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At least 1,207 records · Page 67Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of routine fiberoptic bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage on arterial blood gases.

Effect of conventional fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) procedure (Group A, n = 10) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) (Group B, n = 11) on arterial blood gases was studied in 21 patients. A significant fall in arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) with widening of alveolar arterial oxygen gradient D(A-a)O2 was observed during FOB (p < 0.001) and 30 minutes following the procedure (p < 0.001). Bronchoalveolar lavage was also associated with significant fall (p < 0.001) in PaO2 with increased D(A-a)O2 and this fall in PaO2 persisted for 30 minutes after the procedure (p < 0.01). None of the patients received oxygen during the procedures. None of the patients in either group developed bronchospasm. No change in arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) was observed in either group. Hypoxaemic encephalopathy developed in one patient in group A, hypotension and cyanosis developed in one patient each in group B. No mortality was encountered in the study. All the three patients with complications were excluded from final analysis. It was concluded from this study that both conventional bronchoscopy and BAL procedures were associated with significant hypoxaemia and supplemental oxygen should be given to all patients during the procedure and should be continued for at least 30 min. afterwards.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[The effects of sodium nitroprusside and almitrine bismesylate on blood gases, hemodynamics and oxygen delivery in patients with cor pulmonale].

The effects of sodium nitroprusside and almitrine bismesylate on blood gases, hemodynamics and oxygen delivery were respectively studied in twenty-one and eighteen patients with cor pulmonale. The treatment of sodium nitroprusside resulted in significant decrease in pulmonary artery pressure. Although physiological shunt was increased (from 12.6 +/- 10.5 to 20.1 +/- 10.9%, P < 0.01) and arterial oxygen tension was decreased (from 12.6 +/- 4.0 to 9.9 +/- 2.5 kPa, P < 0.01) in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation, cardiac index (from 44.8 +/- 10.5 to 53.3 +/- 12.8 ml.s-1/m-2, P < 0.05) and oxygen delivery index (from 7.8 +/- 1.7 to 9.2 +/- 2.3 ml.s-1/m-2, P < 0.05) were improved. After treatment with almitrine bismesylate, improvement of arterial oxygen tension was observed in patients with spontaneous breathing (from 6.7 +/- 0.6 to 7.8 +/- 0.6 kPa, P < 0.05) and undergoing mechanical ventilation (from 10.9 +/- 1.9 to 13.4 +/- 2.5 kPa, P < 0.01), but increment of mean pulmonary artery pressure (from 3.8 to 0.5 and 3.1 +/- 0.8 to 6.3 +/- 0.7 and 3.6 +/- 0.9 kPa, respectively, P < 0.01) was noted.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

[The effects of anesthetic techniques and insufflating gases on ventilation during laparoscopy].

The present study was performed to clarify the influences of anesthetic methods and insufflating gases on arterial blood gas and ventilation during laparoscopy. Forty five women undergoing laparoscopy for gynecological procedure were studied after dividing into four groups; general anesthesia with control ventilation or epidural anesthesia with spontaneous breathing, plus insufflation with carbon dioxide (CO2) or nitrous oxide (N2O). After CO2 insufflation, PaCO2 increased significantly in the patients who were mechanically ventilated, but not in the patients breathing spontaneously. After N2O insufflation, the decrease in tidal volume (VT) and the increase in VD/VT were significant, but minute ventilation was well maintained by the compensatory increase in respiratory frequency during spontaneous breathing. On the other hand, after CO2 insufflation VE and VD/VT increased significantly without any change in VT. PaO2 decreased significantly after both insufflation and Trendelenburg tilt in all groups, probably secondary to the decrease in functional residual capacity. These findings suggest that during laparoscopy, ventilation could be well maintained by spontaneous breathing, although the increase in VD/VT and costal breathing indicate the increase in respiratory work load. We recommend that ventilation and oxygenation should be closely monitored during laparoscopy to avoid hypercapnia and hypoxia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Activities of the Committee on pH, Blood Gases and Electrolytes, International Federation of Clinical Chemistry, 1977-1992.

