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PubMed2005

Contamination of water due to major industries and open refuse dumping in the steel city of Orissa--a case study.

Contamination of ground water is common in the areas surrounded by industrial refuse dumping sites and the probability of contamination is more where dumping is done in low lying areas and the rate of percolation through the soil is high. In order to assess the ground water pollution by leachate around the refuse dumping site, eighteen wells were selected for study. Few wells are nearer to the dumps, few are far away and others are in between. Also an attempt has been made to evaluate the effect of industrial effluents on the ground and surface water due to Integrated Rourkela Steel Plant and other major industries. From the analytical data of physico-chemical parameters, it is indicated that the river water is contaminated mainly due to the industrial and municipal effluents and the ground water of some of the analyzed areas is contaminated due to municipal and industrial solid waste dumping.

Cities↗

PubMed1991

Estimation of IgE antibodies to the common allergens by reverse enzyme immunoassay. Comparison with the radioallergosorbent test.

A reverse enzyme immunoassay (REINA) is described, in which polystyrene microtiter wells are sensitized with murine monoclonal anti-human IgE, and then sequentially allowed to react with patient's serum, peroxidase-labeled allergens and substrate. The results obtained with the sera of patients allergic to Lolium perenne grass pollen, the tree pollens of Betula alba and Olea europea, the epithelia of cat and dog, the mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, or to the foodstuffs cow's milk, chicken eggwhite or peanut were compared with the analytical data from the ratio allergosorbent test (RAST). The results show a good correlation between these two laboratory techniques.

Allergens↗

PubMed2006

Use of a mean entry age underestimates expected mean mortality rate.

OBJECTIVE: To explain the impact of the 10% annual increase in mortality rate in the life tables from about age 45 to 90 years on mean expected mortality rate in any follow-up (FU) group with a wide age range. Use of the mean age to enter a life table invariably underestimates the true mean expected mortality rate in small age groups with an age range of 5 to 10 years. As a result, when mean age and standard deviation (SD) are the only age characteristic given for the cohort reported in a FU study, the mean age must be adjusted upward to enter the life table to obtain a valid mean expected mortality rate of the entire cohort. METHOD: The 1989-91 Decennial US Life Table is used to illustrate the variation of expected annual rate, q', with age, x. The magnitude of the error in mean q' introduced by failure to adjust mean age to obtain mean q' is illustrated in examples of both cardiovascular and cancer FU studies. Other tabular analytical data are also presented. RESULTS: From the 1989-91 US Life Tables for the white population, it is shown that the mean increase in annual mortality rate between ages 45 and 90 years has been found to be 9.36 +/- 0.79% per year for males and 9.94 +/- 1.13 for females. For age groups with a narrow range (10 years or less), a mean age can be used to estimate an accurate mean q'. But if the range exceeds about 15 years, as it does in most groups of patients in a FU study, a tabular q; obtained by entering the life table with the mean age is underestimated and is lower than the actual mean q'. The magnitude of the error increases with the magnitude of the range or SD. Examples are given of the magnitude of the error in one group as patients with coronary heart disease and in another group with cancer. Summary data on the magnitude of the error are also given for multiple groups in each category. CONCLUSION: Recommendations are made on how to adjust the mean age, when possible, to provide a more accurate q', when data by separate age groups are not available.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Contents of bioelements and toxic metals in the Polish population determined by hair analysis. Part 1. Children aged 1 to 10 years.

The aim of this study is to define referential values of 5 basic bioelements (Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe) and toxic metals (Pb and Cd) in the hair of Polish children aged 1 to 10 years, based on the research conducted from 1991 to 2004 on a group of over 4000 formally healthy children. Significant differences between girls' and boys' hair Ca, Mg and Zn were observed, particularly in those aged 7 to 10 years (p = 0.0000). We noticed that boys have less concentration of hair Ca, Mg and Zn than girls do. Maximum concentration of hair Fe in children of both sexes was observed in 3 to 5 years old, diminishing subsequently. No significant differences were observed between concentrations of Cu in the hair of girls and boys of the same age, in the tested period from 1 to 10 years of age. The greatest amounts of Pb and Cd characterize the youngest children aged 1 to 5 years; while the boys possess a tendency to have higher contents of toxic elements than do girls. Children whose concentrations of hair bioelements have shown values outlying from reference ranges and who have higher concentrations of toxic metals should undergo further diagnostic tests since the results of previous tests could be a sign of disturbances in their organism leading to various diseases. The analysis of concentrations of bioelements and toxic metals in organisms based on hair analysis can be useful as a convenient, non-invasive and painless method of diagnosis of pathological states. In combination with other analytical data, this method is a complementary diagnostic procedure for practicing physicians.

