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At least 1,207 records · Page 67Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Studies on pathogenesis of fowl pox: virological study.

One-month-old WLH chickens were inoculated with a field isolate of fowl pox virus (FPV) by intradermal (i.d.) and intratracheal (i.t.) routes. In intradermally infected chickens, the virus in titrable amounts was first detected in the skin at the inoculation site on day 2 and in lungs on day 4 followed by viraemia on the day 5 post-infection (p.i.). Subsequently the virus was recovered from liver, spleen, kidney and brain, but not from the heart. The chickens infected by i.t. route showed an almost similar outcome with minor differences as the virus was first demonstrated in the lungs on day 2 p.i., viraemia occurred on day 4 p.i. Initiation of pocks at the inoculation site in i.d. infected birds was observed on days 3 to 4 p.i., generalized cutaneous pock lesions appeared from 7 to 8 days p.i.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Comparison of various anesthetic regimens in the domestic fowl.

Three anesthetic agents (equithesin, metomidate, and ketamine) combined with diazepam were tested in the domestic fowl. Laparotomy and thoractomy were possible with the equithesin/diazepam combination, but only laparotomy was possible with the metomidate/diazepam combination. The combination of ketamine/diazepam did not result in the depth of anesthesia required for surgical procedures. Repeated blood pressure and heart rate measurements were recorded by use of a modified noninvasive Doppler technique. Equithesin/diazepam was our combination of choice for long-duration surgical anesthesia. The depth of anesthesia could be modulated by increasing the dose of diazepam. Metomidate/diazepam was useful when short-term anesthesia was required. In contrast to equithesin/diazepam, the metomidate/diazepam combination provided unstable anesthesia of varying depth and duration. Adverse reactions with metomidate indicated caution when using this drug in chickens; the drug also caused marked bradycardia. Ketamine/diazepam combination cannot be recommended as an anesthetic agent for use in chickens. The combination may be useful for minor surgical procedures or treatment, but not for experimental procedures that involve major surgery. Diazepam alone had a slight tranquilizing effect.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pathological changes of tracheal mucosa in chickens infected with fowl pox virus.

Five-week-old chickens were inoculated with fowl pox (FP) virus and killed on various days through day 30 postinoculation (PI). The trachea was examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), a transmission electron microscope (TEM), and a light microscope (LM). From day 3 PI, small focal lesions of the mucosa were detected. On day 7 PI, upon formation of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies, epithelial cells proliferated profusely, enlarged, and formed clusters like papillomata. The disease proceeded to the gradual disruption of the lesions owing to the collapse of individual degenerating epithelial cells. Total desquamation of the lesions was observed. Ultrastructural examination revealed that the surface degenerating epithelial cells of the lesions ruptured and had virus particles inside. These changes were accompanied by severe inflammatory reaction. Thereafter, epithelial cells regenerated actively and the mucosa recovered by day 27 PI.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Respiratory responses of the domestic fowl to low level carbon dioxide exposure.

Respiratory function in the restrained, conscious domestic fowl was measured using a non-invasive technique and computer aided analysis to examine respiratory flow, and in-dwelling arterial catheters to monitor blood carbon dioxide levels. The effects of two low ranges of inspiratory carbon dioxide (0.2 to 1.0 per cent and 0.25 to 2.25 per cent) were studied, simulating levels of carbon dioxide that may occur in commercial poultry units and representing a mild environmental stress for the birds. A linear increase in minute volume with inspiratory carbon dioxide was observed, due primarily to increases in tidal volume. Arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) tension also rose as the inspiratory carbon dioxide concentration was raised, but higher inspiratory carbon dioxide levels were required to affect significantly blood carbon dioxide concentration than to modify respiratory parameters. Variation was observed in the individual bird's response to carbon dioxide (bird X carbon dioxide interaction), suggesting that resting values of the respiratory parameters measured were important in determining the bird's ventilatory response to carbon dioxide.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1986

[The development and growth of subcutaneous adipose tissue in various production types of domestic fowl].

Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of fat cells of the subcutaneous adipose tissue were studied in different production types of fowl in the post-incubation period. The cocks and hens of laying type were found to have fewer and smaller fat cells than the birds of broiler type. The highest hyperplasia was recorded in the first nine weeks of age, then followed a decrease, lasting until the 25th week. Hypertrophy continued step by step throughout the period of study and increased when hyperplasia decreased. The differences between sexes increase during sexual maturation: in the hens the hypertrophy of cells increases and hyperplasia does not decrease so quickly as in the cocks. Before sexual maturity, hypertrophy as well as hyperplasia are somewhat higher in the cocks.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Metabolism of N-nitrosodimethylamine and N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine in domestic fowls: DNA alkylation and potential target sites for carcinogenicity.

The metabolism and reaction with DNA of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBzA) were investigated in chickens. These nitrosamines have been identified in a typical diet consumed in northern Chinese provinces with a high incidence of oesophageal cancer in both, humans and domestic fowls. Following i.m. or oral administration of the 14C-methyl labeled nitroso compounds (16.5 mumol/kg) less than 10% of the total radioactivity was exhaled as 14CO2 within 24 hr. DNA alkylation in chicken tissues was generally low, with highest values in liver (approximately 30 mumol N7-methylguanine/mol guanine) and kidney. In the gastrointestinal tract, concentrations of methylpurines were close to the limit of detection. After oral administration of NMBzA the reaction with DNA was more extensive, in particular in the diverticulum (crop), where N7-methylguanine and 0(6)-methylguanine amounted to 32 and 3.5 mumol/mol guanine, respectively. These values are more than 10-fold lower than those produced by a similar dose in rats, i.e. a species in which NMBzA induces a high incidence of oesophageal carcinomas. The low capacity of the chicken mucosa to bioactivate NDMA and NMBzA argues against these nitrosamines as agents responsible for oesophageal cancer in high risk areas.

Alkylation↗
PubMed1978

Acute systemic anaphylaxis in adult domestic fowl--possible role of vasoactive lipids and peptides.

Bovine albumin (BA: 2 mg/kg-1, i.v.) produced a fall in systemic arterial blood pressure accompanied by central venous hypertension and bradycardia in pentobarbital-anaesthetized, spontaneously breathing, bovine albumin-sensitized adult domestic fowl. Trasylol (a potent inhibitor of kallikreins) suppressed acute systemic anaphylaxis. Polyphloretin phosphate (an effective antagonist of PGF2alpha) also inhibited the cardiovascular responses to antigen and PGF2alpha. Sodium meclofenamate and phenylbutazone showed varying degree of blockade of cardiovascular responses to exogenously administered chemical mediators (bradykinik, PGF2alpha, SRS-A and to a lesser extent of histamine, 5-HT and acetylcholine) and antigen. Indomethacin (virtually devoid of receptor blocking activities toward exogenously injected chemical mediators) inhibited anaphylaxis. The results of this investigation strongly suggested an important role of vasoactive lipids and polypeptides in avian anaphylaxis.

Anaphylaxis↗
PubMed1988

Ultrastructural morphometric observations on the extramural aortico-pulmonary bodies of the domestic fowl.

The extramural aortico-pulmonary bodies of the domestic fowl were analysed in electron micrographs by point-counting morphometry. The Type I cell constituted about 34% of the total volume of the parenchyma, whereas the supporting cells (Type II cells, pericytes and Schwann cells) constituted about 26%. The blood capillaries occupied the lowest volume density of about 5%. The mitochondria and the dense-cored vesicles occupied about the same volume (8%) of the Type I cell cytoplasm. The results obtained in the present study are compared with other similar studies on the aortic and carotid bodies of mammals.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Estimate of economic impact of fowl cholera in turkeys in Georgia in 1986.

Information gathered from cases of fowl cholera (FC) in commercial turkey flocks through case records, flock records, and telephone and mail surveys was used to estimate disease costs. The cost to the Georgia commercial turkey industry in 1986 from preventive measures, treatment of outbreaks, and production losses from the disease was estimated at $634,545. The cost of FC per kg of live production was estimated to be $0.015.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Effect of exercise on the vascular pattern in the bone extremities of broiler fowl.

