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At least 1,207 records · Page 67Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

[Measuring intraoperative radiation exposure of the trauma surgeon. Measuring eye, thyroid gland and hand with highly sensitive thermoluminescent detectors].

A prospective study of 24 operative procedures involving minimal invasive techniques and fluoroscopic guidance was undertaken in order to measure the radiation exposure to the primary surgeon. Radiation was monitored with the use of high sensitive thermoluminescent dosimeters. At the spots of dosimetry (eyes, thyroid gland, hand and genitals under lead apron) the dose was uniformly low and ranged from 0.6 muSv at the eyes to 259.3 muSv at the hand. The dose is determined by the duration of fluoroscopy and the amount of scattered rays, which in turn depends on the volume being x-rayed. On the basis of our results there is no likelihood of exceeding the limits of safety regulations even in a very busy operative environment, although a statistically increased incidence of thyroid cancer or a radiation-induced glaucoma is present. In vitro measurements with irradiation of a phantom resulted in the following recommendations: 1) fluoroscopy should be performed using the magnification-mechanism of the x-ray apparatus, 2) during lateral fluoroscopy the primary surgeon should be positioned close to the image intensifier. At least the surgeon should be familiar with the technique of closed reduction and instrumentation to reduce the duration of fluoroscopy which proved to be the most important factor for the amount of the radiation exposure.

Eye↗
PubMed2006

Gastroesophageal reflux disease in 2006. The imperfect diagnosis.

There continues to be significant controversy related to diagnostic testing for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Clearly, barium contrast fluoroscopy is superior to any other test in defining the anatomy of the upper gastrointestinal (UGI) tract. Although fluoroscopy can demonstrate gastroesophageal reflux (GER), this observation does not equate to GERD. Fluoroscopy time should not be prolonged to attempt to demonstrate GER during barium contrast radiography. There are no data to justify prolonging fluoroscopy time to perform provocative maneuvers to demonstrate reflux during barium contrast UGI series. Symptoms of GERD may be associated with physiologic esophageal acid exposure measured by intraesophageal pH monitoring, and a significant percentage of patients with abnormal esophageal acid exposure have no or minimal clinical symptoms of reflux. Abnormal acid exposure defined by pH monitoring over a 24-h period does not equate to GERD. In clinical practice presumptive diagnosis of GERD is reasonably assumed by substantial reduction or elimination of suspected reflux symptoms during therapeutic trial of acid reduction therapy.

Fluoroscopy↗
PubMed2005

Fluoroscopic radiation exposure of the kyphoplasty patient.

Kyphoplasty (KP) is a minimally invasive technique for the percutaneous stabilisation of vertebral fractures. As such, this technique is highly dependent upon intraoperative fluoroscopic visualisation. In order to assess the range of radiation doses that patients are typically subjected to, 60 consecutive procedures using simultaneous bilateral fluoroscopy were analysed with respect to exposure time (ET). In a subset of 16 of these patients, a theoretical entrance skin dose (ESD) and effective dose was additionally calculated from intraoperatively measured dose area product. Average fluoroscopy time for single level cases reached 2.2 min (range 0.6-4.3) in the lateral plane and 1.6 min (range 0.5-3.0) in the anterior-posterior plane. For multiple level cases the corresponding ET per level was 1.7 min (range 0.6-2.9) per level in the lateral and 1.1 min (range 0.5-2.0) in the anterior-posterior plane. ESD was estimated as an average 0.32 Gy (range 0.05-0.86) in the anterior-posterior and 0.68 Gy (range 0.10-1.43) in the lateral plane. Effective dose (cumulative from both planes) averaged 4.28 mSv (range 0.47-10.14). Safety margins for the development of early transient erythema are respected within the presented fluoroscopy times. Longer ET in the lateral plane may however breach the 2 Gy threshold. Use of large c-arms and judiciously operating the exposure is recommended. With regard to effective dose, a single fluoroscopy guided KP performed for osteoporotic or traumatic vertebral fractures is a safe procedure.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

The pain associated with intraarticular hyaluronic acid injections for trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis.

Trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis predominantly affects middle-aged women. Most cases with rhizarthrosis can be managed successfully by conservative means. The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate pain and tolerability of viscosupplementation therapy with hyaluronic acid (HA) for trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis. Groups A and B consisted of eight patients each with Eaton stage 3 or 4 rhizarthrosis, who underwent one cycle of three injections of (one per week) 0.3 cm3 sodium hyaluronate. The injections for group A were under fluoroscopy control, but fluoroscopy was not used in group B. Pain and tolerability of both groups A and B were measured and compared. The patients of the groups were also asked to evaluate the tolerability of the treatment. The results suggested that HA injection in the carpometacarpal joint is a tolerable procedure but the patients complained of pain and discomfort during the injections. The pain in group A was much greater than in group B. Viscosupplementation for the treatment of trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis is a viable treatment option for stages 3 and 4 patients when they do not want to be operated on. It is a tolerable but not a painless procedure especially when it is done without fluoroscopy control. We recommend giving injections under fluoroscopy control.

Fluoroscopy↗
PubMed2006

Radiation exposure to the patient and operating room personnel during percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

INTRODUCTION: The increased use of fluoroscopy during percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) places the urologist and operating room personnel at an occupational risk for measurable radiation exposure. We evaluated the degree of radiation exposure received by the patient and operating room personnel at our endourology facility during PCNL. PATIENTS AND METHOD: The incident radiation dose to the patient and the urologist during 50 consecutive PCNL procedures was monitored using lithium fluoride thermo-luminescent dosimeter chips (TLD chips). A hand held radiation survey meter was used to measure the radiation in air at different positions occupied by various operating room personnel. The approximate distances of the various personnel from the X-ray tube were also measured. RESULTS: PCNL was performed upon 35 males and 15 females. The average time for the procedure was 75 minutes (range: 30-150 min). The mean fluoroscopy screening time during the procedure was 6.04 min (range 1.8-12.16 min) with a mean fluoroscopy tube potential of 68 kVp and a mean tube current of 2.76 mA. The mean radiation exposure dose to the patient was 0.56 mSv (SD +/- 0.35), while the mean incident radiation exposure to the finger of the urologist was 0.28 mSv (SD +/- 0.13). CONCLUSION: The various operating room personnel are within safe radiation dose limits during PCNL. Efficient fluoroscopy further reduces the radiation scatter. All occupational personnel should 'achieve as low as reasonably achievable' dose by adhering to good practices.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Coronary calcification in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease.

Clinical, postmortem and angiographic studies of coronary calcification are reviewed to define the value of fluoroscopy in the diagnosis and management of coronary artery disease. Autopsy studies consistently show a unique association between calcification of the coronary arteries and atherosclerosis. The relation of coronary calcification to the presence of major stenosis is more variable but is strong enough to be of clinical value, particularly in the younger subject. The diagnostic value of fluoroscopy can be improved by attention to the detailed features of calcification observed with the technique. Combined use of fluoroscopy and exercise testing appears to be a valid and as yet unexploited approach to the noninvasive diagnosis of coronary stenosis. Fluoroscopy has been a neglected method of noninvasive diagnosis and is sufficiently promising to warrant greater clinical use.

Calcinosis↗
PubMed1988

The echo-transponder electrode catheter: a new method for mapping the left ventricle.

The ability to locate catheter position in the left ventricle with respect to endocardial landmarks might enhance the accuracy of ventricular tachycardia mapping. An echo-transponder system (Telectronics, Inc.) was compared with biplane fluoroscopy for left ventricular endocardial mapping. A 6F electrode catheter was modified with the addition of a piezoelectric crystal 5 mm from the tip. This crystal was connected to a transponder that received and transmitted ultrasound, resulting in a discrete artifact on the two-dimensional echocardiographic image corresponding to the position of the catheter tip. Catheters were introduced percutaneously into the left ventricle of nine anesthetized dogs. Two-dimensional echo-transponder and biplane fluoroscopic images were recorded on videotape with the catheter at multiple endocardial sites. Catheter location was marked by delivering radiofrequency current to the distal electrode, creating a small endocardial lesion. Catheter location by echo-transponder and by fluoroscopy were compared with lesion location without knowledge of other data. Location by echo-transponder was 8.7 +/- 5.1 mm from the center of the radiofrequency lesion versus 14 + 7.8 mm by fluoroscopy (n = 15, p = 0.023). Echo-transponder localization is more precise than is biplane fluoroscopy and may enhance the accuracy of left ventricular electrophysiologic mapping.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Radiation risk to patients from percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.

