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A computerized system for concurrent monitoring and reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in a university hospital is described. The program, which began in 1988, was developed in collaboration with the hospital's pharmacy and therapeutics committee and quality assurance committee. Quality assurance nurses review patients' charts every three days during hospitalization; if an ADR is detected, the nurse completes an ADR report form. A computer database is used to sort and store 15 data elements taken from each ADR form. Individual pharmacists and hospital review committees evaluate the recorded ADRs. The database can present the data for analysis by different variables such as patient age, clinical service, and implicated drugs. Retrieval of such data permits easier evaluation of trends in ADR reports and identification of reactions that should be reported to FDA. Educational programs for staff members can be targeted to address problems occurring within the institution. During the first nine months of the program 340 ADRs were reported; 15 reports were submitted to FDA, and serious problems were reviewed at medical grand rounds. A bimonthly newsletter that reviews recently reported ADRs was begun. The monitoring program has facilitated rapid detection and evaluation of ADRs.
Mild errors of morphogenesis (MEMs) are findings of great importance in multiple fields because of their predictive value in identification of major malformations, specific genetic syndromes, mental retardation and childhood malignancy. In order to evaluate the contribution of auricular MEMs, we constructed a computerized program, especially designed for the recording of auricular MEMs in connection with nonauricular MEMs, personal data, family, pregnancy and birth history, presence of major malformation and postural defects. The program is easy to use and delivers, at request, immediate information regarding prevalence of each auricular MEM and percentage associations between all variables. In the period from January 1, 1999 to December 31, 1999, we screened 3107 consecutively born neonates and recorded auricular and nonauricular MEMs, detected by surface examination. The general prevalence of auricular MEMs was 43.2% and the most frequent MEMs and their associates were of postural-type. This computerized program offers many advantages for the study of ear MEMs.
A program for the automated generation of Minnesota-codes from the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) recorded at rest has been developed. The program has been written as a part of the Modular TNO ECG/VCG Processing System. Results of the program on two sets of ECG'S (279 predominantly normal recordings and 286 consecutive recordings from a Cardiological Department) are presented. These electrocardiograms were also coded by hand by different ECG technicians. An agreement of 83% between hand and computer coding was obtained. One-third of the disagreements (6% of the cases) is caused by small differences (less than 5%) in the measurements between technicians and computer.
A program package is described for the management and the analysis of DNA sequence data. The programs - with the exception of a few Fortran routines - are written in the programming language APL. They are best used interactively although batch processing is possible. The package has been in constant use for about 3 years and contains programs for most of the routine problems presently found in a DNA sequencing laboratory.
To meet the problems encountered due to increased numbers of qualified applicants to the medical technology program, it was deemed necessary to devise procedures for student selection which might include additional measures for predicting the academic success of student applicants. The stepwise regression program utilized in this study is one parameter which is currently being explored in relation to the student selection process. Evaluation of the program will take a period of several years in order that the progress of successive groups of students may be carefully studied. It must be recognized that this type of program may have more value for a univeristy-based medical technology program wherein students tend to have a rather homogenous course background, than for programs in which students come from several affiliated colleges or universities and therefore have a diverse type of academic background.
The paper is concerned with the problem of stereological volumenometry applied to the problems of ultrasound topometry of the thyroid. The organ surfaces are tightened on the basis of information obtained from echotomographic films using a method of cubic spline-interpolation, parametric function setting and methods of computer graphics. Images of sections can be obtained with an arbitrary step and an angle of inclination to the organ longitudinal axis. The main sources of errors of the method were estimated, and their numeric values were given.
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Expression of results by means of INR is a clinically important standardization of the prothrombin test. The INR values of healthy subjects are as a rule within the range of 1.0 and 1.2. Calibration of thromboplastin and processing of the results of the prothrombin test is facilitated by the computer programme ISIINR.
A tutorially-assisted, interactive program, written for a Digital Equipment Corporation LAB-11 minicomputer (PDP-11/20, is described which allows a user to fit (with or without automatic estimation of initial parameter values), by a method of nonlinear least squres, any one of seven different types of probability density functions (p.d.f.'s) to an empirical frequency distribution; the latter of which may be input to the program or formed by the program whenever it is furnished a series of times between events. The iteratively-obtained, "best fit" p.d.f. is displayed on a two color, point-plot display against the background of a point-plot histogram. By selecting any one of nine output modes, the user is allowed: (1) to view histograms successively on the point-plot display, (2) to generate selected p.d.f.'s (3) to "force" p.d.f.'s having known parameters through the histogram data, (4) to obtain Chi-square (x2) and Kolmogorov-Smionov estimates of the goodness of fit to the data, and (5) to apply a special test [Williams and Kloot, 1953] in order to determine whether the least squares estimates of two candidate models are statistically different. The resident driver program and the four overlayable program segments are written in standard FORTRAN IV; except for two plot routines, which are written in PDP-11 assembly language.
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The program DUCHEN calculates the probability that a woman is a carrier of an X-linked, lethal recessive disease on the basis of information in the woman's family and any available biochemical data. It is easily used by persons without computer knowledge or experience. The present version can accommodate families consisting of up to 100 people in seven generations. Risks may be estimated on the basis of pedigree information only, or with the inclusion of one or more types of biochemical test results. Biochemical data are incorporated with pedigree information into final risks using the powerful statistical technique of logistic discrimination, a procedure particularly suited for the separation of non-normal populations on the basis of overlapping quantitative characteristics. Mutation rates are specified separately for males and females. DUCHEN is available in FORTRAN 77, IBM BASIC, and Applesoft BASIC, and may be used on a variety of mainframe or microcomputers. The model was used to calculate risks for 375 girls and women in 46 families with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD); serum creatine kinase tests had been carried out on 167 of these subjects who were of reproductive age. Carrier probabilities equal to or lower than the population risk (0.0004) were obtained for 21% of the aunts and 43% of the cousins of affected boys from families with an isolated case of DMD and for 14% of the cousins of affected boys from families with a known DMD history. DUCHEN should assist counsellors in determining which members of large families should be further examined using either standard biochemical carrier detection methods or DNA marker studies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)