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PubMed2003

Effects of a child with a craniofacial anomaly on stability of the parental relationship.

The purpose of this study was to determine rates of divorce in parents of children with various types of craniofacial anomalies and to analyze possible confounding factors. A 29-question survey was sent to parents of all children evaluated in the Craniofacial Centre between 1992 and 1997. Parents were questioned regarding pre- and postnatal marital stability, whether the child's facial anomaly contributed to divorce, and involvement in the child's welfare. Using deformational posterior plagiocephaly as a control group, rates of divorce vs. non-divorce were compared for craniofacial anomalies, categorized as asymmetric (hemifacial microsomia, unilateral coronal synostosis, cleft lip, cleft lip/palate) or symmetric (syndromic-craniosynostosis, orbital hypertelorism, Treacher Collins syndrome). Major anomalies (hemifacial microsomia, craniosynostosis, orbital hypertelorism, Treacher Collins syndrome) were also compared to minor anomalies (cleft lip, cleft lip/palate). Surveys were sent to both parents in 412 families; 403 surveys were returned; and the results were evaluated in 275 families (67%). Frequency analysis demonstrated an overall divorce rate of 6.8% and 4.9% separation. Anomalies associated with the highest rate of divorce were hemifacial microsomia (24.0%), syndromic craniosynostosis (12.2%), and cleft lip/palate (6.8%). 79% of non-divorced couples reported a strong prenatal relationship, whereas 59% of divorced couples reported a problematic relationship. Following birth of the affected child, 47% of non-divorced couples responded that the bonds became stronger and 41% of divorced couples thought the relationship worsened. Two-sided Fisher exact test comparing control vs. all other anomalies showed significance (p=.030) for rates of divorce. Separation of anomalies into asymmetric vs. symmetric and major vs. minor categories demonstrated no significant difference in divorce rate (p>.05). The mother was more likely to become a child's primary caregiver following estrangement.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Changing marital status and desistance from intimate assault.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined whether the odds of subsequent domestic violence by married men are reduced when women file for divorce, and whether these odds are further influenced by the timing of divorce proceedings. METHODS: The sample included 703 married men arrested for misdemeanor assaults on spouses in Hamilton County (Cincinnati), Ohio. Logistic regression models were estimated to determine whether men with divorces filed against them (after entry into the study) were less likely to be re-arrested during a fixed 24-month follow-up period. A survival analysis of differences in time to re-arrest for men with filed divorces versus those without was also conducted, as well as an analysis of the speed of divorce filings and re-arrest. RESULTS: Only 24% of all offenders had divorce papers filed in court during the study period. Divorce filings coincided with (1) lower likelihoods of re-arrest for intimate assault, (2) lower likelihoods of re-arrest during each month of follow-up, and (3) longer delays to re-arrest (for those who ultimately re-offended). Shorter delays to divorce filings (after initial arrest) were more effective for reducing likelihoods of subsequent assault, particularly within the first 11 months after entry into the study. CONCLUSIONS: Findings have implications for victim support services offered through domestic violence courts. Evidence from this and future studies may provide additional incentives for support personnel to identify and overcome the barriers preventing many women from successfully filing for divorce. However, the study should be seen as offering preliminary findings on a potentially important issue.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The impact of parental disruption on Kuwaiti adolescents: a comparative study on children from intact and broken families.

Divorce, which was once a rare phenomenon in Kuwait, now occurs in nearly one third of all marriages. The purpose of this study was to compare the differences in self-esteem, locus of control, and attitude toward parents between Kuwaiti adolescents from divorced and intact families. The results revealed that adolescents from divorced families showed higher self-esteem than adolescents from intact families. Within the divorced families, females showed higher self-esteem compared to males. There was no difference in locus of control between divorced and intact families nor were there any gender differences. Divorced fathers were evaluated negatively by their children whereas divorced mothers were evaluated positively. These data are believed to be the first of its kind from divorced families in Kuwait or the Middle East.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Outcomes of post-spinal cord injury marriages.

