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PubMed2005

Participatory rural appraisal to investigate constraints in reporting cattle mortalities in the Odi district of North West Province, south Africa.

Mortalities in cattle can have severe financial implications for small scale and communal farmers in South Africa. They could also be a measurable indicator for surveillance of animal diseases, such as those listed by the Office International des Epizooties (OIE), or diseases included in the regulations of the South African Animal Diseases Act, 1984 (Act 35 of 1984). In order to prevent further mortalities and for accurate surveillance and monitoring of diseases, it is important that farmers participate in the determination of causes of mortality in their cattle. This paper reports on constraints of the reporting diseases to the state veterinary services, the study area being Odi district, in the North West Province. The method that was followed was based on participatory rural appraisal. The selected cattle owners participated in every phase. They were the ones who first spoke to veterinary services about ways to decrease the diseases and mortalities of their cattle. A questionnaire to verify the facts complemented the survey. A total number of 60 farmers were randomly selected from 12 villages. One farmer withdrew, leaving 59 farmers. Most of the farmers in the study were men ( n = 55). The area of study was communal and the farming system traditional and extensive. It was suspected that there was a communication problem and this was proven by the results of the research, as 23 farmers were not even aware that mortalities have to be reported by law. The real problem was that causes of death were not being diagnosed because farmers were not aware that a necropsy could give information on the causes of death. Farmers were keen to receive training in elementary necropsy techniques so as to be able to discuss the cause of death of cattle with the state veterinarian.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The role of the human resources department in hospital reengineering.

The ¿people part¿ of reengineering is the most difficult to implement or even predict. In this context, active involvement by the Human Resources (HR) Department is a necessity, not an option, for the success of reengineering initiatives. Reengineering requires a changed environment and methods that HR must facilitate; creates extraordinary demands for leadership and communication, which HR is uniquely qualified to support; and represents an extraordinary opportunity for HR to reinvent its own processes and create a sustained competitive advantage for the organization. Exploiting these opportunities will require HR to proactively engage the organization.

Communication↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Transcatheter closure of secundum atrial septal defects and fenestrated Fontan using the Amplatzer septal occluder. Initial prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of transcatheter closure of secundum atrial septal defects and fenestrated Fontan with the Amplatzer septal occluder. METHODS: Fifteen consecutive patients, with a significant interatrial communications, were considered for the procedure; four patients with defects that were too large or with deficient margins were excluded after initial transesophageal echocardiography. RESULTS: Eleven procedures were performed in 11 patients (10 atrial septal defects and 1 fenestrated Fontan) aged 9 to 38 years, mean 17.7 +/- 9 years; body weight 30 to 87 kg, mean 51.4 +/- 16. The stretched balloon diameter of the defects ranged from 8 to 28 mm, mean 18.8 +/- 6.9; the diameter of the devices ranged from 10 to 30 mm, mean 20.8 +/- 6. Immediate total occlusion rate was 18.1%, rising to 63.6% after 24 hours. Total occlusion rate at one month reached 100%. Severe transient sinus bradycardia in one (9%) was the only complications. At follow-up (10 to 26 months, mean 13.2 +/- 5.0) all patients remain asymptomatic with no residual shunt. CONCLUSIONS: The Amplatzer septal occluder is very efficient and offered interventional interatrial communications closure in 100% of our group of consecutive patients with excellent intermediate results.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Brief communication: identification of the authentic ancient DNA sequence in a human bone contaminated with modern DNA.

We present a method to distinguish authentic ancient DNA from contaminating DNA in a human bone. This is achieved by taking account of the spatial distribution of the various sequence families within the bone and the extent of degradation of the template DNAs, as revealed by the error content of the sequences. To demonstrate the veracity of the method, we handled two ancient human tibiae in order to contaminate them with modern DNA, and then subjected segments of the bones to various decontaminating treatments, including removal of the outer 1-2 mm, before extracting DNA, cloning, and obtaining a total of 107 mitochondrial DNA sequences. Sequences resulting from the deliberate contamination were located exclusively in the outer 1-2 mm of the bones, and only one of these 27 sequences contained an error that could be ascribed to DNA degradation. A second, much smaller set of relatively error-free sequences, which we ascribe to contamination during excavation or curation, was also located exclusively in the outer 1-2 mm. In contrast, a family of 72 sequences, displaying extensive degradation products but identifiable as haplogroup U5a1a, was distributed throughout one of the bones and represents the authentic ancient DNA content of this specimen.

