Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Expenditures”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,207 records · Page 67Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Effects of administration of aerosolized recombinant human deoxyribonuclease on resting energy expenditure in patients with cystic fibrosis.

By improving pulmonary function in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), recombinant human deoxyribonuclease (rhDNase) may affect resting energy expenditure (REE). To examine this hypothesis, we measured REE by indirect calorimetry in seven patients with CF before (day 0) and 2 weeks after (day 15) administration of aerosolized rhDNase. Baseline REE was higher in all patients than predicted for age, sex, and weight (mean +/- SEM 128 +/- 4.9%; range, 116-147%). After 2 weeks of aerosolized rhDNase, mean forced vital capacity (FVC) (in % of predicted values) improved significantly from 54.1 +/- 2.2 to 66.3 +/- 4.2% (mean improvement, 12.3%; 95% CI, 2.8, 21; P < 0.05) and REE decreased by 11.0% (95% CI 3.2, 17.5; P < 0.05). In addition, the larger the improvement in FVC in response to rhDNase the greater the decrease in energy expenditure (r - 0.88). The REE decreased in all patients who had an increase in FVC and remained unchanged in two patients who had no change in FVC. We conclude that patients with CF whose lung function improve in response to aerosolized rhDNase have an acute and proportionate reduction in their resting energy expenditure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Non-exercise daily energy expenditure and physical activity pattern in male endurance athletes.

The present study was performed to determine whether differences in non-exercise daily energy expenditure (Md,ne) exist between trained and untrained individuals. The data from seven cross-country skiers were compared with those from eight sedentary men. Daily energy expenditure (Md) was determined using the heart rate-oxygen consumption relationship; resting metabolic rate (Mr) was measured using indirect calorimetry. A physical activity questionnaire and ratios of Md or Md,ne to Mr were used as indices of physical activity. Md and Mr were significantly higher in the trained subjects whereas Md,ne was identical in the two groups. The ratio of Md,ne to Mr and the data from the physical activity questionnaire showed that there was no significant difference in daily energy expenditure and physical activity pattern during the non-exercise time. These results suggest that the exercise-induced increase in daily energy requirements is not compensated by a more sedentary life during the other daily activities in these trained men.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Increased energy expenditure in poorly controlled Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients.

The basal energy expenditure of 10 Type 1 (insulin-dependent) C-peptide-negative diabetic patients (2042 +/- 62 kcal/24 h) was found to be significantly higher than the 1774 +/- 52 kcal/24 h predicted from their age, sex and body surface area (p less than 0.01). Intravenous insulin treatment significantly reduced energy expenditure to 1728 +/- 19 kcal/24h (p less than 0.01), which matched predicted values. The observed increase in metabolic rate in uncontrolled diabetic patients is associated with increased protein turnover, increased plasma glucagon, but no significant increase in cortisol, growth hormone or triiodothyronine concentrations in plasma. It may be accounted for by the energy cost of protein synthesis, or gluconeogenesis, or possibly increased sympathetic activity. This increased energy expenditure will contribute to the weight loss seen in Type 1 diabetic patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Effects on energy expenditure of facial cooling during exercise.

Estimated energy expenditures for men during Arctic manhauling expeditions were 29-33 MJ day-1, higher than those documented for other hard-working groups and exceeding predicted energy costs for such activities. Although physiological effects from generalised cooling were unlikely, cold exposure of the face could have influenced exercise metabolism via autonomic stimulation. This hypothesis was examined by measuring oxygen consumption, energy expenditure, respiratory exchange ratio (R) and cardiovascular changes during rest and exercise, with and without exposure of the face to air at--20 degrees C. Measurements were made in five subjects during 15 min of rest followed by continuous exercise on a cycle ergometer consisting of 15-min periods at 75, 100, 125 and 150 W external work. The cold air caused a profound fall in facial temperatures and small falls in mean skin and rectal temperatures (P less than 0.001). These changes were associated with a small increase in the mean oxygen consumption over all levels of rest and exercise (0.86 l min-1 vs 0.82 l min-1, P less than 0.001) and a corresponding increase in mean energy expenditure (294 W vs 283 W, P less than 0.05). Cold air also caused an increase in mean resting R values (1.00 vs 0.88, P less than 0.01) but a decrease in the mean R value for all levels of exercise (0.85 vs 0.91, P less than 0.05). Pulse rates were unchanged but systolic and diastolic blood pressures were relatively elevated throughout the cold face experiments (P less than 0.001).

