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Results for “DENTAL AMALGAM”

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PubMed1992

Human studies with the chelating agents, DMPS and DMSA.

Meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) is bound to plasma albumin in humans and appears to be excreted in the urine as the DMSA-cysteine mixed disulfide. The pharmacokinetics of DMSA have been determined after its administration to humans po. For the blood, the tmax and t1/2 were 3.0 h + 0.45 SE and 3.2 h + 0.56 SE, respectively. The Cmax was 26.2 microM + 4.7 SE. To determine whether dental amalgams influence the human body burden of mercury, we gave volunteers the sodium salt of 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonic acid (DMPS). The diameters of dental amalgams of the subjects were determined to obtain the amalgam score. Administration of 300 mg DMPS by mouth increased the mean urinary mercury excretion of subjects over a 9 h period. There was a positive correlation between the amount of mercury excreted and the amalgam score. DMPS might be useful for increasing the urinary excretion of mercury and thus increasing the significance and reliability of this measure of mercury exposure. DMSA analogs have been designed and synthesized in attempts to increase the uptake by cell membranes of the DMSA prototype chelating agents. The i.v. administration of the monomethyl ester of DMSA, the dimethyl ester of DMSA or the zinc chelate of dimethyl DMSA increases the biliary excretion of platinum and cadmium in rats.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Apolipoprotein E genotyping as a potential biomarker for mercury neurotoxicity.

Apolipoprotein-E (apo-E) genotyping has been investigated as an indicator of susceptibility to heavy metal (i.e., lead) neurotoxicity. Moreover, the apo-E epsilon (epsilon)4 allele is a major risk factor for neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). A theoretical biochemical basis for this risk factor is discussed herein, supported by data from 400 patients with presumptive mercury-related neuro-psychiatric symptoms and in whom apo-E determinations were made. A statistically relevant shift toward the at-risk apo-E epsilon4 groups was found in the patients p<0.001). The patients possessed a mean of 13.7 dental amalgam fillings and 31.5 amalgam surfaces. This far exceeds the number capable of producing the maximum identified tolerable daily intake of mercury from amalgam. The clinical diagnosis and proof of chronic low-level mercury toxicity has been difficult due to the non-specific nature of the symptoms and signs. Dental amalgam is the greatest source of mercury in the general population and brain, blood and urine mercury levels increase correspondingly with the number of amalgams and amalgam surfaces in the mouth. Confirmation of an elevated body burden of mercury can be made by measuring urinary mercury, after provocation with 2,3,-dimercapto-propane sulfonate (DMPS) and this was measured in 150 patients. Apo-E genotyping warrants investigation as a clinically useful biomarker for those at increased risk of neuropathology, including AD, when subjected to long-term mercury exposures. Additionally, when clinical findings suggest adverse effects of chronic mercury exposure, a DMPS urine mercury challenge appears to be a simple, inexpensive procedure that provides objective confirmatory evidence. An opportunity could now exist for primary health practitioners to help identify those at greater risk and possibly forestall subsequent neurological deterioration.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Amalgam waste management. Issues & answers.

A review of U.S. dental amalgam waste management activities finds a wide variety of approaches, processes and results, within which the authors have observed an inconsistency of definitions, measurements, standards and even of clearly applied goals. As a result, outcomes have varied greatly from community to community. This manuscript attempts to deliver logical options, which might prevail even within an atmosphere of differing perspectives. The authors believe that successful outcomes are achievable within a collaborative environment of shared learning and cooperative planning. By example, the authors attempt to demonstrate how the joint acceptance of certain definitions and goals has served as a pathway to success in one community's dental waste management project. The goal of this paper is to share tools that may contain some measure of applicability to other similar collaborations.

Air Pollution↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Amalgam waste management: issues and answers.

In reviewing U.S. dental amalgam waste management activities, one finds a wide variety of approaches, processes, and results, within which the authors have observed an inconsistency of definitions, measurements, standards, and even of clearly applied goals. As a result, outcomes have varied greatly from community to community. This manuscript attempts to deliver logical options which might prevail even within an atmosphere of differing perspectives. The authors share the belief that successful outcomes are achievable within a collaborative environment of shared learning and cooperative planning. By example, the authors attempt to demonstrate how the joint acceptance of certain definitions and goals has served as a pathway to success in one community's dental waste management project. The goal of this paper is to share tools that may contain some measure of applicability to other similar collaborations.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed1980

Sn4(OH)6Cl2 and SnO corrosion products of amalgams.

Although the corrosion characteristics of dental amalgam have been of considerable interest to dental researchers, it has been difficult to identify the products which form in vivo. This report demonstrates that Sn4(OH)6Cl2 and SnO are formed in vivo and in vitro. The Sn-Cl product is the predominant phase formed by corrosion-induced changes of the Sn8Hg phase of amalgam. It is present in conventional and, in smaller amounts, Cu-rich amalgam restorations.