Among the many contributions of Ole Siggaard-Andersen to the field of clinical chemistry, one of the most significant is his fifteen-year participation in the work of the Committee on pH, Blood Gases and Electrolytes of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry. This is a brief summary of the mission and accomplishments of that committee.

Blood Gas Analysis↗
PubMed1993

IFCC reference methods and materials for measurement of pH, gases and electrolytes in blood.

The Scientific Division Committee on pH, Blood Gases and Electrolytes (SD-CBGE) and Working Group on Selective Electrodes (SD-WGSE) of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) produced recommendations to attempt to make the results of pH, blood gas and electrolyte analysis from different clinical chemistry laboratories internationally compatible. The aim of this paper is to present an updated version of a previous review of the essential aspects of: 1. the IFCC approved (1986) reference method for pH measurement in blood, 2. the IFCC approved (1988) reference method for tonometry of blood, 3. the provisionally proposed recommendations on the expression of results obtained with Ion-Selective Electrodes (ISE's) for sodium, potassium and ionized calcium measuring in serum, plasma or blood and 4. the provisionally proposed reference method for the determination of ionized calcium in serum, plasma or blood. Also reference materials for quality control of pH, blood gas and electrolyte measurements are discussed.

Blood Gas Analysis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effects of nitrogen dioxide on alveolar macrophages surviving in the gas phase. A new experimental model for the study of in vitro cytotoxicity of toxic gases (author's transl)].

Alveolar macrophages surviving in the gas phase were exposed to concentrations of NO2 (0.1, 1 and 2 ppm) for 30 minutes. The exposed cells showed morphological changes, a decrease in bactericidal activity and a reduction of the ATP content. The severity of these changes is related to NO2 concentration. This new experimental model offers new possibilities for studies on the cytotoxicity of gases.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1993

Effect of hydroxyzine and meperidine on arterial blood gases in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Hydroxyzine is frequently used to tranquilize chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, who may be concomitantly receiving narcotic analgesics. Therefore, its effect alone and in combination with meperidine on arterial blood gases and ventilation at rest were evaluated in 44 patient volunteers, who gave informed consent. Hydroxyzine, 1.5 mg/kg i.v. caused no significant decrease in PaO2 and pH, no increase in PaCO2 at 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60 min post-infusion (n = 13, mean age = 63.4 years). Meperidine, 1.5 mg/kg i.v. caused a significant (p < 0.001) reduction in PaO2 for 20 min with concomitant increase in PaCO2 (n = 14; mean age = 49.4 years). The combination of the same doses of hydroxyzine with meperidine i.v. caused no greater decrease in PaO2 or in pH or increase in PaCO2 than did meperidine alone (n = 17; mean age = 52.6 years), indicating no greater ventilatory depression with the combination than with meperidine alone. The lack of significant pH decreases at 30 and 60 min further corroborates no potentiation of meperidine by hydroxyzine. In conclusion, hydroxyzine, even when given through the i.v. route in excess of the maximum i.m. therapeutic dose, caused no changes in PaO2, PaCO2 or pH in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Therefore, its i.m. administration resulting in lower blood levels than i.v., is not likely to cause ventilatory depression. Furthermore, hydroxyzine caused no potentiation of the ventilatory depression induced by meperidine, hence hydroxyzine may be safely employed in combination with meperidine.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of medetomidine and fentanyl-droperidol in dogs: sedation, analgesia, arterial blood gases and lactate levels.

Medetomidine and fentanyl-droperidol (Innovar-vet) were assessed over a three hour period in 80 healthy dogs. Following physical examination, electrocardiogram (ECG), arterial blood sample analysis, and dynamometer pressure threshold (analgesia score), the dogs were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: Miv--medetomidine (750 micrograms/M2) administered intravenously (IV), Mim--medetomidine (1000 micrograms/M2) administered intramuscularly (IM), Iiv--Innovar-vet IV (0.05 mL/kg) or Iim--Innovar-vet IM (0.1 mL/kg). All assessments were carried out by a single individual unaware of the treatment used. Objective assessments included temperature, heart and respiratory rates, analgesia score, arterial blood gases, acid-base and lactate levels. Subjective evaluation included degree of sedation, response to various clinical procedures, noise responsiveness, posture, and the incidence of side effects. Onset and duration of effect were also recorded. The ECG strips were assessed for arrhythmias. Data was analyzed using a 3-way analysis of variance for continuous variables and a Chi-square analysis of frequencies. A p value < or = 0.05 was considered significant. Medetomidine-treated animals had a decreased respiratory rate, longer duration of analgesic effect, increased incidence of bradycardia, vomiting and twitching, were less noise responsive and shivered less throughout the study. An increased incidence of second degree heart block with Miv (15 min), a delayed onset and recovery with Mim and increased lactate levels following Iiv (15 min) were observed. No differences were found in other measurements and good to excellent chemical restraint was produced with all treatments in 65% or more cases.