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Effects of exposure to cotton dust on energy expenditure in the textile industry.

An assessment of energy expenditure has been made in 50 male textile workers and 30 male office cleaners. There was a statistically significant difference (P less than 0.001) in energy expenditure between textile workers and office cleaners amounting to 12 to 16%. While 33.3% of the textile group complained of chest disorders, none of the cleaners had such a complaint. FEV1 and FVC values of the textile workers were significantly lower (P less than 0.01) compared to those of the controls. There were no differences in body weight, lean body mass and socio-economic conditions of the two groups, however, the textile workers were younger and taller than the unexposed group. Exposure to cotton dust and respiratory and ventilatory impairments are suspected of causing a reduction in the energy expenditure of the textile workers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Comparison of heart rate monitoring combined with indirect calorimetry and the doubly labelled water (2H2(18)O) method for the measurement of energy expenditure in children.

The aim of the present study was to compare data on 24-h energy expenditure (EE24h) in nine boys and ten girls (mean age 9.3 and 8.1 years, respectively) by heart rates (fc) combined with energy expenditure obtained from a 1-day stay in an indirect calorimeter (EEcal) and a 2-week period of normal living using the doubly labelled water method (EEdlw). Individual calibration curves were derived from fc and oxygen uptake measured during sleep (in the calorimeter), standing and walking on a treadmill. An estimation of energy expenditure based on 24-h fc monitoring (EEfc) was made during the stay in the calorimeter and on a normal school-day. Mean results showed an overestimation in EEfc compared to EEcal and EEdlw of 10.4% and 12.3% respectively, varying from 6.3% to 16.2%. These results confirmed earlier observations in adults that for a group the fc method overestimates EE24h by about 10%.

Calorimetry, Indirect↗
PubMed1996

Effects of exercise with varying energy expenditure on high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol.

To investigate the effect of varying energy expenditure on acute high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) changes, 12 healthy endurance-trained men completed three- counterbalanced running trials at different energy expenditures: trial 1, 1690.3 (24.4) kJ [mean (SD)]; trial 2, 2529.1 (24.0) kJ; trial 3, 3384.3 (36.6) kJ, with exercise intensity at 75% of maximal oxygen consumption. For each trial, blood samples were collected at 24 h pre-exercise (24 h Pre), immediately post-exercise, 1 h post-exercise, 6 h post-exercise (6 h PE), and 24 h post-exercise (24 h PE). Plasma samples were analyzed for HDL-C, HDL2-C and HDL3-C subfractions, and triglycerides (TG). In addition, post-heparin plasma samples were analyzed at 24 h Pre, 6 h PE and 24 h PE for lipoprotein lipase activity (LPLA) and hepatic triglyceride lipase activity. All samples were corrected for plasma volume changes and compared to 24 h Pre (baseline). When trials were combined, an increase (P < 0.05) in HDL-C was observed 24 h PE, via an increase (P < 0.05) in HDL3-C. An increase (P < 0.05) in LPLA and decrease (P < 0.05) in TG at 24 h PE is suggested to be responsible for the increase in HDL3-C. In conclusion, no difference in HDL-C was observed among trials. However, when trials were combined, an increase in HDL-C was observed, suggesting that an energy expenditure of no greater than 3384 kJ is needed to promote favorable changes in HDL-C.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Correlations of pedometer readings with energy expenditure in workers during free-living daily activities.

