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PubMed1959

Insecticide resistance in populations of Anopheles gambiae in West Africa.

A method published by Elliott in 1958 for investigation of insecticide resistance in Anopheles larvae has been applied to strains of A. gambiae from various parts of West Africa, and the results analysed to provide information as to the proportions of the three possible genotypes in the different populations.At Kano, the gene conferring resistance to dieldrin and gamma-BHC appears to be increasing in the wild population, being present in about 50% and 42% of the population in the homozygous (RR) and heterozygous (RS) states respectively. Theoretical considerations suggest that in a situation where the male heterozygote is sterile, the gene in the minority will tend to become extinct in the absence of any specific selection. In a colony maintained in captivity for six generations without intentional selection the reverse was seen to happen, the S gene increasing its representation at the expense of the R gene.In Sokoto Province, some figures of the same type were obtained; these are analysed and found to produce results compatible with those from Kano, especially as regards the LC(50) level derived for the effect of gamma-BHC on the RS fraction of the population.At Freetown, a similar analysis suggests that the factor conferring resistance to gamma-BHC has also appeared. About 66% of the sample examined appear to carry the R gene.At Ibadan, samples of the population showed some tolerance to dieldrin, but the presence of the specific type of resistance seen elsewhere was not established. The tolerance appears to be non-specific, as some relative tolerance to DDT appeared to be present also.

Africa, Western↗

PubMed1959

Cross-resistance in insecticide-resistant strains of the German cockroach. Blattella germanica (L.

The authors describe a series of experiments designed to determine the extent to which cross-resistance exists in insecticide-resistant strains of the German cockroach. The tests were conducted by exposing females from a DDT-resistant strain, a chlordane-resistant strain, and a non-resistant strain to varying concentrations of several insecticides. From these tests mortality data were obtained and are presented in the form of regression lines.The insecticides used were DDT, methoxychlor, chlordane, dieldrin, Prolan, malathion, allethrin, and Lethane; these were chosen so that a wide variety of chemical types would be represented.The results indicate that the DDT-resistant strain is highly resistant to DDT and to its analogue, methoxychlor, but not to any of the other insecticides tested. Similarly, the chlordane-resistant strain is highly resistant to chlordane and to its analogue, dieldrin, but is susceptible to the other toxicants listed.From these results, as well as those obtained by others, it appears that the picture of cross-resistance in the German cockroach is in essential agreement with that which is emerging for other insects throughout the world.

Animals↗

PubMed1962

The susceptibility of Culex pipiens fatigans to residual insecticides with particular reference to the Taveta-Pare area of East Africa.

Observations have been made on Culex pipiens fatigans in the Taveta-Pare area in East Africa from 1954 to 1961, during which time dieldrin was applied to local houses over a 3(1/2)-year period as part of an experiment in malaria control. At the end of the period of residual spraying the numbers of C. p. fatigans had been reduced by two-thirds in the Taveta area, but in the South Pare area, only some 160 km away, this mosquito was twice as numerous as before spraying. The results of susceptibility tests carried out in untreated and dieldrin-treated areas showed that the susceptibility of C. p. fatigans in East Africa to chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides was low compared with that of Anopheles gambiae, and varied by at least 20 times in some areas relatively short distances apart. C. p. fatigans from all areas sampled were, however, susceptible to fenthion and malathion.

Africa, Eastern↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Insecticide resistance and irritability of Culex pipiens in Moscow].

Resistance and irritability to permethrin, deltamethrin, bendiocarb, propoxur, fenitrothion, malathion, dieldrin and DDT (WHO standard papers) were determined in Culex pipiens collected in the basements of big houses in the centre of Moscow. Mosquitos were found to be moderately resistant to fenitrothion (87% mortality), DDT (83%) and propoxur (80%), and susceptible to the remaining insecticides. The irritability was low to dieldrin but moderate to permethrin, propoxur and DDT, and high to the rest. The irritability to bendiocarb seems to be really caused by the repellent action of citric acid which the WHO standard paper is impregnated with. It is recommended to use pyrethroids against mosquito larvae and pyrethroid brickets against adults.

Animals↗

PubMed1955

Resistance to insecticides in the larvae of Culex fatigans in Malaya.

After two years' use of hexachlorocyclohexane (BHC) as a larvicide in Georgetown, on Penang Island, control of Culex fatigans breeding became unsatisfactory. Two laboratory colonies of fatigans were established, one from Georgetown, and one from Kuala Lumpur where no insecticides had been used; tests were then made to determine the median lethal concentrations (MLC) of BHC, dieldrin, and DDT for the larvae of the two strains. The Georgetown strain was found to have acquired a tenfold resistance to BHC, and also to dieldrin to which it had not been exposed, but it showed no significant increase of resistance to DDT, to which it had also not been exposed. A year later, when both strains had passed through some ten generations in the laboratory without exposure to insecticides, the Georgetown strain was found to have lost much of its resistance to BHC, although the MLC was still twice that of the non-resistant Kuala Lumpur strain.