OBJECTIVES: This retrospective study sought to estimate patient radiation exposure during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, the corresponding organ doses and the resulting cancer mortality risk. Patient demographic data were also examined. BACKGROUND: Coronary angioplasty is commonly used as an intervention for coronary atherosclerosis, and repeated application in the same patient is now common. The combined use of fluoroscopy and cineradiography in this complicated, delicate and, hence, lengthy procedure induced us to investigate the patient radiation exposures and resulting risks. METHODS: All complete records for angioplasty procedures performed over a 3-year period were entered into a data base. The data comprised 1,893 procedures performed in a total of 1,503 patients, of whom 21% had two or more procedures in the 3-year period. Fluoroscopy time was converted to entrance exposures, assuming a rate of 520 muC kg-1 min-1 (2.0 R min-1). Cineradiographic film lengths were determined for a smaller number of procedures (200) and converted to exposures at 7.7 muC kg-1 frame-1 (30 mR frame-1). In addition, fluoroscopy and cineradiographic times and, hence, exposures for 91 diagnostic angiograms performed in these patients were obtained. Exposures were converted to organ doses using the Monte Carlo results of the Rosenstein group and then to cancer mortality risks using the latest rates of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. RESULTS: The mean age was 56.0 years; men constituted 77.5% of the patients. Radiation doses varied considerably owing to a large spread in exposure times (e.g., fluoroscopy time per angioplasty case averaged 19 min but for some cases exceeded 1 h). The average patient skin entrance exposure per angioplasty procedure was 32.0 mC kg-1 (124 R), of which 69.7% was from cineradiography. The resulting cancer mortality risk per angioplasty procedure is approximately 8 x 10(-4). CONCLUSIONS: The skin exposures estimated for angioplasty are on average higher than for other X-ray procedures. The cancer mortality risk does not exceed the mortality risk of bypass surgery. Good professional practice requires maximization of the benefit/risk ratio through quality assurance in all aspects of the procedure.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Intracardiac echocardiography during radiofrequency catheter ablation of cardiac arrhythmias in humans.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to describe our preliminary experience using catheter-based intracardiac echocardiography as an adjunct to biplane fluoroscopy for guiding radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial arrhythmias in the right side of the heart. BACKGROUND: Catheter ablation requires precise positioning and stable ablation electrode-endocardial contact. This procedure is currently guided by an analysis of intracardiac electrograms and fluoroscopy. However, the use of fluoroscopy does not allow the endocardium and certain anatomic landmarks to be identified and is associated with the hazards of radiation exposure. METHODS: Seventeen symptomatic patients were studied. A 10F 10-MHz intracardiac imaging catheter was used to visualize specific anatomic landmarks in the right atrium for directing the ablation electrode in 15 patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation of 19 arrhythmias and to assist with interatrial septal puncture in 3 patients. RESULTS: Continuous intracardiac imaging was performed for a mean +/- SD of 63.6 +/- 39.2 min and demonstrated distal electrode-endocardial tissue contact in 81 (60%) of 134 radiofrequency applications. Movement of the catheter was demonstrated during 36 (44%), microcavitations during 39 (48%) and thrombus during 15 (19%) of the 81 imaged applications. In 7 of 10 procedures for atrial flutter, successful ablation was directed at anatomic corridors in the right atrium visualized with intracardiac echocardiography. During ablation of atrial tachycardia, imaging identified abnormal atrial anatomy related to previous surgery and guided successful ablation of a reentrant tachycardia circulating around these anatomic obstacles. In two procedures for slow pathway modification of atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardia, intracardiac echocardiography confirmed catheter stability at the tricuspid annulus anterior to the coronary sinus. CONCLUSIONS: During catheter ablation, intracardiac echocardiography augments fluoroscopy by visualizing anatomic landmarks, ensuring stable endocardial contact and assisting in transseptal puncture. Ablation of typical atrial flutter can be successfully directed at anatomic corridors identified using intracardiac imaging.