In a total of 23 subjects consisting of 10 clerical and 13 assembly workers in a factory, the pedometer readings during a day of free-living activity were analyzed for the relation with energy expenditure as determined by the simultaneously recorded 24-hour heart rate. The 24-hour energy expenditures in the clerical and assembly workers were 9515 kJ (2274 kcal) and 9698 kJ (2318 kcal) respectively. The whole day readings of the pedometer for all the subjects moderately correlated (r = 0.438, p less than 0.05) with the net energy cost (NEC) as determined by subtracting the sleeping metabolic cost from the energy expenditure (clerical workers: r = 0.781, p less than 0.01; assembly workers: r = 0.188, p less than 0.05). The correlation analysis of the pedometer readings with the NEC in three activity phases in a day (work, commuting and staying at home), showed that the extent of the relationship differed by job types and activity phases. The best correlation was obtained during commuting in both of the job types (clerical workers: r = 0.843, p less than 0.01; assembly workers: r = 0.743, p less than 0.01). During work, a quite strong correlation (r = 0.889, p less than 0.01) was obtained with the clerical workers but not with the assembly workers. No significant correlations were found in the data while the subjects were at home. The capacity of the pedometer to detect the impacts of body movements, and the characteristics of activity, are responsible for the differences in correlation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[Differences in energy expenditure for selected activities under controlled and uncontrolled conditions].

Experiments with the Max-Planck respirometer were made to determine the energy expenditure. 4 kinds of comparable tests were made under standard conditions and ad libitum individual: walking on solid, level ground with light clothing, in high lace boots (walking-speed 5 km/h), walking with 10 kg resp. 20 kg load on level, solid ground (running speed 10 km). The energy expenditure under standard conditions is much higher than in the working-elements ad libitum speed and distance. Many persons overestimate their personal energy expenditure which is a reason for a positive energy balance succeeded by overweight.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1988

Studies on the energy expenditure following surgical stress--(I. The effects of the severity of stress and the administration of nutrients).

Energy expenditure was studied in male Donryu rats, following two types of surgical stress, namely, laparotomy and burns. The rats with burns were subsequently fasted for 6 hours, by which time the resting metabolic expenditure (RME) became significantly decreased (84.3 +/- 9.5 per cent), as when compared to the pre-burn value (100 per cent), then increased 24 hours after the burn (132.9 +/- 10.1 per cent). The RME in burned rats receiving an intravenous infusion of electrolyte fluid, slightly increased 6 hours after the burn (109.0 +/- 15.8 per cent) and was almost identical to the RME in rats fed ad libitum for 24 hours after the burn. Rats with burns, that were given intravenous infusions of electrolytes and nutrients (TPN) already had a high RME value (134.6 +/- 7.0 per cent) 6 hours after the burn. In laparotomized rats fed ad libitum, no obvious changes in energy expenditure were observed 6 hours or 24 hours after the laparotomy, however, rats receiving TPN showed a moderately increased RME 6 hours after the laparotomy (113.9 +/- 3.4 per cent, p less than 0.05) which returned to the pre-stress level 24 hours post-operatively. These results confirmed that a phase of decreased RME (ebb phase), followed by a phase of increased RME were clearly observed after severe surgical stress, which indicated that appropriate treatments could shorten or extinguish the ebb phase.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Monitoring expenditure in relation to epidemiological and demographical characteristics of AIDS in South East England.

