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PubMed2002

Evidence for a positive association between pulmonary function and wine intake in a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Lung function is a strong predictor of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Previous studies suggest that alcohol exposure may be linked to impaired pulmonary function through oxidant-antioxidant mechanisms. Alcoholic beverages may be an important source of oxidants and antioxidants. We analyzed the relation of beverage-specific alcohol intake with forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) in a random sample of 1555 residents of Western New York, USA. METHODS: We expressed pulmonary function as percent of predicted normal FEV1 (FEV1%) and FVC (FVC%) after adjustment for height, age, gender, and race. To obtain information on alcohol intake we used a questionnaire that reliably queries total alcohol and beverage-specific recent (past 30 days) and lifetime alcohol consumption. RESULTS: Using multiple linear regression analysis after adjustment for covariates (pack-years of smoking, weight, smoking status, education, nutritional factors, and for FEV1%, in addition, eosinophil count), we observed no significant correlation between total alcohol intake and lung function. However, we found positive associations of recent and lifetime wine intake with FEV1% and FVC%. When we analyzed white and red wine intake separately, the association of lung function with red wine was weaker than with white wine. CONCLUSION: While total alcohol intake was not related to lung function, wine intake showed a positive association with lung function. Although we cannot exclude residual confounding by healthier lifestyle in wine drinkers, differential effects of alcoholic beverages on lung health may exist.

Adult↗
PubMed2025

Men's Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices, Cultural Beliefs, and Perceived Risk and Susceptibility Regarding Prostate Cancer in the Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa.

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer (PCa) awareness and knowledge among men in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa, remain inadequately studied despite the high local burden of the disease. This study investigates the knowledge, attitudes, practices, cultural beliefs, and perceived risk of PCa among men aged 40 and above in selected villages under the Mphaphuli and Niani tribal authorities. METHODS: A quantitative survey was conducted with 431 men, utilizing a questionnaire adapted from the African Women Awareness of Cancer (AWACAN) tool. The questionnaire, translated into Tshivenda, assessed socio-demographic data, awareness, knowledge of risk factors and symptoms, health-seeking behavior, and barriers to seeking medical help. RESULTS: The study revealed that 51.3% of participants had heard of PCa, while 48.7% had not. Awareness varied significantly with age, relationship status, education level, and language. Older men and those with higher education levels were more knowledgeable about PCa. Clinics, hospitals, and media were the primary sources of information. Misconceptions about risk factors were prevalent, with 24.0% of men indicating a preference for traditional healers for PCa symptoms. Barriers to medical help included fear of the disease, procedural fears, and cultural taboos. Multivariate analysis identified significant factors associated with PCa knowledge, including age, language, access to tap water, and cell phone ownership. CONCLUSION: These findings underscore the importance of targeted educational interventions considering sociodemographic and cultural contexts. Future public health initiatives should focus on bridging the gap between traditional and modern medical practices to enhance health outcomes in the Vhembe District and similar settings.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

Hypertension in minority populations. Access to care.

Data from multiple sources confirm the greater risk of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease that is seen in some minority segments of the population of the United States, when those segments are compared with the population as a whole. In most studies, blacks are shown to have the highest overall mortality rate from cardiovascular disease--higher than the rate for Hispanics, and substantially higher than the rate for whites and Asians. In some of these studies, blacks also have higher rates of both hypertension-related stroke and coronary artery disease. In some of the major clinical trials, Hispanic patients have the next-highest death rate from high blood pressure and ischemic heart disease. In other, smaller studies, however, non-Hispanic whites have had comparable or higher age-adjusted death rates. Asians, by contrast, have significantly lower death rates from cardiovascular disease, irrespective of national origin, and they also have correspondingly lower mortality from stroke and other hypertension-related diseases. As in coronary artery disease, issues related to access to care may be implicated in the disproportionate morbidity and mortality rates noted in black and Hispanic patients, as well as among some lower-class segments of the non-Hispanic white population. Access to care may depend upon a number of factors, among them cultural isolation, public awareness, individual and group attitudes, perception of resource availability, actual resources, socioeconomic status, educational level, and peer behavior.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1990

Parental perceptions of genetic risk: correlation with choice of prenatal diagnostic procedures.