The purpose of this study was to compare the divorce rate among persons who got married after spinal cord injury with that of the non-spinal cord-injured population of comparable age and gender and to identify factors associated with increased likelihood of divorce. The study included 622 persons enrolled in the National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center data set since 1973. These persons were followed between 1 and 15 years after their marriage (mean = 3.5 years). The status of each marriage was determined at the time of their most recent routine annual follow-up examination. Overall, 126 divorces occurred, whereas 74 were expected, based on 2,190 person-years of follow-up and age-sex-specific annual divorce rates for the United States population. Men and remarried persons had divorce rates 2.07 times and 1.80 times higher, respectively, than women and persons married for the first time. The divorce rate was 1.85 times higher among persons without college educations and was lower for persons with lumbosacral injuries than for persons with higher injury levels. In general, the impact of spinal cord injury appears to be almost as great on postinjury marriages as it is on preexisting marriages. However, this study yields descriptive rather than causal information. Other factors must be identified before a clinically useful model to predict persons at high risk for divorce can be developed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Longitudinal associations of marital quality and marital dissolution with the incidence of DSM-III-R disorders.

This study examined whether getting divorced was related to the subsequent incidence of DSM-III-R disorders across a 2-year period, controlling for the perceived quality of the marriage prior to the divorce. Data were used from 4,796 adults aged 18 to 64, who had participated in 3 waves (i.e., 1996, 1997, and 1999) of a large-scale epidemiological study conducted in The Netherlands. Results showed that getting divorced was prospectively linked to both the total and new case incidence of alcohol abuse and dysthymia, as well as to the new case incidence of social phobia. Adults who had divorced, however, were not more likely to develop a mental disorder if they had reported low levels of marital quality prior to the divorce. Thus, the marital discord underlying a divorce rather than divorce itself appeared to determine the onset of clinically relevant mental health problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

And they lived happily ever after: marriage concepts of older adolescents.

Children of divorced parents are themselves more likely to divorce. The transmission hypothesis has been variously explained by the role model learning, high risk mate selection, increased individual psychopathology and more recently by the explanation of the family's positive sanction of divorce. Conversely, studies without matched controls of adolescents' reaction to parents' separation and their own future marriage indicate that these adolescents are wary of marriage, planning to delay marriage until their late 20's or 30's and highly concerned with partner choice. A study of 18 and 19 year old college students (N = 140) was undertaken to see if the attitudes expressed by those from divorced families are unique to this group or representative of the attitude of the general teenage population towards marriage. The students completed the Tamashiro Marriage Concepts questionnaire and a demographic/social questionnaire. The majority, over 90%, scored on the first two stages of marriage concepts (magical or idealized conventional) consistent with previous findings for this age group. A sub sample of 17 adolescents with divorced parents was compared with 17 matched controls. No significant difference was found in marriage concepts, attitudes or social variables including predicted marital age, dating patterns and sexual experience. Thus older adolescents despite their previous experience tend to be less mature in cognitive style in their attitude to marriage than one would expect at this stage of ego development and, therefore, are at high risk for divorce with early marriage. Further, those adolescents whose background includes the experience of a parental separation and divorce show no difference in their attitude to marriage from their peers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Spinal cord injury: its short-term impact on marital status.

We have had the impression that patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) experience fewer marriages and more divorces than their noninjured counterparts. To test this impression statistically, we examined the influence of SCI in association with other select variables on the marital status of 276 patients injured between 1973 and 1980 and treated at the University of Alabama in Birmingham Spinal Cord Injury Care System. The expected numbers of marriages and divorces in the study population were based on comparison with reported marriage and divorce rates for the general US population. Discriminant analysis was employed to identify variables associated significantly with a postinjury change in marital status. Substantially fewer marriages and more divorces occurred than were expected (p less than 0.05). No variables were associated significantly with marrying within three years of injury. However, divorcing patients were significantly more likely to be young black women who had been previously divorced, had no children, and had Barthel scores of less than 80. Using the most effective combination of these variables, 38.7% of the variance was explained, and the postinjury marital status of 81.5% of patients married at injury was predicted correctly. While other determinants of postinjury marital status undoubtedly exist, the likelihood of divorce can be assessed using a comparatively small set of predictor variables.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Heavy alcohol use and marital dissolution in the USA.