In the UK, over 70% of AIDS, including new cases, is located in a few Districts in central London where the distribution of previously occurring and new cases is essentially confined to the original risk groups of homosexual/bisexual men, drug addicts of both sexes, and some of their sexual partners and consorts. But control policy is still based on the assumption that HIV has already spread from persons in these risk groups into the general population, and that it will spread hereafter at an increased rate because of heterosexual transmission to cause a widespread epidemic of AIDS. The basis and implications of this policy were investigated in the South East region adjacent to London. Analysis of demographic and epidemiological data shows that, with one exception, there is very little extension of AIDS from affected Districts in London to the surrounding region or even to the suburban fringe. Where AIDS is prevalent, as in this exception, the distribution follows the same, original pattern which relates essentially to risks arising from life-styles. There is no significant association between the prevalence or spread of AIDS and conventional markers of deprivation, economic and social disadvantage. Allocations of personnel, services and expenditure, assessed from returns required under the AIDS Control Act of 1987 and official registration data, continue to follow the original policy assumptions. They are therefore unrelated to the numbers of existing and new cases, disproportionate and unrealistic. Claims that this widespread excess of effort is justified by the fact that AIDS has not spread to the general population are falsified by the continuation of cases almost exclusively in risk groups. There is nothing in the data required under the Act or in registrations in this main locus of AIDS in the UK to suggest any change in this or to justify continuation of current expenditure and redundant activities. There is no evidence in these data that ethnic variations in the resident populations of Districts are associated with variations in the prevalence of AIDS. However, the larger figures available in some of the national data do indicate a disproportionate increase in some minority ethnic groups. Further detail about risks factors in these groups are required and, meanwhile, effort and expenditure should be re-orientated toward treatment, contact tracing and other public health measures for more effective containment of the continuing spread of AIDS in all the high risk groups.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Modeling energy expenditure associated with isometric, concentric, and eccentric muscle action at the knee.

This study was designed to derive and test a model of energy expenditure (dE/dt) during different modes of human muscle action in vivo. dE/dt for the quadriceps muscle was expressed as: dEquad/dt = Kl(omega) + K2(Tiso) + dW/dt. where K1 and K2 are constants, (omega) is joint angular velocity (degree/sec), (Tiso) represents the knee extension torque that could be developed by the active muscle if the muscle action were isometric (N-m), and (dW/dt) is the rate of work performed (W). Volunteers performed a series of repetitive 2- to 4-min knee extension exercises, while varying either the knee extension torque or velocity. The average joint torque, angular velocity, rate of work performed, and net energy expenditure (E) above resting and dE/dt were determined for each muscle action. The best fit values for K1 and K2 for concentric, eccentric, and isometric muscle actions were 0.044, -0.55, and 0 W/degree/sec, and 4.14, 5.28, and 2.17 W/N-m, respectively. The coefficients of determination (r2) for the model predictions of dEquad/dt for the three modes of muscle action were 0.78, 0.71, and 0.71, respectively. The correlation coefficient between predicted and experimental dE/dt for all modes of muscle action combined was 0.93. These findings indicate the model provides a useful tool for predicting the rate of energy expenditure associated with cyclic knee extension efforts.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Epidural anaesthesia and analgesia do not affect energy expenditure after major abdominal surgery.

Our objective was to determine the effect of perioperative epidural anaesthesia and analgesia on the increase in energy expenditure which accompanies major elective abdominal surgery in a prospective, randomized study. Eight patients undergoing elective resections of the colon and/or rectum received general anaesthesia alone (nitrous oxide, oxygen, and isoflurane, supplemented with intravenous fentanyl to a maximum of 10 micrograms.kg-1), and 12 patients received perioperative epidural anaesthesia and analgesia using lidocaine (carbonated lidocaine 2% with epinephrine 1:200,000, 20 ml over 30 min) and morphine (preservative-free morphine 0.10 mg.kg-1 after catheter insertion and 0.05 to 0.10 mg.kg-1 every 12 hr as needed until the morning following surgery) via a lower lumbar catheter in addition to general anaesthesia. Respiratory gas exchange was measured using a metabolic cart and canopy system early on the morning of surgery, six hours postoperatively, and on the first and second postoperative mornings. Parenteral analgesic administration (P < 0.001) and visual analogue pain scores (P < 0.05) were lower in the patients receiving epidural anaesthesia and time to first parenteral analgesia was longer (P < 0.005). Oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and energy expenditure increased after surgery (all P < 0.001) but were very similar in the two groups (all P > or = 0.8) before and after surgery. Despite substantial effects on postoperative pain, we conclude that oxygen consumption and energy expenditure following major abdominal surgery are not diminished by perioperative epidural anaesthesia and analgesia.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Comparison of measured and predicted energy expenditure in mechanically ventilated children.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the energy requirements in mechanically ventilated pediatric patients using indirect calorimetry and to compare the results with the predicted metabolic rate. DESIGN: In 50 mechanically ventilated children with a moderate severity of illness, energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry. Daily caloric intake was recorded for all patients. Total urinary nitrogen excretion was determined in 31 patients. RESULTS: Although there was a close correlation between the measured total energy expenditure (mTEE) and the predicted basal metabolic rate (pBMR) (r = 0.93, p < 0.001), Bland-Altman analysis showed lack of agreement between individual mTEE and pBMR values. The ratio of caloric intake/mTEE was significantly higher in the patients with a positive nitrogen balance (1.4 +/- 0.07) compared with those with a negative nitrogen balance (0.8 +/- 0.1; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Standard prediction equations are not appropriate to calculate the energy needs of critically ill, mechanically ventilated children. Individual measurements of energy expenditure and respiratory quotient by means of indirect calorimetry in combination with nitrogen balance are necessary for matching adequate nutritional support.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Radiant heat affects thermoregulation and energy expenditure during rewarming from torpor.