Determinants of patients' decisions to have prenatal diagnosis, and by which test (amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling), is not well understood. We have administered questionnaires to couples referred for genetic counseling and procedures for advanced maternal age and determined patients' responses, decisions, and attributable determinants of their choice. Differences in perception of risks between partners, and choice of procedure, correlated with socioeconomic, educational status and age.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Prevalence of speech and hearing disorders in a state penitentiary population.

Speech and hearing screening was conducted with 136 inmates incarcerated at the Mississippi State Penitentiary. The prevalences found for articulation and for fluency disorders were comparable to prevalence figures reported for the general population, whereas the prevalence figures for voice and hearing disorders among the sample group were appreciably higher. The demographics of the subject group as to age, sex, offender status, educational background, and receipt of previous speech/hearing evaluation are reported and discussed relative to screening failure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Growth and development in patients operated on for islet cell dysplasia.

Neonatal hypoglycemia caused by islet cell dysplasia (ICD), sometimes called nesidioblastosis, may lead to psychomotor retardation and neurologic dysfunction in up to 50% of patients who are not given early aggressive treatment. In 1979, we adopted a more aggressive protocol for treating this condition that consists of the following steps: immediate insertion of a silastic central venous line for reliable venous access; continuous intravenous infusion of glucose and glucagon to maintain euglycemia; oral diazoxide; and near total pancreatectomy if the first steps fail to overcome the hypoglycemia or the patient cannot be weaned off intravenous therapy. Twelve consecutive patients who underwent pancreatectomy for control of hypoglycemia between 1979 and 1984 were recalled and evaluated for growth delay, neurologic dysfunction, and psychomotor retardation using the Revised Yale Developmental Schedules, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary, and the Draw a Man Test. Follow-up ages ranged from 1.2 to 6.0 years with a median of 3.6 years. No significant growth abnormalities were identified. No patient exhibited focal neurologic dysfunction, although some demonstrated soft neurologic signs, which did not appear to be related to their earlier hypoglycemia. Psychomotor function for the group as a whole was normal, with a mean developmental quotient (DQ) of 99.2. The DQ was average for five patients and above average for four; no patient had a DQ in the frankly subnormal range. Psychomotor development correlated better with the family's socioeconomic and educational status than with the neonatal hypoglycemia. These children are developmentally and neurologically normal despite severe neonatal hypoglycemia. Continued follow-up will be necessary to detect any late sequelae.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Body Height↗
PubMed1987

Response to total sleep deprivation and clomipramine in endogenous depression.

In 44 endogenously depressed patients, response to total sleep deprivation (TSD) was investigated as a function of several biographical and clinical variables. All patients were subjected to a schedule of sleep-TSD-sleep-TSD. Antidepressant drug treatment (clomipramine) was started on the day before the first TSD. Sex, age, educational status, number of previous hospitalizations and duration of the current depressive episode were not related to the response to either the first or the second TSD. Likewise, no significant differences were found in the responses of unipolar and bipolar patients. In contrast, diurnal variation appeared to be positively correlated with response to TSD. Depressives with psychotic features reacted more favourably than non-psychotic depressives.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Bulimia nervosa: sex role attitude, sex role behavior, and sex role related locus of control in bulimarexic women.