Using the first five waves of the US Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative survey of middle-aged persons in the USA conducted between 1992 and 2000, we assessed the association between alcohol consumption and separation and divorce (combined as divorced in the analysis) for 4589 married couples during up to four repeated 2-yr follow-up periods. We found that drinking status was positively correlated between spouses. The correlations did not increase over the follow-up period. Discrepancies in alcohol consumption between spouses were more closely related to the probability of subsequent divorce than consumption levels per se. Couples with two abstainers and couples with two heavy drinkers had the lowest rates of divorce. Couples with one heavy drinker were most likely to divorce. Controlling for current consumption levels, a history of problem drinking by either spouse was not significantly associated with an increased probability of divorce. Our findings on alcohol use and marital dissolution were highly robust in alternative specifications.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1999

Retrospective analysis of medicolegal cases and evaluation for erectile function.

Erectile function (EF) is an important question in lawsuits for divorce, rape, and damages. In this study, a method to evaluate medicolegal cases is defined, and the characteristics of the 265 cases screened for EF between 1989 and 1997 were analyzed. Interview, physical examination, psychometric evaluation, nocturnal penile tumescence, serum hormone levels and blood chemistry, intracavernosal drug injection, penile Doppler ultrasonography, and pharmacocavernosometry and pharmacocavernosography tests were used for diagnosis. The tests performed were selected according to the age of the subject. Of the 265 cases 128 (48.3%) were for divorce, 116 (43.7%) were for rape, and 21 (8%) were for indemnity relating to lawsuits for damages. In only 7 cases (2.7%) was the defendant <15 years of age. Organic pathology for erectile dysfunction (ED) was present in 22% of lawsuits for divorce, 40.5% of lawsuits for rape, and 33.4% of lawsuits for damages. Three men in cases of divorce and 2 men after genital trauma due to traffic accident suffered psychological ED. This study indicates that lawyers may abuse the assertion of ED in lawsuits for divorce and rape. In 128 divorce cases the defendant was accused of being impotent, but evaluation proved that 75.8% had normal EF. In lawsuits for rape, 59.5% of defendants had normal EF although the lawyers of the rapist claimed their clients were impotent. The investigation, interpretation, and characteristics of medicolegal cases may differ in countries with different cultures.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2005

Time does not heal all wounds.

Cross-sectional studies show that divorced people report lower levels of life satisfaction than do married people. However, such studies cannot determine whether satisfaction actually changes following divorce. In the current study, data from an 18-year panel study of more than 30,000 Germans were used to examine reaction and adaptation to divorce. Results show that satisfaction drops as one approaches divorce and then gradually rebounds over time. However, the return to baseline is not complete. In addition, prospective analyses show that people who will divorce are less happy than those who stay married, even before either group gets married. Thus, the association between divorce and life satisfaction is due to both preexisting differences and lasting changes following the event.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Remarriages: a demographic profile.

"This article presents descriptive statistics for remarriages [in the United States] according to the combined marital histories of brides and grooms. In 1988, 745,000 divorced men and 748,000 divorced women remarried. For each sex, 61% married divorced, 35% married single, and 4% married widowed partners. On average, the grooms were 39 and the brides were 35 years of age, but those who married single partners were younger (35 and 31, respectively) and better educated than average. In 1988, 72,000 widowed men and 77,000 widowed women remarried, at ages 61 and 53. They married widowed or divorced partners in similar proportions. By 1988, husbands and wives who jointly remarried at ages 25 to 44 in 1972 had lower divorce levels than did those who were first married as teenagers. This indicates that marrying at a young age was a stronger determinant of divorce than was a previous marriage of either or both spouses."

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

Societal-level predictors of groups' drinking patterns: a research synthesis from the Collaborative Alcohol-Related Longitudinal Project.