Animals↗

PubMed1960

A confirmed case of DDT-resistance in Xenopsylla cheopis in India.

The authors describe a technique, developed in their laboratory at Poona, Bombay State, for estimating the susceptibility of the oriental rat-flea, Xenopsylla cheopis, to insecticides. Using this technique, they compared the susceptibility to DDT, gamma-BHC and dieldrin of a field population of X. cheopis from a locality in Poona District which had been sprayed with DDT 28 times, with that of a similar population from a locality in North Satara District which had been sprayed only three times. The Poona strain proved to be highly resistant to DDT and moderately resistant to BHC, which has never been used in Poona District, but remained susceptible to dieldrin, although slightly less so than the Satara strain. The authors consider this a clear-cut case of the development of physiological resistance as a result of continued DDT spraying, and suggest that the rat-fleas in any area where DDT has been used on a large scale for disease control should be tested regularly for susceptibility so that, in the event of an outbreak of plague, the insecticide most likely to destroy the vector could be applied from the outset.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Nutrients and contaminants in human milk from mothers on macrobiotic and omnivorous diets.

The effect of alternative dietary habits and prolonged lactation on the nutrient and contaminant concentrations in human milk was studied. The study sample consisted of mothers on macrobiotic diets, containing little or no diary products and meat, at 2-3 months postpartum (n = 9) and 9-13 months postpartum (n = 12), and mothers on omnivorous diets at 2-3 months postpartum (n = 10). Protein and zinc concentrations in breast-milk from macrobiotic mothers decreased with stage of lactation. After adjustment for stage of lactation, milk from macrobiotic mothers contained less calcium, magnesium and saturated fatty acids C15:0-C20:0, and more polyunsaturated fatty acids. Observed tendencies for lower protein and fat and higher lactose concentrations in the macrobiotic group were not statistically significant. Concentrations of vitamin B12, HCB and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB 118, PCB 138, PCB 153 and PCB 180) were lower in the macrobiotic group. After adjustment for confounding variables, meat and fish consumption, but not dairy products, contributed to vitamin B12 concentrations. Meat and diary products strongly contributed to breast-milk concentrations of dieldrin and PCBs, fish to PCB 118, and smoking to DDT and dieldrin. Our findings suggest that breast-milk contamination could be reduced by abstinence from smoking and a moderate intake of animal products. However, risk of nutritional deficiencies rules out complete avoidance of meat, fish or diary products. Quantitative research on the effects of a reduced consumption of animal products, as well as smoking, on breast-milk contamination is warranted.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Detection of pesticide residues in muscles, liver and fat of 3 species of Labeo found in Kalri and Haleji lakes.

The pesticide residues which were detected in fish tissues are DDT, DDE, aldrin, dieldrin and deltamethrin. In total 45 samples were taken out of which 18 were found positive. Out of 18 samples DDT was found in 10 samples in small quantities. DDE was found in 12 samples in higher quantities, aldrin was found in 10 samples and dieldrin was found in 2 samples in small quantities. Deltamethrin was found in 7 samples and malathion in none. Slightly more number of residues were found in Kalri lake samples. However, quantity of pesticides was higher in Haleji lake due to polluted nature of water while number of pesticides was more in Kalri lake water, possibly due to the surrounding adjacent agricultural farms. Higher level of GPT, GOT and ALP was found in samples with higher accumulation of pesticide residues. This possibly indicates a correlation between exposure of pesticide and increased level of the 3 enzymes.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1991

Residues of organochlorine pesticides in human milk from mothers living in the greater Harare area of Zimbabwe.

Residue levels of the chlorinated hydrocarbons p,p -DDT, p,p, -DDE, p,p TDE, p,p -DDT, alpha-beta-gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in human milk of 40 Zimbabwean mothers living in the greater Harare area. Three municipal clinics and one main hospital were randomly selected as collecting points. The main organochlorine contaminants found in all the samples analysed were p,p -DDT and p,p -DDE and the mean levels of sum DDT and DDT/DDE ratio were 6 mg/kg milk fat and 0.74 respectively. In general, relatively low residue levels of alpha-beta-,gamma-HCH, heptachlorepoxide and dieldrin were detected in 58,100,63,13 and 65pc, respectively of all the milk samples analysed. Trace of the PCB congener 2,2,4,5,5'-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 101) were found in 15 samples and only one sample contained traces of 2,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 118). The results were examined with regard to health ad living condition of the mothers. From the small population observed around the greater Harare area--social status, educational background an living conditions could be described as important demographic variables influencing the frequency distribution of residual levels of sum DDT in the mother's milk.