Bone and Bones↗
PubMed2001

Development and psychometric testing of the Wilmoth Sexual Behaviors Questionnaire-Female.

The purpose of this study was to develop and test the Wilmoth Sexual Behaviors Questionnaire-Female. As initially developed, the WSBQ-F consisted of 54 items arranged in 8 subscales. Items were rated on a Likert-type scale, with high scores reflecting more consistent use of a sexual behaviour. A convenience sample of 310 women with breast cancer (n = 165) and healthy women (n = 145) participated in the study. An Index of Content Validity of 1.00 was obtained. Construct validity was estimated using exploratory factor analysis and the known groups method. Internal consistency reliability was .94 for the total scale, with coefficients ranging between 0.52 and 0.94 for the subscales. The test-retest correlation coefficient was .81 for the total scale; coefficients were between .58 and .88 for the subscales. Initial testing of the measure suggests that the WSBQ-F is a reliable and valid measure of female sexual behaviours.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

A cluster randomised controlled trial of patient-held medical records for people with schizophrenia receiving shared care.

BACKGROUND: Patient-held records can improve communication across the primary-secondary interface. There has been no previous rigorous assessment of the utility of patient-held records for people with schizophrenia from a primary care perspective and their value for this population is unclear. AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of a patient-held record for patients with schizophrenia receiving shared care. DESIGN OF STUDY: Cluster randomised controlled trial. SETTING: Seventy-four general practices and six community mental health localities in Birmingham, England between June 1998 and June 1999. METHOD: A sample of 201 patients with schizophrenia (ICD-10 classification F20) was recruited; of these, 100 were intervention and 101 were control. Patient-held records were given to the intervention patients. At 12-month follow-up, all patients were accounted for and 191 (95%) were revisited. Primary outcomes were the Verona Service Satisfaction Scale-54 (VSSS-54) and the Krawiecka and Goldberg (K & G) rating scale of psychopathology at 12-month follow-up. Secondary outcomes were use of primary and secondary care services. RESULTS: A total of 63/92 (68.5%) patients still had the patient-held record, 64/92 (69.6%) had used it, and 39 (60.9%) of the 64 who had used it said the patient-held record was regularly used by their keyworker. However the patient-held record had no significant effect on primary outcomes (VSSS-54: F1,116 = 0.06, P = 0.801, K & G: F1,116 = 0.6, P = 0.439) or on use of services. A higher symptom score was associated with not using the patient-held record. CONCLUSIONS: The trial provides no good evidence to suggest that patient-held records should be introduced as part of routine shared care for all patients with schizophrenia. However, the patient-held record was acceptable to patients with schizophrenia and acted as a communication tool, particularly between patients and keyworkers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Initially misleading communication of carrier results after newborn genetic screening.