OBJECTIVES: Period effects of per capita consumption of alcohol and divorce rates are assessed for change in quantity and frequency among age/sex groups in multiple longitudinal studies. METHODS: Twenty-five studies of quantity and 29 studies of frequency are used. Studies are from 15 nations and cover periods of 1 to 21 years. Models predict the standardized mean difference for quantity and frequency based on period effects and group-level and methodological variables. RESULTS: When both the period effects of per capita consumption and the divorce rate are considered, the divorce rate significantly predicts change in quantity and frequency. An increase in the divorce rate is associated with a stronger decrease in frequency among younger people; men are more likely than women to decrease their frequency of drinking when divorce rates rise. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple societal-level factors should be considered critical in influencing the drinking patterns of groups. These results suggest that an increase in the divorce rate is associated with more "dry" social contexts, characterized possibly by drinking patterns of a more "volitive" nature (i.e., heavier quantity per occasion and less frequent drinking).

Age Factors↗
PubMed2000

Is mate fidelity related to site fidelity? A comparative analysis in Ciconiiforms.

We tested for an association between divorce rate and site fidelity in 42 avian species belonging to the order Ciconiiforms, using comparative methods that account for the influences of phylogenetic relationships on the data. Our methods enabled us to detect evidence of correlated evolution and provided information on the temporal ordering of evolutionary changes in these two variables. We found a significant correlation between divorce rate and site fidelity, indicating that species with little or no site fidelity are more likely to divorce. Our data suggest that the coupled evolution of divorce and site fidelity can be summarized by three major events. The first event corresponds to a transition from species showing high divorce rate and low or no site fidelity to species that tended to reuse the same nests over consecutive breeding seasons. This was followed by a transition towards higher mate fidelity, with the preservation of pair bonds over consecutive breeding attempts. In a third stage, divorce rate and the rate of site fidelity varied, independently of each other. We discuss our results within the context of the ancestor species and the past environments in which the traits originated, and address the importance of the potential for individual recognition in shaping the observed patterns of covariation between mate fidelity and site fidelity in Ciconiiforms. Copyright 2000 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Mate fidelity and breeding site tenacity in a monogamous sandpiper, the black turnstone.

We examined the relationship between mate fidelity and breeding site tenacity during a 5-year study of the black turnstone, Arenaria melanocephala, a socially monogamous sandpiper breeding in subArctic Alaska. We tested the predictions of several hypotheses regarding the incidence of divorce and the benefits of fidelity to mate and breeding site. Interannual return rates to the breeding grounds (88% for males, 79% for females) were among the highest yet recorded for any scolopacid sandpiper, and 88% of returning birds nested on their previous year's territory. The annual divorce rate was only 11%, and mate fidelity was significantly linked to fidelity to territory but independent of sex and year. Males arrived in spring significantly earlier than their mates and interannual fidelity was influenced by the relative timing of arrival of pair members. Reunited pairs had significantly higher fledging success than new pairs formed after death or divorce. The incidence of divorce was unrelated to reproductive success the previous year, although birds nested significantly further away after failure than after a successful nesting attempt. Sightings of marked individuals suggested that members of pairs do not winter together, and breeding site tenacity provides a mechanism through which pair members can reunite. We reject the 'incompatibility' hypothesis for divorce in turnstones, and our data contradict predictions of the 'better option' hypothesis. Alternatively, we propose the 'bet-hedging' hypothesis to explain the occurrence of divorce, which transpires when an individual pairs with a new mate to avoid the cost of waiting for a previous mate to return. Such costs can include remaining unmated, if the former mate has died, or experiencing lower reproductive success because of delayed breeding. Copyright 2000 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Marital status and cardiovascular risk in French and Swedish automotive industry workers--cross sectional results from the Renault-Volvo Coeur study.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the coronary risk profiles in a sample of the French and Swedish automotive industry employees who were married/cohabitant, divorced or single (never married). DESIGN: A cross-sectional study comparison from biological and questionnaire data between the French and Swedish samples. SETTING: Occupational health departments at Renault (employees from the north-west of France) and Volvo (employees from the south-west of Sweden). SUBJECTS: Two random samples of males aged between 45 and 50 years were examined in 1993, from Renault 1000, and from Volvo 1000. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Biological data including cholesterol, blood pressure as well as the Framingham risk index. Self reported information regarding marital status, smoking, exercise, alcohol habits, and work stress assessed by the Karasek method, private social support indices, and type A behaviour according to the Bortner scale. RESULTS: More employees were married/cohabitant and fewer divorced or single at Renault. Apart from waist/hip ratio being marginally lower in Swedish single men, compared with married and divorced, no significant difference in biological cardiac risk factors (total cholesterol, blood pressure or Framingham risk index) was seen between the subgroups from any of the two countries. Compared with married/cohabitant men, it was shown that in men living alone smoking was more prevalent at Renault and Volvo. These men also showed less type A behaviour, a lower work control and a lower work support and fewer close friends. Alcohol consumption was reported in smaller amounts for Volvo employees living alone compared with married or divorced employees. Married/cohabitant and divorced staff showed similar values regarding all measured variables when compared within each country. CONCLUSIONS: Employees living alone in both France (Renault) and Sweden (Volvo) automotive companies seem to have increased nontraditional cardiac risk factors pertaining to life style and social network compared with married or divorced men. These results, in combination with the finding that more Volvo than Renault employees were living alone, suggest a higher risk for coronary heart disease amongst Volvo employees. This hypothesis will be evaluated in the 5 and 10 years follow up study.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2001