Thirty-four women with bulimia nervosa and 34 women without bulimarexic symptoms (but matched for age, weight, deviance from ideal weight, and educational status) were compared as to how liberated their attitude towards the woman's role in society (= their sex role attitude, SRA) and their actual own behavior as females (= their sex role behavior, SRB) were. The degree to which their general attitude towards sex role and their own sex role behavior differed from each other was also investigated. Experimental and control group were also compared concerning their sex role related locus of control (SRLC). SRA and SRB were significantly less liberated in the bulimarexic group than in the control group. In addition, the bulimarexic group showed a wide gap between their general attitude (SRA) and actual behavior (SRB) as to the degree of liberation. No such discrepancy was found in the control subjects. The sex related locus of control data showed that bulimarexic women had significantly higher external and fatalistic control, and lower internal control than the comparison subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Statistical constraints on the use of single cases in neuropsychological research.

In a recent study by Miceli, Silveri, Romani, and Caramazza (Brain and Language, 1989, 36, 447-492), free speech records for 20 unselected Italian-speaking agrammatic patients were analyzed along a variety of linguistic parameters, with particular emphasis on substitution and omission errors within traditional "part of speech" categories. The authors draw two strong conclusions: (1) the variability observed in this sample is too great to justify grouping these patients (or any coherent subset of the patients) into the "same" clinical category; (2) the extensive variability displayed by these patients reflects meaningful and very specific patterns of dissociation that would be lost if patients were grouped together in a common category called "aggrammatism." In a reanalysis of the Miceli et al. data, we conclude that the evidence does not justify either of these conclusions. First, we provide a set of mathematical simulations demonstrating that the dissociations claimed by Miceli et al. could have occurred entirely by chance, if samples of speech were drawn randomly from a "universe of discourse" characterized by error rates similar to those displayed by patients in this study. This randomization method has considerable generality, and could prove useful to other investigators interested in determining the number and type of dissociations that are likely to occur by chance in individual and/or group studies. Second, we demonstrate that there are many confounding factors that could account for the variability observed by Miceli et al., including differences in neurological status, education, and the strategies that patients elect to deal with their limitations.

Aphasia, Broca↗
PubMed1990

Treatment adherence and risk of death after a myocardial infarction.

The relation of treatment adherence to mortality after a myocardial infarction was investigated among 2175 participants in the Beta Blocker Heart Attack Trial, which had data for measures of treatment adherence, clinical severity, and the psychological and social features that may influence post-infarction mortality. Overall, patients who did not adhere well to treatment regimen (ie, who took less than or equal to 75% of prescribed medication) were 2.6 times more likely than good adherers to die within a year of follow-up (95% confidence interval, 1.2, 5.6). Poor adherers had an increased risk of death whether they were on propranolol (OR = 3.1) or placebo (OR = 2.5). Furthermore, this increased risk of death for poor adherers was not accounted for by measures of the severity of myocardial infarction, sociodemographic features (eg, race, marital status, education), smoking, or psychological characteristics (high life-stress or social isolation).

Adult↗
PubMed1985

The sexual abuse of Afro-American and white-American women in childhood.

This study examined the prevalence of child sexual abuse in a multi-stage stratified probability sample of Afro-American and white-American women, 18 to 36 years of age, in Los Angeles County. The sample ranged in demographic characteristics by age, marital status, education and the presence of children. Of the total sample of 248 women, 154 (62%) reported at least one incident of sexual abuse prior to age 18, with 57% of Afro-American women and 67% of white-American women having been abused. Sexual abuse before the age of 18 appears to be of equal concern for both ethnic groups, although similarities and differences in the circumstances under which abuse incidents occurred were subtle and deserve attention. The need for identifying contemporary factors that contribute to the prevalence of abuse over the past 40 years is stressed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Violence towards children in the United States and Sweden.

This paper reports the results of a cross-cultural comparison of violence towards children in the United States and Sweden. Data from the United States are based on interviews with a nationally representative sample of 1,146 households with at least one child between the ages of 3 and 17 years living at home. Data from Sweden are based on interviews with a nationally representative sample of 1,168 households with a child 3 to 17 years of age at home. Violence and abuse were measured using the Conflict Tactics Scales. In general, Swedish parents reported using less violence than did parents in the United States. There was no significant difference between the two countries in the rate of reported severe or abusive violence. The paper compares factors found associated with violence towards children in the two countries, including age, marital status, education, and parents' background. The results are analyzed by considering methodological and cultural factors that explain the similarities and differences in the use of violence towards children in the two countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Gastric emptying and anxiety in chronic duodenal ulcer.