Chlorides↗
PubMed2001

[The development of dental silver amalgam glass ionomer cement].

To eliminate the harm of mercury, we, by means of special technology, have developed a new type of dental filling material, comprising of glass ionomer and 100% ultra-fine ball-shaped silver amalgam powder. Clinical applications show it has very good wear-resistant, pressure-resistant and adhesive properties Moreover, it causes no irritation to the dental pulp and is a good kind of dental filling material in clinical applications.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Effects of amalgam on cells of the immune system].

Dental amalgam has been considered to have adverse side effects on the immune system. There are controversial reports, which indicate an increase as well as a decrease in peripheral blood lymphocyte counts due to amalgam fillings. We investigated 2 groups of patients: one group was treated with amalgam restorations for the first time. In the other group all previous amalgam fillings were removed. Before and after treatment we determined the absolute and relative numbers of granulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, T cells, B cells, suppressor T cells, helper T cells and NK cells. In addition, functional investigations of T cells were performed. In conclusion, we could not find any effect of amalgam restorations on the immune system regarding the investigated parameters.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Failure to detect any effect of amalgam restorations on peripheral blood lymphocyte populations.

Dental amalgam has been considered to have adverse side effects on the immune system. Reports have been contradictory, indicating both an increase and a decrease in peripheral blood lymphocyte counts associated with amalgam restorations. We investigated two groups of patients, one of which was treated with amalgam restorations for the first time. In the other group, all existing amalgam fillings were removed. Prior to and after treatment, we determined the absolute and relative numbers of granulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, T cells, B cells, cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells and natural killer cells. In addition, functional investigations of T cells were performed. We failed to find any effect of amalgam restorations on the immune system in terms of the parameters investigated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Corrosion of amalgams with special regard to zinc.

Five dental amalgams were studied in an in vitro corrosion test. Cylindrical test specimens were stored in weak lactic acid solutions at different pH for 1 month. The solutions were analyzed for zinc, the specimens were inspected and examined in SEM. The results showed that zinc was dissolved rather quickly from the amalgams and the amount was highest for the conventional one. Some amalgams had a low tendency for corrosion products to adhere to the surfaces. The presence of zinc did not seem to reduce their corrosion resistance.

Corrosion↗
PubMed2004

Susceptibility of metallothionein-null mice to the behavioral alterations caused by exposure to mercury vapor at human-relevant concentration.

While recent human studies suggested adverse neurobehavioral outcomes of low-level exposure to mercury vapor (Hg0) as found among those having dental amalgam fillings and dental personnel, past animal experiments only dealt with exposure at much higher mercury concentrations. The present study aimed to examine neurobehavioral effects of prolonged, low-level Hg0 exposure in mice and to evaluate the protective role of metallothionein-I,II (MT-I,II) against Hg0-induced neurotoxicity, using a knock-out strain of mice. Adult female metallothionein-I,II-null (MT-null) and wild-type OLA129/C57BL6 mice were exposed to 0.06 mg/m3 of Hg0 for 8 h per day for 23 weeks. Neurobehavioral effects were evaluated at 12 and 23 weeks of exposure using open-field test and passive avoidance test. Subcellular distribution of mercury and the induction of MT were also assessed. The Hg0 exposure resulted in significantly enhanced locomotion in the open-field test and poorer performance in the passive avoidance test at a brain Hg concentration less than 1 ppm. These effects were slightly exaggerated in MT-null mice, which showed less induction of MT, lower brain Hg concentration, and lower calculated concentration of MT-unbound cytosolic Hg. The results showed, for the first time, that a concentration of Hg0 relevant to human exposure level could cause neurobehavioral effects in adult mice. The higher susceptibility of MT-null mice suggested that MT-I,II have protective roles in the metal-induced neurobehavioral toxicity, which cannot be entirely explained by kinetic mechanisms, thus suggesting an involvement of nonkinetic mechanisms.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2001

Materials for restoration of primary teeth: I. Conventional materials and early glass ionomers.

This paper demonstrates how the treatment of primary dentition may present the clinician with increased difficulties compared with the preparation and placement of restorations in adult dentition. Established dental materials (dental amalgam and conventional glass ionomer cements) and less well established alternative materials (copper cements) are reviewed. The use of amalgam to restore primary dentition is the subject of concern amongst the dental profession in terms of lack of adhesion and potential toxicity concerns, while the low tensile strength of traditional glass ionomer cements make them less suitable for the restoration of primary dentition.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1971

[Todays amalgams].

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Dental Amalgam↗