Atrial Flutter↗
PubMed1994

Does the use of new intracoronary interventional devices prolong radiation exposure in the cardiac catheterization laboratory?

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the duration of radiation exposure associated with new percutaneous coronary interventional devices with that associated with conventional balloon angioplasty. BACKGROUND: Radiation exposure levels have been documented to be higher with coronary balloon angioplasty than with routine diagnostic coronary angiography. However, the effect of new interventional devices on radiation exposure has not been studied. METHODS: Fluoroscopic and cineangiographic data from the Mayo Clinic cardiac catheterization laboratory data base of patients having single-segment coronary intervention during a recent 46-month period were retrospectively analyzed. Of 897 patients studied, 646 underwent balloon angioplasty, 138 directional coronary atherectomy (42 with adjunctive balloon angioplasty), 76 excimer laser angioplasty (50 with adjunctive balloon angioplasty) and 37 placement of an intracoronary stent (16 emergencies). RESULTS: Duration of fluoroscopy during balloon angioplasty was 24 +/- 18 min, which was longer than with directional atherectomy (18 +/- 8 min; p = 0.001). Fluoroscopy time was 25 +/- 17 min with laser angioplasty and 29 +/- 15 min with elective stent placement (neither time was significantly different from that with balloon angioplasty). When atherectomy or laser angioplasty was performed with adjunctive balloon angioplasty or if emergency intracoronary stent placement was performed, the duration of fluoroscopy was significantly prolonged compared with balloon angioplasty alone. CONCLUSIONS: Fluoroscopy duration is not prolonged with the use of new interventional coronary devices compared with conventional angioplasty unless adjunctive balloon angioplasty is used or emergency stent placement is required.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Arthroscopic excision of ulnar styloid in stylocarpal impaction.

Stylocarpal impaction is an uncommon cause of ulnar-sided wrist pain in which the long ulnar styloid affects the triquetrum. Previous authors have described an open excision of the ulnar styloid. We present a new technique for arthroscopic identification and subsequent excision of the ulnar styloid. The diagnosis was suspected on plain radiographs and was confirmed by dynamic fluoroscopy. Four patients with ulnar styloid impaction were successfully managed. A diagnostic arthroscopy was performed. With the arthroscope in the 4-5 portal, a 3.5-mm burr was introduced into the 6 U portal. By palpation, the burr was placed onto the tip of the ulnar styloid and confirmed with fluoroscopy. Sufficient ulnar styloid was removed to prevent impingement; this was confirmed on fluoroscopy. We undertook resection of the ulnar styloid to 3 mm (normal, 3 to 6 mm). Adjacent soft tissue structures were not violated. Arthroscopic ulnar styloid identification and excision is a relatively simple procedure. Disruption of the triangular fibrocartilage, dorsal ulnar capsular ligament, and volar ulnar carpal ligament is avoided. Fluoroscopy is valuable in providing preoperative and intraoperative identification of the ulnar styloid and impingement. Postoperatively, patients can recommence activities of daily living as comfort allows.

Arthroscopy↗
PubMed2005

Prediction of flap necrosis with laser induced indocyanine green fluorescence in a rat model.

Prediction of necrosis has a clinical relevance in all fields of plastic surgery. The new application of indocyanine green (ICG) fluoroscopy in plastic surgery allows an objective quantification of skin perfusion and a high topographical resolution. The aim of the present study is to determine threshold values for flap perfusion under well-defined experimental conditions. Twenty random pattern flaps with a length to width ratio of 4:1 (8 x 2 cm(2)) were dissected on the anterior abdominal wall of 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats. ICG fluoroscopy was performed at the end of the operation. The animals were sacrificed at the seventh postoperative day with a reliable necrosis of the distal part of the flaps. Postoperative ICG fluoroscopy then was analysed both in regions that will survive and undergo necrosis. At day 7 a mean area of 5.5 cm(2) (57% of the total flap area) survived and a mean of 3.8 cm(2) (43%) became necrotic. The surviving part of the flap had a mean perfusion index of 62% compared to reference skin. The distal parts of the flap that necrotised showed an average perfusion index of only 19% postoperatively. Differences were statistically highly significant (p<0.001). Indocyanine green fluoroscopy is a useful tool to evaluate perfusion topographically and predict necrosis. From a statistical point of view a perfusion index of less than 25% of the reference skin can be considered as a sign of developing flap necrosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The feasibility of color Doppler ultrasonography for caudal epidural steroid injection.