The authors have evaluated in a group of patients afflicted with duodenal ulcer whether anxiety might be in some way linked to gastric emptying. The 23 patients studied were subdivided into two groups: "fast" emptiers (n = 12; t 1/2 less than 90 min) and "normal" emptiers (n = 11; t 1/2 greater than 90 min). There were no significant differences between the two groups for the following parameters: sex, age, marital status, educational level, social class, number of cigarettes smoked per day, type of treatment undergone for the duodenal ulcer and maximal acid output. Anxiety levels measured with the Q4 and QII factors of the Cattell's PF 16 were found to be the same in the two groups. The authors conclude that anxiety does not seem to be linked to gastric emptying in chronic duodenal ulcer.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Determinants of drug use: a test of the coping hypothesis.

This paper uses a national probability sample to examine major correlates of drug use among American adults. Demographic correlates of alcohol, cigarette, marijuana, tranquilizer, sleeping pill and stimulant use are explained in terms of a self medication or coping perspective of drug use. Two analysis procedures are used. In the first, respondents were asked to list strategies they use when they have problems. These responses are 'broken down' by drug use categories or 'taking pills'. In the second procedure, attempts are made to interpret the correlations between age, sex, marital status, education and drug use by introducing variables which measure how respondents were experiencing fundamental aspects of their lives (role stress items) and mental health variables. A substantial portion of the variance in drug use that is explained by demographic variables appears to operate through social role and mental health variables, that is, these latter variables interpret the demographic/drug use relationships in a way that is consistent with a coping perspective. The authors conclude that these data and this analysis provided cautious support for a coping perspective.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

The effects of health and treatment perceptions on the use of prescribed medication and home remedies among African American and white American hypertensives.

This study examines the relationships between health beliefs and the use of both prescribed medication and home remedies among a group of African American and White American hypertensives. Data were collected via telephone interviews with 300 individuals who had been medically diagnosed as having hypertension and had been prescribed at least one antihypertensive medication. Using the health belief model (HBM) as the theoretical framework, 4 primary hypotheses involving the perceptions of severity, susceptibility, benefits and costs of each treatment and compliance with prescribed mediation (Rx) and use of home remedies (HR) were tested. Multivariate logistic regression analyses indicated that age, costs of Rx and benefits of HR predicted compliance with Rx. The primary predictors of use of HR were ethnicity, poverty status, education, severity, benefits and costs of HR. The differences in predictor variables for each treatment behavior are discussed and speculations about the nature and importance of these differences are offered. Study findings support the suggestion that patient beliefs about their disease and their evaluations of treatment options should be considered when developing therapeutic plans and when monitoring patient outcomes.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1984

Physiopathological aspects of body overweight in the female climacteric.

