulas of Hunter and Schmidt (1), correlations were gathered from 41 independent samples and were corrected for both sampling and measurement errors. The results showed that task orientation and positive affect were moderately-to-highly correlated and in a positive fashion, whereas the relationship between task orientation and negative affect was negative and moderate to small. Both correlations were found to be heterogeneous, and so moderators were sought. The relationships between ego orientation and positive and negative affect were positive but very small, with the former being heterogeneous. Moderators coded were the time frame of affect (independent of context vs. after an athletic event), the physical activity setting (school physical education vs. recreation vs. competitive sport), age (university vs. school students), nationality (British vs. American), nature of negative affect (high vs. low arousal), and the publication status of the studies (published vs. unpublished). Lastly, a subset of the corrected correlations were inserted into a structural equation modelling analysis in order to look concurrently at the relationships among all the variables.

Achievement↗
PubMed1999

Predicting physical activity intentions using a goal perspectives approach: a study of Finnish youth.

Physical activity intentions were studied in 12- to 16-year-old Finnish girls (n= 186) and boys (n=215). Theoretical predictions were used to establish a model that was then tested separately for each sex using path analysis. Firstly, it was hypothesised that malleable conceptions of the nature of sport ability positively influence enjoyment in physical activity and intentions to participate in physical activity, mediated by a task-oriented achievement goal independent of variations in perceptions of competence. Secondly, it was hypothesised that fixed conceptions of the nature of ability decrease enjoyment in physical activity and intentions to participate, mediated by an ego-oriented achievement goal and by perceived competence. The modified models were shown to fit the data. Overall, the results showed that 63% (boys) and 45% (girls) of the variance in intentions was explained by the model. The motivational importance of task orientation and, among the boys, perceived physical competence was confirmed with their direct prediction of intentions.

Achievement↗