Although it entails a radiation hazard risk, the use of fluoroscopy during caudal epidural steroid injection has increased to help place the medication more accurately and allowed physicians to maximize the procedure's therapeutic success rate. To investigate the feasibility of using real-time high resolution ultrasonography for guiding the epidural needle into the caudal epidural space and to confirm any vascular intake of medication, we performed color Doppler ultrasonography while medication was being injected into the caudal epidural space of 53 patients with low back pain and sciatica. We defined the injection as being successful if unidirectional flow (observed as one dominant color) of the solution was observed with color Doppler ultrasonography through the epidural space beneath the sacrococcygeal ligament, with no flows being observed in other directions (observed as multiple colors). The correct placement of the medication was then confirmed by fluoroscopy. In 52 of the 53 subjects, the medications were successfully injected into the caudal epidural space with ultrasonography assistance. In fluoroscopy, of these 52 patients, 50 revealed correct placement of the medicine into the epidural space. In conclusion, ultrasonography may be a reliable imaging modality for caudal epidural steroid injection, and its several advantages such as its convenience and the lack of a radiation hazard, make it preferable to fluoroscopy.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Percutaneous computer-assisted translaminar facet screw: an initial human cadaveric study.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Translaminar facet screws are a minimally invasive technique for posterior lumbar fixation with good success rates. Computer-assisted image navigation using virtual fluoroscopy allows multiple simultaneous screens in various planes to plan and drive spinal instrumentation. PURPOSE: This study evaluates the percutaneous placement of translaminar facet screws with the use of virtual fluoroscopy as an image guidance technique. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: A human cadaveric study was performed with a percutaneous reference frame applied to the iliac crest. Ten translaminar facet screws were placed bilaterally at five levels. Anteroposterior and lateral images were used to navigate 4.0-mm screws through a percutaneous portal under virtual fluoroscopy. METHODS: An axial computed tomographic scan through the instrumented levels was obtained after the screws were placed. Screws were graded on entry, course through the lamina, and terminus. A grading system was devised to grade the course through the lamina. RESULTS: All 10 screw-entry points were judged optimal at the spinous process laminar junction. There were five Grade I breeches with less than 1/2 the screw through the lamina, and five Grade 0 screw placements with the screw contained completely within the lamina. The termination point was acceptable in five screws. The screws that began on the right and terminated on the left were all found to have grade II breakouts. No screws placed the spinal canal or exiting nerve root at risk. CONCLUSIONS: Virtual fluoroscopy provides significant assistance in percutaneous placement of translaminar facet screws and results in safe position of entry, lamina course, and terminus.

Bone Screws↗
PubMed1999

An evaluation of two methods for chronic central venous access device placement.

BACKGROUND: Chronic venous access devices (CVADs), placed for phlebotomy and the administration of medications and nutrition, require fluoroscopy to confirm correct catheter position. Long-term central venous catheters placed using an electromagnetic catheter locating system (EMCLS) could result in decreased radiation exposure and decreased cost without compromising accuracy of position. METHODS: Charts of patients who underwent placement of CVADs at University of New Mexico (UNM) Hospital or UNM Cancer Center were reviewed. Inclusion criteria included age >20 years and placement of a central CVAD utilizing fluoroscopy (group 1) or the EMCLS (group 2). Radiation exposure, complications, cost, and accuracy of placement were determined for each technique. RESULTS: Between June 1996 and June 1998, 196 patients underwent placement of CVADs. Complete data sets were available for 46 patients in each group. There were no statistically significant differences in age, gender, complications, or operating room times (P = 0.26). Fluoroscopy and EMCLS were equally accurate for the correct placement of the tip of the line (P = 0.12). Mean patient radiation exposure was EMCLS, 30 mRem, and fluoroscopy, 771 mRem. EMCLS significantly decreased cost (P = 0.025) when compared with fluoroscopic assisted catheter placement. CONCLUSIONS: The use of EMCLS for CVAD placement reduces radiation exposure and cost without compromising the accuracy of placement when compared with standard fluoroscopic-assisted placement.