The vascular morphology of the proximal femur, tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus was studied in growing broiler chicks. A carousel was used to exercise one group of 24 birds for four periods of 15 minutes each day. A second group (controls) were not exercised. Some birds were killed during the course of the experiment, and the remainder after 25 days of exercise when they were 33 days old. After killing the limbs were perfused and the bone extremities cleared. The bone extremities were then cut into 1 mm thick slabs and examined. There were abnormalities of the physis and physeal vasculature in 18 (25 per cent) of the bone extremities from the exercised birds and in 24 (40 per cent) of the bone extremities from the unexercised (control) birds. The low level of activity in the unexercised fowls of the present study appeared to contribute to these abnormalities.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Escherichia coli endotoxin as a stressor in the domestic fowl.

During 24 h after the injection of fowls (aged eight to 11 weeks) with Escherichia coli endotoxin (1 to 3 mg/kg) isolated from a pathogenic strain (O78) there were changes in the ascorbate content of the adrenal gland and increases in the plasma free fatty acid levels, indicating that the toxin behaves as a mild stressor.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Epidemiology and financial impact of fowl cholera in turkeys: a retrospective analysis.

A retrospective study of the epidemiology and financial impact of fowl cholera (FC) in California meat turkeys during 1984 was performed. Data were collected from 64 flocks--23 FC-outbreak flocks and 41 controls (non-outbreak)--raised in the Central Valley of the state. Mean flock age at the time of the FC outbreak was 11.3 weeks. Flocks that reported a colibacillosis outbreak had increased odds (P = 0.11) of also having an FC outbreak. (This association may or may not indicate a cause-effect relationship.) There was no significant difference between FC-outbreak and control flocks in number of diseases reported, age at onset, or duration of diseases or syndromes except age at onset of roundheart disease. The relative mortality rates were 52% higher in FC-outbreak toms and 26% higher in FC-outbreak hens than in their controls. Medication costs were nearly tripled, and the relative condemnation rate was 60% higher in FC-outbreak flocks than in control flocks. The average costs of FC were nearly $0.40 per bird, or $18,750 per flock, in an outbreak flock of 50,000 birds, and $0.12 per bird, or $6000 per flock, in non-outbreak flocks vaccinated against FC.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Ultrastructure of spermatozoa from domesticated birds: comparative study of turkey, chicken and guinea fowl.

Typical for non-passerine birds, the spermatozoa of the turkey, chicken and guinea fowl were vermiform with a maximum width of 0.5-0.7 micron and lengths of 90 microns for chicken sperm, and 75-80 microns for those of the turkey and guinea. An acrosome, nucleus, midpiece and flagellum could be distinguished by SEM. The acrosomal cap projected over a perforatorium surrounded by granular material. At its base, the cap encircled apical projections of the nucleus. The nucleus consisted of dense chromatin, and formed a concave implantation fossa where it joined the midpiece of the tail. For turkey and chicken spermatozoa, the neck region of the midpiece consisted of a proximal centriole and its pericentriolar processes oriented perpendicularly to an elongated distal centriole, but guinea sperm contained only a single elongated centriole and associated pericentriolar projections. The centrioles plus their projections to the implantation fossa constituted the non-striated connecting piece. The distal centriole served as the precursor of the flagellum and was longest for turkey sperm. Enveloping the distal centriole and extending to the annulus were 25-30 helically arranged mitochondria. Flagellum ultrastructure consisted of the typical 9 + 2 microtubular axonemal complex but outer dense fibers were absent. A hypertonic diluent immobilized the sperm, condensing the flagellar matrix and obliterating the radial links. Variations in ultrastructure of the above structures between sperm of the three species is discussed and compared with sperm ultrastructure from other non-passerine birds.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Broiler pulmonary hypertension syndrome. II. The direct measurement of right ventricular and pulmonary artery pressures in the closed chest domestic fowl.

A technique for the catheterisation of the right ventricle and pulmonary artery of the domestic fowl is described. Mean peak systolic, minimum diastolic and mean pressures measured in the right ventricle and pulmonary artery of a group of clinically normal broilers housed at a medium altitude of 1,300 m were 24.3; 8.1; 17.8; 25.0; 22.1 and 22.3 mm Hg respectively. The pulmonary artery pressures are different from those reported elsewhere using the open chest technique. These differences are possibly due to both the effect of opening the thoracic cavity and the hypoxic pressor effect at this altitude.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

[Potential manifestation of fowl typhoid in chicks fed Salmonella gallinarum-contaminated feed].