Child↗

PubMed1990

[Centroblast morphology: a morphometric evaluation by means of computer-aided image analysis].

In cytologic preparations, cell images from 30 cases of high grade malignant Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and 10 cases of tonsillitis have been analysed using a colour TV microscope system, high resolution scanning and image processing. Multivariate analysis of 30 cell features allowed satisfying recognition and discrimination of centrocytes, centrocyte-like centroblasts, ordinary centroblasts and multilobated centroblasts. In addition, according to their image analytical data, the ordinary centroblasts from NHL formed 5, and those from tonsillitis 4 well defined, homogeneous clusters. Even at simultaneous analysis, there was an essential overlap only between centroblast subtype 3 from NHL and subtype 9 from tonsillitis, but reliable discrimination of all the rest.

Computers↗

PubMed2006

Contents of bioelements and toxic metals in a Polish population determined by hair analysis. Part 2. Young persons aged 10-20 years.

The aim of this study was to define referential values of 5 basic bioelements (Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe) in the hair of Polish young persons aged 10-20 years, based on the research conducted from 1991 to 2004 on a group of over 3420 healthy young persons. Mean concentrations of two toxic metals (Pb and Cd) in over 2000 young men were also investigated. The results of biochemical tests were analyzed with the program STATISTICA 7.0 (StatSoft PL). Significant differences between girls' and boys' hair Ca, Mg and Zn in the same age group were observed (p = 0.0000). It was determined that boys have smaller concentrations of hair Ca, Mg and Zn than girls. No significant differences were observed between concentrations of Cu and Fe in the hair of girls and boys of the same age in the tested period. Significantly greater amounts of Pb and Cd characterize boys. Analyses of correlations confirm significance (p < 0.05000) of synergistic interactions between bioelements: Ca-Mg (r = +0.80), Ca-Zn (r = +0.52), Ca-Cu (r = +0.14), Mg-Zn (r = +0.50), Mg-Cu (r = +0.13), Zn-Cu (r = +0.11), Cu-Fe (r = +0.04). Significance (p < 0.05000) of antagonistic interactions of bioelements with toxic metals: Zn-Pb (r = -0.30), Mg-Pb (r = -0.20), Ca-Pb (r = -0.18) and Zn-Cd (r = -0.07) was confirmed. Significance (p < 0.05000) of synergistic effects with toxic elements: Pb-Cd (r = +0.34), Fe-Pb (r = +0.22), Fe-Cd (r = +0.13) was determined. Compatibility of the statistically mapped basic characteristics of young persons' developmental age with the functions of concentrations in tested hair bioelements was confirmed. Young persons whose concentrations of selected hair bioelements showed values outside the reference ranges and who had higher concentrations of toxic metals should undergo further diagnostic tests since the results of previous tests could be a sign of disturbances leading to various diseases. Analyses of the concentrations of bioelements and toxic metals in humans based on hair analysis can be useful as a convenient, non-invasive and painless method in the diagnosis of pathological states. Combined with other analytical data, this method can be used by practising physicians as a complementary diagnostic procedure.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Mycosis fungoides: a therapeutical review.

In this review of current therapy for mycosis fungoides, the analytical data have been extrapolated from the literature. We have considered the various therapeutic modalities such as topical therapy, photochemotherapy, electron beam radiation therapy, systemic chemotherapy, the combined modalities, as well as the use of interferon and other alternative biological approaches. We conclude with a final section on comments and recommendations that may prove useful in the design of appropriate therapeutic strategies.

Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitors↗

PubMed1991

The role of ATP and free ADP in metabolic coupling during fuel-stimulated insulin release from islet beta-cells in the isolated perfused rat pancreas.

The isolated perfused rat pancreas was used to test the hypothesis that total cellular ATP or the ratio of ATP/free ADP plays the primary role in coupling intermediary metabolism to the biophysical events that are the basis of glucose-stimulated insulin release. The pancreas was preperfused for 20 min with 4.0 mM of a physiological mixture of 20 amino acids plus 4.2 mM glucose, and insulin release was then stimulated for 150 s by suddenly increasing the glucose to 8.3 mM. The pancreas was sampled at 24, 48, 72, and 150 s after the switch. The content of total ATP, ADP, AMP, Pi, phosphocreatine, and creatine were measured in beta-cell enriched cores of pancreatic islets microdissected from freeze-dried pancreas cryostat sections. Metabolites were measured by quantitative histochemical enzymatic cycling techniques. Modeling studies were carried out to assess the impact of biochemical analytical results on the membrane potential of the beta-cells. The level of free ADP was calculated using the creatine kinase equilibrium reaction and an intracellular pH of 7.2. First phase insulin release was stimulated at least 10-fold with the maximum reached 45 s after adding high glucose. The biochemical analytical data demonstrate that the total cellular level of the putative coupling factor ATP and of the ratios ATP/free ADP and ATP/free ADP x Pi are not significantly influenced by a glucose level change that causes a more than 10-fold surge of insulin release. The strength and limitations of the present experimental strategy and the implications of the results for our understanding of metabolic coupling in glucose-stimulated insulin release are discussed.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗

PubMed1991

Pesticide residue control in the years 1986-1987.

Results of analytical surveys on pesticide residue levels in foods for the years 1986-1987 are presented. Analytical data obtained from regional laboratories are tabulated in terms of various commodity groups (vegetables, fruit, cereals, processed or derived foodstuffs, other commodities, legumes, environmental samples, others) and are compared with maximum legal tolerances established by the ministerial ordinance (Italian Ministry of Health) 6.6. 1985. On a total number of 4715 determinations of classes of compounds or of single compounds made on 1601 commodities samples, only N 53 (1.1%) violative results appeared. No residue was found at levels exceeding regulatory limits or found in commodities where a tolerance had not been established for a specific pesticide/commodity combination.

Food Contamination↗

PubMedDate not supplied

In vitro degradation of some arginine-vasopressin analogs by homogenates of rat kidney, liver and serum.

Enzymatic degradations of arginine-vasopressin (AVP) and its [7-sarcosine]-substituted analogs were performed using homogenates of rat kidney, liver and serum. Under the experimental conditions used in this work, [Sar7]AVP and the parent hormone were inactivated much faster by the kidney cortex and liver homogenates than the remaining analogs, which were additionally modified at position 1 and did not contain the N-terminal amino group. Analytical data of the degradation products showed that, in the case of AVP and [Sar7]AVP, there were two major sites of cleavage: Tyr-Phe and Arg-Gly. The analogs which lack free N-terminal amino groups were deactivated very slowly. In these cases the main degradation product resulted from the cleavage of the Arg-Gly bond. The most surprising result observed during the incubation of AVP and its analogs with rat serum was the relatively high enzymatic stability of the parent hormone compared with the modified analogs. In contrast, the fastest degradation rate was found for [Cpp1,Sar7]AVP, which contains the bulky cyclopentamethylene moiety in position 1. The cleavage of the Arg-Gly peptide bond was exclusively responsible for the inactivation of all peptides with rat serum. The results showed that the degradation of vasopressin analogs in various blood and tissue samples differed both in speed and pattern of inactivation.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1975

[Evaluation and standardization of radioimmunoassays].