Catheterization, Central Venous↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of ultrasonographic renal excursion to fluoroscopic diaphragmatic excursion for the assessment of diaphragmatic function in patients with high cervical cord injury.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the renal excursion detected by ultrasonography with the diaphragmatic excursion recorded by fluoroscopy in estimating the diaphragmatic function in patients with high cervical cord injury. DESIGN: Prospective, blinded comparative study. SETTING: A rehabilitation hospital affiliated with a medical university. PARTICIPANTS: Fifteen consecutively admitted patients with high cervical cord injury. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Chest radiographs, fluoroscopy of diaphragmatic motion, and ultrasonography of renal motion. RESULT: Of the 15 patients, 2 were diagnosed with hemidiaphragm paralysis using fluoroscopy and renal ultrasonography. The average diaphragmatic excursion was 59 mm (range, 30-83 mm) in 28 nonparalyzed hemidiaphragms. The average renal excursion was 49 mm (range, 28-61 mm). The correlation coefficient for fluoroscopic hemidiaphragm excursion and ultrasonographic renal excursion was .853. CONCLUSION: Ultrasonographic renal excursion and fluoroscopic diaphragmatic excursion correlated highly. With the fluoroscopy results as the criterion standard, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were both 100% for renal sonography. With the advantages of convenience of use, no radiation exposure, and high reproducibility, renal ultrasonography is recommended as a first-line screening and long-term follow-up tool for assessment of diaphragmatic function.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Airway fluoroscopic diagnosis of vocal cord dysfunction syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Vocal cord dysfunction syndrome is often misdiagnosed as refractory asthma. Airway fluoroscopy has recently been proposed as an alternative to laryngoscopy in the initial evaluation of certain cases of suspected vocal cord dysfunction. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of airway radiographs and fluoroscopy in a patient with suspected vocal cord dysfunction. METHODS: We used soft tissue technique airway radiographs and fluoroscopy to evaluate the glottic function during inspiration and expiration in a 9-year-old boy with refractory asthma and suspected vocal cord dysfunction. RESULTS: The study confirmed paradoxical vocal cord motion. CONCLUSIONS: Airway radiographs and fluoroscopy provide a rapid and noninvasive means of diagnosing vocal cord dysfunction. Patients should still have laryngoscopy performed at the earliest possible moment to rule out the possibility of other laryngeal abnormalities.

Child↗
PubMed2002

Beneficial effects of information leaflets before spinal steroid injection.

UNLABELLED: How beneficial is the provision of information leaflets to low back pain patients before steroid injection under fluoroscopy? OBJECTIVES: To compare the value of information leaflets with verbal information on steroid injection under fluoroscopy. METHODS: Alternate month design. One hundred and twenty-three low back pain patients hospitalized for steroid injection under fluoroscopy were enrolled in the trial. Fifty-two patients received both written standardized information and non-standardized verbal information (intervention group), seventy one patients received only non-standardized verbal information (control group). Anxiety assessed at baseline evaluation and just before the injection; satisfaction related to the information received assessed on discharge day; knowledge about steroid injection assessed 4 hours and 1 month after the injection. RESULTS: Patients had a high anxiety level at baseline evaluation. Written standardized information did not decrease significantly anxiety (P = 0.068) before the injection, had no effect on pain during the injection, but increased patients' knowledge about the adverse effects on the day of injection and 1 month later (P = 0.040 and P = 0.084 respectively), and improve satisfaction with information received about potential complications of the steroid injections (P = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: Providing an information leaflet to low back pain patents undergoing steroid injection under fluoroscopy tends to reduce state anxiety, and increases patients' knowledge and satisfaction with information about the risks of the injection.

Adult↗