Educational Status↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Levels of pesticide residues in Egyptian human milk samples and infant dietary intake.

Contamination of human milk with residues of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls was studied in a series of investigations concerned with the monitoring of these chemicals in Egyptian food. The DDT complex was the most frequently found pesticide, followed by total hexachlorocyclohexane isomers. Heptachlor and its epoxide, dieldrin, hexachlorobenzene, and oxychlordane were also found but less frequently. Estimated dietary intakes (EDIs) of these contaminants by the breast-fed infants were compared to acceptable daily intakes (ADIs). EDIs of DDT complex, lindane (gamma-HCH), heptachlor + heptachlor epoxide, and oxychlordane were below ADIs. Dieldrin EDI exceeded the acceptable daily intake.

Chromatography, Gas↗

PubMed1991

Susceptibility studies on Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles, 1901, to insecticides in the state of Goa.

Tests conducted on the adults of C. tritaeniorhynchus in Goa during 1988-89 against organochlorine, organophosphate and carbamate insecticides showed that the LC50 values against DDT and dieldrin after 1 h of exposure were 2.2 and 1.2 per cent respectively. The LT50 values against malathion (5%), fenitrothion (1%) and propoxur (0.1%) were 19, 22 and 35 min respectively. Thus, taking into consideration the base-line data available for C. quinquefasciatus, the species can be considered susceptible to dieldrin, malathion, fenitrothion and propoxur. However, the results with DDT were equivocal and require verification.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

The susceptibility of mosquitoes to insecticides in Salamanca province, Spain.

Larval susceptibility to temephos, malathion and fenitrothion were studied in 6 Aedes, 2 Culex and one Anopheles species from areas with the following agricultural characteristics: VdT, intensively irrigated crops; Zone A, cereals and some irrigation; Zone B, cereals and grasslands; Zone C, oak and pine forests. The susceptibility of adult Anopheles from VdT and Zone B areas to dieldrin and DDT was also studied. The use of insecticides in these areas probably decreases from VdT, to Zone A, to Zone C, to Zone B. Tests of larval and adult susceptibility of mosquitoes in these areas followed the recommendations of WHO re materials and methods. In the absence of any baseline data concerning the susceptibility of the tested mosquito population, the test results only allow one to suspect changes in susceptibility to temephos, malathion and fenitrothion in larvae of An. atroparvus and Cx. theileri from VdT and resistance in adults of An. atroparvus to dieldrin and DDT.

Aedes↗

PubMed1989

Susceptibility status of vectors of Japanese encephalitis to insecticides in south Arcot and Tirunelveli districts of Tamil Nadu.

Villages in South Arcot and Tirunelveli districts with high incidence of Japanese Encephalitis were selected for the study of insecticidal resistance to vectors. Culex vishnui and Anopheles hyrcanus group were found to be resistant to DDT (4 per cent for 60 min. exposure) and dieldrin (0.4 per cent for 60 min. exposure) but susceptible to Malathion (5 per cent for 60 min. exposure). So far, this is perhaps the first report of Anopheles hyrcanus group resistant to DDT and dieldrin to be reported from this area. The resistance may be due to extensive use of DDT and HCH for agricultural purposes.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Monooxygenase-catalyzed aldrin epoxidation and dihydroisodrin hydroxylation in monkey liver needle-biopsy specimens. Assay and properties.

Aldrin epoxidation and dihydroisodrin (1,8,9,10,11,11-hexachloro-2,3-7,6-endo-2,1-7,8-endo-tetracyclo [6.2.1.1(3), (6).0(2), (7)]dodec-9-ene (DHI) hydroxylation have been studied in 0.2-ml liver monooxygenase preparations. Liver biopsy specimens of rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and bonnet (M. radiata) monkeys obtained with a 1.9-mm Menghini needle were the primary enzyme sources. Dieldrin and monohydroxydihydroisodrin (DHI-OH) were the only metabolites detected by electron-capture GLC analysis of hexane extracts of incubation media. Incubation, extraction, and analysis could be done in the same vessel. Maximum rates were obtained in the presence of NADPH and O2, and both transformations were inhibited by CO. The apparent KM and Vmax (+/-SD) for epoxidation was 1.2 +/- 0.2 X 10(-5) M aldrin and 210 +/- 20 pmol of dieldrin per mg of protein per min, and the corresponding values for hydroxylation were 2.3 +/- 0.4 X 10(-5) M DHI and 150 +/- 20 pmol of DHI-OH per mg of protein per min. Aldrin epoxidation and DHI hydroxylation activities of rhesus monkey liver biopsy and rat liver preparations were evaluated after phenobarbital treatment. The assay procedures can be used in protocols in which animals serve as their own controls.