The term "standardization" may be applied to RIA methods to indicate the "definition of quality characteristics" the level of which must be defined on the basis of the evaluation of the "analytical procedure/specific reagents" system. Each laboratory, by applying a suitable long-term quality control system, must assure the consistent maintenance of the "standardization status" established for all mehtods it uses. As a matter of fact, in the case of RIA, materials are used that have a limited stability, that cannot be produced in large quantities, and that possess a complex composition not always well defined chemically. However, a remarkable role in the standardization process belongs to the producers of special reagents intended for RIA. In order to help the standardization of RIA methods, some programs of inter-laborator cooperation have been worked out in recent years. Among them mention is specifically made of three studies regarding the dosage of insulin: the most recent of them is devised and coordinated by the Instituto Superiore di Santià in cooperation with the Laboratory of Clinical Physiology of the National Research Council of Pisa. The availability of standardized materials is estremely important: for antigens, some materials are already in existence, but it is desirable that the various manufacturers shall follow more uniform criteria in their standardization. As far as the application of the RIA methods in the diagnostic field is concerned, the need exists for the use of standardized basic schemes that would include and unambiguously express all the useful information available in order to define better the clinical significance of the analytical data obtained.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗

PubMed1991

On some relationships of fantasies of perfection to the calamities of childhood.

In this paper narcissism conceived of as a fantasy of perfection is further redefined within an evolving structural model of psychic conflict. In pursuit of this goal a number of related propositions are explored. 1. A fantasy of perfection is best thought of as a compromise formation. 2. Fantasies of perfection have a development that is influenced, in part, by the development of the calamities of childhood. 3. Fantasies of perfection function as defences to diminish unpleasure associated with conflict. From this perspective a fantasy of perfection is a component of compromise formations. 4. The threat of the loss of the fantasy of perfection evokes anxiety while the sense the loss has occurred is associated with the experience of depressive affect. 5. Fantasies of perfection are important aspects of the compromise formations that constitute the superego. They are also important components of masochistic and narcissistic compromise formations characteristic of aspects of the ego. These compromise formations are intimately related to defensive identificatory relationships between the ego and superego. Analytic data are presented to demonstrate the value of these theoretical considerations.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

[Pulmonary hemorrhage as the initial manifestation of Behçet's disease].

Pulmonary hemorrhage in Behçet's disease is exceptional. It usually presents as a hemoptysis and appears in advanced stages. A patient is described who sought medical care for oral and genital lesions, arthritis and progressive dyspnea. Analytical data showed anemia and chest X-ray revealed a bilateral interstitial pattern. A fiber bronchoscopy was performed which confirmed the existence of a diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage. Corticosteroid and azatioprine administration resolved the hemorrhage. Pulmonary hemorrhages in Behçet's disease are reviewed and in view of a available literature therapeutic possibilities are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

Use of N-chlorosuccinimide/urea for the selective cleavage of tryptophanyl peptide bonds in proteins. Cytochrome c.

The conditions and utility of the N-chlorosuccinimide/urea (NCS/urea) reagent for the selective cleavage of tryptophanyl peptide bonds in proteins is demonstrated with cytochrome c. At low concentrations of NCS/urea the oxidation of thioether side chains in cytochrome c is the predominant reaction. Methionyl residues are oxidized to sulfoxide and the heme-thioether bridge is partially cleaved. At 10-fold excess of NCS/urea reagent, cleavage of the tryptophanyl peptide bond is optimal at approximately 50% yield in several species of cytochrome c studied. Analytical data on isolated horse cytochrome c peptide fragments demonstrate lack of modification and cleavage at tyrosyl and histidyl residues. However, at high concentrations of NCS/urea reagent (30-fold) unexpected conversions of methionine to sulfone and cysteine to cysteic acid in intact proteins are observed. This is in contradistinction to the absence of sulfone in NCS/urea-reacted amino acid mixtures. The mechanisms of halogenation and cleavage by N-bromosuccinimide, N-iodosuccinimide, and N-chlorosuccinimide are discussed. It is porposed that the selectivity with respect to halogenation by N-chlorosuccinimide is due to the insignificant participation of molecular chlorine in the NCS/urea reaction. A mechanism of halogenation and cleavage by NCS at tryptophan is also offered.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1991

Total and free valproic acid: plasma level/dose ratio in monotherapy.