Associations between marital status and alcohol consumption in a longitudinal study of female twins.

OBJECTIVE: Prior studies have documented an association between marriage and lower alcohol consumption. Data from a longitudinal study of female twins were used to address whether longitudinal drinking trajectories are more closely related to current marital status or to patterns of marital status over time. METHOD: Past-year alcohol consumption frequency and quantity were obtained on one to three occasions, over 8 years, from 1,986 women aged 17-61. Latent growth models were applied to study whether trajectories of alcohol consumption are altered at first marriage and differ for women with different patterns of marital status changes. RESULTS: There was substantial heterogeneity in consumption trajectories, but marital status was associated with a large proportion of the decline in consumption prior to age 30. Significant group differences in consumption trajectory were associated with marital status patterns; women who later divorced drank more than women who stayed married, and divorced women who remarried drank less than divorced women who did not remarry. Among identical twins, consumption patterns were associated with co-twin divorce, suggesting the marital "effect" may be partially due to family-level factors that influence drinking. CONCLUSIONS: The results are consistent with a decrease in drinking accompanying the transition from being single to first marriage, but the influences of divorce on drinking appear to exist prior to divorce, are not directly associated with current status and may be mediated by familial processes. These results suggest that the influences of marriage on alcohol consumption are complex and cannot be limited to the simple view that marriage causes decreased drinking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Decision, 2 September 1987.

The appellant husband sought a divorce from his wife, with whom he had not lived since 1949 when he left her to live with another woman. The Supreme Court reversed a lower court decision and overturned 1952 legal precedence by ruling that a divorce request from a spouse at fault could be recognized when a) the separation has lasted for a considerable length of time, b) there are no children of the marriage who have not reached adulthood, and c) recognition of the request for divorce does not contravene the concept of justice--that is, the divorced spouse is not driven economically, psychologically, or socially to cruel circumstances. In its 1952, ruling the Court had refused to recognize a divorce request from a spouse at fault.

Asia↗
PubMed1998

Family status and self-reported health in West Germany.

The goal of the study was to examine the association between family status and several health-related variables, such as perceived general health, health behavior and self-reported morbidity. Data were derived from Health Surveys conducted in West Germany in the framework of the German Cardiovascular Prevention Study. 25'229 males and 26'097 females, aged 25 to 69 years, were examined. Age-adjusted prevalence odds ratios, calculated by multiple logistic regression analysis, were used as effect measure. The reference category was "married, living with partner" throughout. For most health-related variables significantly higher prevalence odds ratios, indicating unhealthy conditions, were observed for "singles", including persons never married, persons living separated, and divorced or widowed persons. Two or more unhealthy health behaviors were found most frequently for divorced persons of either sex. Age-adjusted odds ratios for self-reporting of three or more chronic diseases were 1.31 (p < 0.01) for divorced males, and 1.66 (p < 0.001) for divorced females. Both men and women who were divorced or separated were characterized by an unfavourable health profile.

Adult↗