Analgesia↗
PubMed1995

[Problems of commercially available heparinized syringes in measurements of blood gases and electrolytes].

We compared the measured values of blood gases and electrolytes by commercially available heparinized syringes (PZ-II, Quick-lite and QS90) with normal and decreased calcium concentrations. With normal calcium concentration, the measured value of [Ca2+] in PZ-II was significantly less than that in Quick-lite and QS90, seemingly due to contained heparin. With hypocalcemia, the measured values of [Ca2+] in Quick-lite and QS90 were significantly greater than those in non-heparinized syringe. The pH and PO2 decreased, and PCO2 increased as time passed. The [Ca2+] was suggested to be more influenced by heparin than by acid-base balance.

Blood Gas Analysis↗
PubMed1977

Acute effects of truncal vagotomy on gastric wall tissue gases in the dog.

Acute effects of truncal vagotomy on gastric wall tissue gases were studied in the dog by means of implanted Silastic tonometers. It was concluded that vagal denervation produces a significant fall of tissue PO2 in both corpus and antrum. Simultaneously, corpus PCO2 markedly decreases whereas antral PCO2 remains unchanged. The findings may be explained by a dual mechanism: reduced gastric blood flow and decreased metabolic activity in the parietal cell area. It is possible that reduction in CO2 accumulation decreases the supply of carbonic acid to the anhydrase system, thereby reducing the formation of hydrogen ions for acid production.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[A mathematical model of permissible integral supercritical supersaturation of tissues by gases under decompression].

A criterion of permissible integral supercritical gas oversaturation of the body tissues was established using mathematical modelling. The heart of this criterion is that if integral supercritical oversaturation of tissues by gases does not go beyond a permissible level, gas bubbles do not reach critical volumes and give rise to decompression sickness symptoms. An equation was also built to calculate integral supercritical oversaturation of tissues during and after decompression. Permissible integral supercritical saturation values were determined for animals from mice to dogs and humans basing on literary threshold pressures with saturation and follow-on one-step decompression.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Making sense of arterial blood gases and their interpretation.

The measurement of arterial blood gases provides insight into the clinical condition of patients with acute illness. This article discusses the theory and terminology used, introduces the analysis of results and gives an overview of how samples are taken

Bias↗
PubMed1996

Immune response to exhaust gases derived from two-cycle combustion engine following experimental exposure.

Experimental exposures using laboratory Wistar rats inhaling the exhaust gases derived from a two-cycle combustion engine under the chamber conditions have been carried out. Immune response reflecting a burden of the respiratory system in the exposed animals following the respiratory exposure has been investigated. In variously designed exposure experiments, the dynamics of pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) activity to phagocyte particular antigen (sheep red blood cells), the hemolysis production, the total serum complement level and the capacity of the pulmonary clearance from the inhaled silica dust have been examined. The findings revealed the depressed ability to produce antibodies against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in case of prolonged animals exposure during the time-interval of antibodies production. PAM phagocytic activity decreased considerably as well, in the first phases of the SRBC phagocytosis. The total serum complement level was found to be decreased in consonance with the decreased hemolysins production. The pulmonary clearance from the inhaled silica particles was statistically significantly elevated in the animals exposed long-term before the dusting only. In case of the prolonged exposure during the lung clearance period of 25 days, the exposed animals did not show the difference anymore, if compared to the non-exposed group.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Changes in brain pH, PO2, PCO2, cerebral blood flow, and blood gases induced by a hyperosmolar oxyreplete hemosubstitute during cardiopulmonary bypass.