Free plasma level/dose ratio of valproic acid (L/D-F) can be more effective than total plasma level/dose ratio (L/D-T) in adjusting dosage regimens. The influence of age, dose, and plasma concentration have been studied on L/D-T and L/D-F ratios. L/D-T and L/D-F ratios from 67 outpatients under long-term monotherapy were obtained. Analytical data was carried out by fluorescent polarized immunoassay. L/D-T and L/D-F ratios do not vary according to age. L/D-T and L/D-F ratios decreased while the dosage increased; both ratios increased with an increase in total plasma level of valproic acid. Significant differences were found between L/D-T and L/D-F ratios. Dose and interindividual variations are the factors which most influence L/D ratios of valproic acid.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Determination of the mineral elements in the pollen of some Gymnospermae.

In this work the principal elements (K, Ca, Fe, Mg, Cu, Zn, Mn, Na) constituting the mineral component of the pollen in some Gymnospermae, have been determined. This type of investigation has few matches in literature despite the importance some mineral elements have in germinating the pollen granule. The pollen samples, appropriately treated, were analysed in atomic absorption spectrophotometry and biometrically characterized under the optical microscope. Examination of the analytical data allows verification of the great influence deriving from soil characteristics and, within the families, a specific role of the type. The morphobiometric parameters show that a link exists between small and medium granules and with thin walls and minimum concentration values of Na, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn.

Minerals↗

PubMed1990

Chemistry, biology, and toxicology of domoic acid and its isomers.

The causative agent of toxicity in cultured mussels from a localized area of eastern Prince Edward Island has been identified as domoic acid, a neuroexcitatory amino acid. The toxin was isolated by a number of different bioassay-directed separation techniques including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), high-voltage paper electrophoresis (HVPE), and ion-exchange chromatography, and characterized by a number of spectroscopic techniques including ultraviolet, infrared, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance. The isolation and purification methods are described in detail and some new analytical data for domoic acid are reported. A plankton bloom at the time of the outbreak gave positive mouse bioassays and consisted almost entirely of the pennate diatom, Nitzschia pungens f. multiseries. A positive correlation was found between the number of N. pungens cells and the concentration of domoic acid in the plankton. N. pungens f. multiseries isolated from Cardigan Bay produced domoic acid de novo during stationary phase culture at levels (1 to 10 pg/cell) comparable to values estimated for N. pungens in the plankton samples. We conclude that N. pungens was the major source of the domoic acid in toxic mussels in eastern Prince Edward Island. The recurrence, in November 1988, of a monospecific bloom of N. pungens and the presence of domoic acid in plankton and mussels reinforces this conclusion.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

[The lung in heart diseases].

The effects of "hypocirculation" and "hypercirculation" of the lungs are small. Hypocirculation has an influence of the ventilation/perfusion ratio, and can thus contribute to hypocapnia. In the early stages, hypercirculation--in particular via a left-to-right shung, leads to an increase in diffusion capacity; after a course of many years, a "counter-situation" occurs. Progressive pulmonary hypertension, as is exemplified for mitral stenosis, leads to measurable restrictive and obstructive impairment of function, and possible to unspecific hyper-reaction, as also, over the long-term, to a diminishement in membrane diffusion capacity. Chronic left heart failure is characterised by interstitial oedema at the level of the alveolar and bronchial capillary beds. The results are measurable restrictions in the static volumes, and in particular of the obstruction parameters and the closing volume that involve the small airways. In the individual case, no statement as to the extent of left heart failure is possible. In the passive pulmonary hypertension phase, diffusion capacity increases; in the further course of the disease, with development of interstitial and alveolar oedema, it decreases again. In acute left heart failure, the persistance and/or extent of pulmonary oedema is not determined solely by the magnitude of the pulmonary venous pressure. Permeability oedema--brought about by mediators--would appear to be significant on the basis of animal experiments. Not infrequently, left cardiac failure leads to small pleural effusions which occur in combination with substantial atelectasia, the aetiology of which is unclear. Interpretation difficulties are caused by the clinical findings and function-analytical data obtained in patients with a combination of chronic lung disease and reducted volume storage capacity of the pulmonary circulation and of the left heart failure, a common situation in the elderly patient. Diminished pulmonary function parameters that fail to adequate respond to bronchodilators may be an expression of left ventricular failure.

Heart Failure↗