The correlation between overweight and the climacteric was studied in 550 menopause clinic patients by investigating certain clinical and sociocultural parameters (age, marital status, educational level, occupation and type of work, calorie intake, smoking habits, parity, blood pressure, previous hormonal therapy and climacteric symptoms), evaluating plasma levels of various hormones (17 beta-oestradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing (LH), testosterone, hydrocortisone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), growth hormone (GH) and insulin), glucose and various lipid fractions (total lipids, total cholesterol, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), triglycerides and phospholipids) and exploring the blood-clotting pattern ( Owren 's test, euglobulin lysis time, antithrombin III and prothrombin agglutination time (PAT). The subjects were classified as normal weight or overweight by reference to Broca's Index, as modified by Brusch , and the degree of overweight was determined by means of the Body Mass Index (BMI). Of the subjects examined, 49% were overweight and, in successive years following the menopause, there was a growing bipolarization of the weight increase. The correlation between overweight in the climacteric and the parameters considered was found to be significant only in regard to calorie intake, age and educational level. Post-menopausal gonadotrophin levels in blood were significantly lower in the overweight than in the normal-weight women. With the onset of menopause, the plasma level of testosterone fell in the normal-weight women, while it increased, along with that of hydrocortisone, in the overweight women. In the normal-weight women at menopause, it was found that there was a tendency towards a substantial increase in lipid fractions and glycaemia, as well as a state of hypercoagulability. In the overweight women, the tendency was towards an even more marked increase in both glycaemia and the various lipid fractions, and, besides the hypercoagulative state, there was an associated reduction in fibrinolytic activity. It is concluded that the menopause not only causes metabolic changes but also aggravates the metabolic and endocrine tendencies which characterize overweight subjects and thus, clinically, constitutes an obesity risk factor in those women who already demonstrate a tendency towards overweight in the pre-menopausal phase.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The development of the Comprehensive Addiction Severity Index for Adolescents (CASI-A). An interview for assessing multiple problems of adolescents.

The Comprehensive Addiction Severity Index for Adolescents (CASI-A) is a 45 to 90-minute comprehensive, semi-structured clinical interview for evaluating adolescents who present for treatment at various provider agencies. CASI-A modules and their individual items were selected and revised based on theory, clinical wisdom, and adolescent experiences obtained during pilot interviews and focus groups. The CASI-A assesses known risk factors, concomitant symptomatology, and consequences of adolescent alcohol/drug use within seven primary areas of functioning: education status, alcohol/drug use, family relationships, peer relationships, legal status, psychiatric distress, and use of free time. The CASI-A is not a diagnostic or screening instrument, but rather a clinical assessment tool that obtains clinically pertinent information designed to guide treatment planning and to evaluate treatment outcome. The CASI-A's design makes it suitable for administration in a variety of settings, for repeat administration at posttreatment follow-up evaluations, and for assessment of virtually all adolescents in treatment regardless of their admission problem. Overall, the CASI-A has encouraging but preliminary evidence of validity and internal consistency. Information collected soon after admission during administration of the CASI-A by nonclinical interviewers corresponded quite well with that obtained over the course of the adolescent's treatment stay by the entire treatment team. Revisions to the instrument are being made in those areas where correspondence between information on the CASI-A and that extracted from clinical records dropped below 75%, or in those early subscales, where alpha coefficients dropped below .6. As a result of the encouraging results reported in this paper, we are beginning additional psychometric testing, refining the proposed scoring system, and developing a computerized data entry, scoring, and report system.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Body Mass Index at the age of 18 and its effects on 32-year-mortality from coronary heart disease and cancer. A nested case-control study among the entire 1932 Dutch male birth cohort.

In a nested case-control design the Body Mass Index at 18 years of age was related to 32-year mortality from coronary heart disease (ICD-codes: 410-414) and cancer (ICD-codes: 140-208) among the 1932 Dutch male birth cohort. By means of a logistic regression model the risk ratios were estimated for four BMI-categories: less than or equal to 18.99, 19.00-19.99, 20.00-24.99, greater than or equal to 25.00. Information on blood pressure, resting heart rate, initial health status, education and region of origin was available and these factors were taken into account as possible confounders. The mortality rate for coronary heart disease was highest for the men in the fattest group, while the leanest group showed an excess cancer mortality. The adjusted coronary heart disease mortality risk ratio was elevated for both BMI-categories above the reference category of 19.00-19.99, with an estimate of 2.5 for the men with a BMI greater than or equal to 25.00 at the age of 18. An increased cancer mortality risk ratio of 1.4, mainly due to lung cancer, was observed during the last 20 years of the 32-year follow-up period for the men with a BMI less than or equal to 18.99. The importance of age and differentiation of causes of death in interpreting the results of prospective studies is discussed.

Adolescent↗