The high expenditure of energy required for endogenous rewarming is one of the widely perceived disadvantages of torpor. However, recent evidence demonstrates that passive rewarming either by the increase of ambient temperature or by basking in the sun appears to be common in heterothermic birds and mammals. As it is presently unknown how radiant heat affects energy expenditure during rewarming from torpor and little is known about how it affects normothermic thermoregulation, we quantified the effects of radiant heat on body temperature and metabolic rate of the small (body mass 25 g) marsupial Sminthopsis macroura in the laboratory. Normothermic resting individuals exposed to radiant heat were able to maintain metabolic rates near basal levels (at 0.91 ml O(2) g(-1) h(-1)) and a constant body temperature down to an ambient temperature of 12 degrees C. In contrast, metabolic rates of individuals without access to radiant heat were 4.5-times higher at an ambient temperature of 12 degrees C and body temperature fell with ambient temperature. During radiant heat-assisted passive rewarming from torpor, animals did not employ shivering but appeared to maximise uptake of radiant heat. Their metabolic rate increased only 3.2-times with a 15- degrees C rise of body temperature (Q(10)=2.2), as predicted by Q(10) effects. In contrast, during active rewarming shivering was intensive and metabolic rates showed an 11.6-times increase. Although body temperature showed a similar absolute change between the beginning and the end of the rewarming process, the overall energetic cost during active rewarming was 6.3-times greater than that during passive, radiant heat-assisted rewarming. Our study demonstrates that energetic models assuming active rewarming from torpor at low ambient temperatures can substantially over-estimate energetic costs. The low energy expenditure during passive arousal provides an alternative explanation as to why daily torpor is common in sunny regions and suggests that the prevalence of torpor in low latitudes may have been under-estimated in the past.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed2000

Total energy expenditure of elite synchronized swimmers measured by the doubly labeled water method.

To determine the daily energy requirement of elite synchronized swimmers during moderate-intensity training, the average daily energy expenditure measured by the doubly labeled water method, was calculated for nine female Japanese national team synchronized swimmers [four senior; mean (SD) 22.5 (1.0) years old, 52.2 (3.6) kg, and five junior; 17.6 (1.1) years old, 52.8 (2.3) kg]. Their total energy expenditure (TEE) was 11.5 (2.8) MJ x day(-1) [2738 (672) kcal day(-1)]. When compared with estimated energy requirements derived from "Recommended Dietary Allowances for the Japanese", 12.1 (0.6) MJ day(-1) [2897 (139) kcal day(-1)], there was no difference between mean actual and estimated energy requirements. However, there were considerable differences observed on an individual basis. Their energy intake, estimated from 7- day self-reported dietary records, was 8.9 (1.7) MJ day(-1) [2128 (395) kcal x day(-1)], which was significantly lower than their TEE (P<0.05). Resting energy expenditure (REE), as determined by indirect calorimetry, was 5.2 (0.3) MJ x day(-1) [1247 (75) kcal x day(-1)]. Their physical activity level (TEE/REE) was 2.18 (0.43). These results demonstrate that the TEE values of elite female synchronized swimmers are not dissimilar to those reported for athletes participating in other sports, especially competitive swimmers during moderate-intensity training.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Energy expenditure using isotope-labelled water (2H218O), exercise performance, skeletal muscle enzyme activities and plasma biochemical parameters in humans during 95 days of endurance exercise with inadequate energy intake.