Aldrin↗

PubMed1988

Decline of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides residues in the tea-garden soils of Taiwan.

Residues of chlorinated hydrocarbon insectidies and some of their metabolites, including p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE, gamma-BHC, aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide, were examined in the soils collected from 21 tea-gardens distributed in 15 countries of 6 prefectures in 1977, and from 100 locations distributed in 46 counties of 10 prefectures in 1984 in Taiwan. Although the use of these chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides has been banned for many years, minor amounts of residues in the soils have still been detected. From 1977 to 1984, average residues of the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides and their metabolites in the soils of tea-gardens decreased from 5.64 to 0.06 ppb for gamma-BHC, 97 54 to 1.10 ppb for aldrin, 35.91 to 1.00 ppb for p,p'-DDE, 17.41 to 0.28 ppb for dieldrin, and 30.17 to 3.42 ppb for p,p'-DDT. But the number of positive cases increased for all chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides tested, the residual levels were not significantly different among soils with different physiochemical properties or among soil layers. No significant amount of these insecticides was found in the processed tea.

Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Disappearance of organochlorine residues from abdominal and egg fats of chickens, Ontario, Canada, 1969-1982.

Abdominal fats were collected from 8-week old broilers slaughtered at provincially inspected abattoirs across Ontario between 1969 and 1982. Domestically produced hen eggs were collected from either egg grading stations or producers over the same period. Composite samples were analyzed for organochlorine insecticides and industrial chemicals. Between 1979 and 1982, organophosphorus insecticides were routinely included in these analyses. Sigma DDT and PCB residues declined rapidly between 1969 and 1982 in extractable lipids of both abdominal and egg fats, while dieldrin declined less markedly over the same period. Declines in residues followed first order logarithmic regression equations. Chlordane and heptachlor epoxide were rarely observed above the detection limit of 1 microgram/kg in egg fat; however, the incidence of these residues in abdominal fat increased after 1973 following the removal of aldrin, dieldrin, and heptachlor in 1969 and the subsequent increased use of chlordane for soil insect control until 1977. Lindane residues were rarely observed above the detection limit. In 1979, when the detection limit was reduced, both alpha-BHC and lindane were identified, but at levels below 1 microgram/kg. Endosulfan, methoxychlor, and fenthion were identified on one or 2 occasions over the 13-year period.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1977

Residues of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls and autopsy data for bald eagles, 1973-74.

Eighty-six bald eagles found sick or dead during 1973-74 in 24 States were analyzed for organochlorine compounds. DDE was detected in all caracasses; polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) were found in all but two. Seventy-five carcasses contained TDE and/or dieldrin. Four eagles had possibly lethal levels of dieldrin in the brain. Bald eagles continue to retain high residue levels of organochlorine pollutants. Illegal shooting remained the most common cause of death but accounted for a smaller percentage of the mortalities than in the two previous biennial collections.

Animals↗

PubMed1973

The practical implications of resistance of malaria vectors to insecticides.

Insecticide resistance is an inherent characteristic dependent on relatively simple genetic mechanisms. This seems to be especially true of dieldrin resistance in anopheline mosquitos, though less obvious in DDT resistance among these species; little is known as yet about the inheritance of organophosphate and carbamate resistance as it occurs in Anopheles albimanus. The speed of selection of resistance depends on the original frequency of the gene or genes involved, the nature of the resistance imparted, and the selection pressure of the insecticide. This in turn depends on the inherent toxicity of the chemical, the efficiency with which it is applied, the proportion of the mosquito population coming under its influence, and the behaviour of the mosquito. In the past, too much reliance has been placed on the determination of the LD(50) in assessing the presence or absence of insecticide resistance. Quite high incidences of resistant individuals can result in such small changes in the LD(50) that resistance may be overlooked. The use of single discriminating dosages is advocated, based on concentrations of insecticides that normally kill all susceptible individuals. The authors discuss such dosages in respect of dieldrin and DDT, and put forward newly-established tentative discriminating dosages for organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides, which await field confirmation.From a practical standpoint, an insecticide should not be abandoned or replaced by another as soon as resistance is confirmed. This may not be necessary where the degree of resistance is not high and the vector is not highly efficient. Certain procedures are proposed in order to assess the epidemiological and entomological implications of resistance before the insecticide concerned is abandoned.

Animals↗