The possibility was checked to infect young birds with fowl typhoid through feeding them with S. gallinarum--contaminated forage. The three test groups of birds were kept on the floor of one and same premise, and a fourth group was kept separately in isolation. The feed offered to the first and second test group was contaminated at the rate of 5.10(8) and 1.2.10(8) microbial cells, respectively. With the first group, where feed contamination was at the rate of 6.10(6) S. gallinarum cells per bird, mortality rate ran as high as 61 per cent, 53 per cent of the total number of birds dying of typhoid septicaemia. With the second group, where feed contamination was 1.2.10(6) S. gallinarum cells per bird the total rate of mortality was 34 per cent, 32 per cent of the birds dying of typhoid septicaemia. With the third group, exposed to air-borne infection and offered Salmonella-free feed only, 8 per cent of the birds died of typhoid. It was found that the manifestation and the intensity of the epizootic process were in direct dependence on the microbial number, and that air played a part in transmitting S. gallinarum to young birds raised on the floor.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1987

The structure and innervation of the saccopleural membrane of the domestic fowl, Gallus gallus: an ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study.

Microscopic studies have shown the saccopleural membrane in the respiratory system of the domestic fowl to consist of a sheet of three dense layers of collagen fibres covered dorsally and ventrally by mainly simple squamous epithelium. On the ventral surface, which faces into the caudal thoracic air sac, there are occasional ridges of pseudostratified ciliated epithelium. Many nerve bundles are present throughout the membrane, the larger bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons being confined to the lamina propria under the dorsal epithelium (parietal pleura). In addition to axonal profiles with the ultrastructural appearance of cholinergic or adrenergic axons, peptidergic-type axons were identified. Immunofluorescence studies demonstrated VIP-, substance P-, somatostatin- and enkephalin-immunoreactive fibres in the membrane. Although it has been suggested that receptors may be present in this region of the respiratory system, none of the axons have features suggestive of sensory terminals, although many axonal profiles are closely associated with the epithelia where no obvious effector cells are present.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Effects of denervation on baroreceptor and chemoreceptor endings in the aorta and pulmonary trunk of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus).

Denervation experiments were carried out on twelve adult domestic fowls in order to investigate the location of the cell bodies of baroreceptor and chemoreceptor endings of the aorta and pulmonary trunk. Soon after both distal vagal ganglionectomy and midcervical vagotomy, baroreceptor and chemoreceptor endings showed distinct signs of abnormalities. These abnormal signs included many irregular and deformed clear vesicles, large membranous whorls and vacuolated mitochondria. The endings which were severely affected became greatly swollen and almost empty except for a flocculent substance and disordered filamentous material. It is suggested that the cell bodies of the majority of baroreceptor and chemoreceptor endings are not in the distal vagal ganglion and may be in the proximal vagal ganglion and/or proximal or distal glossopharyngeal ganglia. The chief cells of the aortico-pulmonary bodies were also affected after denervation when their axonal endings degenerated. The degenerative changes took the form of many expanded membrane-bound empty spaces and increased size and number of the dense-cored vesicles. It is concluded that the axonal endings exert a trophic effect upon the granular cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Ultrastructure of Peyer's patches in the domestic fowl and turkey.

Peyer's patches in the fowl and turkey were indistinguishable at the ultrastructural level and were similar in many respects to those found in mammals. They were overlaid by a lymphoepithelium containing undifferentiated intestinal epithelial cells with a well developed microvillous border, follicle associated epithelial (FAE) or M cells with short blunt microvilli, lymphocytes and plasma cells. FAE cells had a lightly stained cytoplasm with vacuoles and vesicles. They were similar to mammalian FAE cells. The lymphoid aggregates of Peyer's patches consisted of small and large lymphocytes, lymphoblasts and plasma cells. Macrophages and globule leucocytes were seen among the lymphoid cells.

Animals↗