Two men, R.F. and M.S., pulled sledges each with starting masses of 222 kg, 2300 km across Antarctica. Exercise was performed for approximately 10 h each day for 95 days. Despite an average energy intake of 21.3 MJ.day-1 both subjects lost more than 25% of body weight. Energy expenditure was measured using energy balance data (EB) and isotope-labelled water (2H218O). Isotope doses were taken on day 0 and day 50 of the expedition. During the first 50 days both methods gave reasonable agreement, giving energy expenditures of 38.3 (EB) and 35.5 (2H218O) MJ.day-1 in R.F. and 28.6 (EB) and 29.1 (2H218O) MJ.day-1 in M.S. The isotope data for days 20-30 yielded exceptional values of 44.6 MJ.day-1 in R.F. and 48.7 MJ.day-1 in M.S. Estimates of energy expenditure between day 51 and day 96 were much lower and although the methods were in agreement for R.F.-24.1 (EB) and 23.1 (2H218O) MJ. day-1, there was poor agreement for MS-26.8 (EB) and 18.8 (2H218O) MJ.day-1. However, some practical difficulties occurred during this second period and there were also problems arising from marked increases in body water that made estimates of body mass and composition change difficult to interpret. The latter problems were probably due to malnutrition, which may have also been responsible for surprising increases in urinary excretion of 2H and 18O observed in both men at around day 81. These increases may reflect the release of label incorporated into molecules other than water which do not normally freely exchange with the body water pool under the circumstances of marked malnourishment. Following the expedition, both men showed declines in maximal O2 consumption (VO2max, 53.6 to 41.2 ml O2 kg-1.min-1 in R.F., 58.1-46.0 ml O2 kg-1.min-1 in M.S.); maximal voluntary isometric force production in different muscle groups (up to 19.9% in R.F. and 55.8% in M.S.) and both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial skeletal muscle enzyme activities (up to 56% in R.F. and 63% in M.S.). Plasma samples taken during the expedition showed low glucose levels, inappropriately high insulin levels, and declines in testosterone and luteinizing hormone. Thyroxine, cholesterol, albumin and triglyceride levels remained normal.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Human energy expenditure when walking on a moving platform.

The assumption that working on board ship is more strenuous than comparable work ashore was investigated in this study. Various physiological parameters (VO2, VCO2, VE and HR) have been measured to determine the energy expenditure of subjects walking slowly on a moving platform (ship motion simulator). Twelve subjects (eight men and four women) walked either freely on the floor or on a treadmill at a speed of 1 m x s(-1). Platform motion was either in a heave, pitch or roll mode. These three conditions were compared with a control condition in which the platform remained stationary. The results showed that during pitch and roll movements of the platform, the energy expenditure for the same walking task was about 30% higher than under the stationary control condition (3.6 J x kg[-1] x m[-1] vs 2.5 J x kg[-1] x m[-1], P < 0.05) for both walking on a treadmill and free walking. The heart rate data supported the higher energy expenditure results with an elevation of the heart rate (112 beats x min[-1] vs 103 beats x min[-1], P < 0.05). The heave condition did not differ significantly from the stationary control condition. Pitch and roll were not significantly different from each other. During all experimental conditions free walking resulted in a higher energy cost of walking than treadmill walking (3.5 J x kg[-1] x m[-1] vs 2.7 J x kg[-1] x m[-1], P < 0.05) at the same average speed. The results of this experiment were interpreted as indicating that the muscular effort, needed for maintaining balance when walking on a pitching or rolling platform, resulted in a significantly higher work load than similar walking on a stable or a heaving floor, independent of the mode of walking. These results explain in part the increased fatigue observed when a task is performed on a moving platform.

Adult↗