Eleven goats (mean weight, 69 +/- 16 kg) underwent 5 hrs of normothermic nonpulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) using as priming fluid either a Ringer's based crystalloid priming solution (CP, n = 5) of a hyperosmolar oxyreplete hemosubstitute (HS, n = 6). The HS contained 20% w/v perfluorocarbon (perfluorodecalin), its osmolarity was 800-900 mOsm/1, and the administered dose of perfluorocarbon was 30-50 ml/kg. Otherwise, the experimental procedure was identical for both groups. PaCO2 was maintained above 35 mmHg and blood flow rate at 65 ml/kg. Brain tissue pH, PO2, and PCO2, cerebral blood flow (CBF), arterial and venous blood gases, and other systemic variables were monitored. During CPB, PVO2 and brain tissue PO2 were increased significantly in the HS group. The CBF per kilogram of weight also was significantly higher in the HS group. Metabolic acidosis developed in both groups and, surprisingly, brain tissue pH and pHV were lower in the HS group. The mean values of PVCO2 and brain tissue PCO2 indicate that brain tissue hypercapnia also occurred in both groups. The HS provided long-term stability and compatibility with electrolytes, and did not cause major complications or allergic reactions during CPB. Perfluorocarbon based HSs improve tissue oxygenation, eliminate the risk of infection due to homologous transfusions, do not require blood type matching, have a shelf life longer than that of blood, and, therefore, they can be an important factor in diminishing the incidence of complications after CPB.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Possibilities of transcutaneous monitoring of blood gases].

The authors analyze the experience gained in noninvasive transcutaneous monitoring of blood gases ptkO2 and ptkCO2 (MICROGAS device, Contron, France) in 33 oncological patients during surgery with irradiation of the operation wound (n = 13) under conditions of total intravenous anesthesia (TIA) with artificial ventilation of the lungs with a hypoxic respiration mixture (FiO2 10%) and during surgery for breast cancer under TIA with spontaneous respiration (n = 20). Transcutaneous monitoring was found to be a sensitive rapidly reacting method, more informative than pulsed oximetry, for intraoperative hypoxyradiotherapy with long-distance monitoring of a patient; under such conditions it can be the only possible method for monitoring the preset level of pO2. The results of measuring ptkO2 and ptkCO2 are close to the values in the arterial blood.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Interpretation of neonatal blood gases, Part II: Disorders of acid-base balance.

Timely and accurate interpretation of blood gases is of paramount importance in providing comprehensive neonatal care. Disorders of acid-base balance may evolve quickly in respiratory problems or develop over time with metabolic imbalances. In many cases, the interpretation of acid-base disorders may be complicated by the mixed metabolic and respiratory origins of the disorder. An overview of the underlying physiology of acid-base balance and oxygen transport helps the nurse understand the causes and subsequent treatments of the various disorders. Such an overview was presented in part I of this series (Vol. 16, No. 5). This article presents a discussion of the four basic types of acid-base disorders. A systematic plan for blood gas evaluation is presented, along with several case studies illustrating the principles of blood gas analysis.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Health effects of anesthetic gases.

There are no national regulatory standards from the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration for anesthetic gases. Moreover, there is little data to confirm that current scavenging and exhaust ventilation systems reduce exposure below recommended limits. Operating theater personnel and workers in postanesthesia units are especially at risk.

Anesthetics↗
PubMed1976

[Changes in partial pressures of gases and of pH in the arterial blood of hypocapnic and hypercapnic subjects subjected to oxygen therapy].

The behaviour of partial tensions of respiratory gases and pH in the arterial blood was evaluated in anoxiaemic and hypercapnic (1st group) and hypo-eucapnic (IInd group) subjects undergoing oxygen therapy. The following phenomena were observed: 1) normalization in paO2 values in both groups; 2) statistically significant diminution in paCO2, especially as regards hypercapnic subjects; 3) statistically significant diminution in blood pH; 4) statistically significant diminution in bicarbonates. In the light of these findings, it is considered that other variables, such as the electrolytes, might play an important role in pH diminution during oxygen therapy and that further research should be carried out to look into the possibility.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