BACKGROUND: Newborn screening saves lives, but the way in which parents learn of a positive screening test is also important for adherence with treatment plans and avoidance of psychosocial complications. The first messages provided to parents may be particularly important for understanding, especially when the infant is found to be a heterozygous carrier for sickle cell hemoglobinopathy (SCH) or cystic fibrosis (CF). This study investigated the prevalence of "initially misleading" communication, defined as the inclusion of 1 of 55 "bad-news" content items (eg, the screening test is positive) before any of 39 "good-news" content items (eg, the infant is healthy, normal, a carrier, or otherwise without problems). METHODS: As part of a larger study of the content of counseling after newborn genetic screening, we used a quantitative, explicit-criteria method to abstract 59 transcribed conversations between pediatric residents and standardized parents of an "infant" who was found through newborn screening to carry either CF or SCH. RESULTS: Of 59 transcripts, 41 were found to be misleading (at least 1 bad-news content statement before the first good-news content statement). There were significantly more misleading likely-CF-carrier than SCH-carrier transcripts (89.7% vs 50%). Among the misleading transcripts, the mean number of misleading statements was 5.5. The mean distance between the first bad-news and first good-news statements was 28.1 statements (20.5% of the total duration of counseling). DISCUSSION: The high prevalence of misleading content and the time lag before clarification does not bode well for parental understanding of infant carrier status. Future projects should improve curricula for training programs and develop quality-assurance efforts for community clinicians both to improve parental understanding and help assuage society's fears about the safety of genetic screening technologies.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Attitudes to teamwork and safety in the operating theatre.

BACKGROUND: A survey was undertaken to assess surgical team members' attitudes to safety and teamwork in the operating theatre. METHOD: The Operating Room Management Attitudes Questionnaire (ORMAQ) measures attitudes to leadership, teamwork, stress and fatigue and error. A version of the ORMAQ was distributed to surgical teams in 17 hospitals in Scotland. A total of 352 responses were analysed, 138 from consultant surgeons, 93 from trainee surgeons and 121 from theatre nurses. RESULTS: Respondents generally demonstrated positive attitudes to behaviours associated with effective teamwork and safety. Attitudes indicating a belief in personal invulnerability to stress and fatigue were evident in both nurses and surgeons. Consultant surgeons had more positive views on the quality of surgical leadership and communication in theatre than trainees and theatre nurses. While the ubiquity of human error was well recognised, attitudes to error management strategies (incident reporting, procedural compliance) suggest that they may not be fully functioning across hospitals. While theatre staff placed a clear priority on patient safety against other business objectives (e.g. waiting lists, cost cutting), not all of them felt that this was endorsed by their hospital management. CONCLUSIONS: Attitude surveys can provide useful diagnostic information relating to behaviour and safety in surgical units. Discrepancies were found between the views of consultants compared with trainees and nurses, in relation to leadership and teamwork. While attitudes to safety were generally positive, there were several areas where theatre staff did not seem to appreciate the impact of psychological factors on technical performance.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1986

Arachnoid cyst of the quadrigeminal cistern.

Arachnoid cysts of the quadrigeminal region are rare. We report two new cases. The first is a 29-year-old woman, who had a recurrence five years after sub-total removal of the cyst wall. Initially it was communicating and was treated by a ventriculo-atrial shunt; later it became noncommunicating and direct drainage of the cyst cavity was required. The second was a 25-year-old female, successfully treated by wide removal of the cyst wall thus creating a large communication with the subarachnoid space. Diagnosis of these lesions, as regards either morphological or functional features, nowadays rests largely on CT. Choices about treatment are extremely difficult. The most radical one, namely, complete removal of the capsule, is not without risks and disadvantages. More prudent methods, such as partial removal of the capsule and/or drainage of the cyst and the ventricles, seem on the whole to be preferable, but careful pre- and post-operative evaluation of CSF dynamics are essential for a satisfactory and long-lasting outcome.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Student attitudes towards communication skills training in a medical college in Western Nepal.

CONTEXT: Previous studies have shown that students have both positive and negative attitudes towards communication skills training. However, studies in Nepal are lacking. OBJECTIVES: The present study was carried out to determine the positive and negative attitudes of student respondents using the previously validated communication skills attitude scale (CSAS) (see Appendix). METHODS: The study was carried out among third- and fourth-semester students at the Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara, Nepal. These students are in the pre-clinical part of their course and learn the basic science subjects through an integrated, system-based curriculum. Gender, age, nationality of the respondents, occupation of parents, medium of instruction at school, attitude towards communication skills training during the clinical years, and self-rating of communication abilities were recorded. Association of the positive and negative attitudes with these variables was determined using appropriate statistical tests (p < 0.05). FINDINGS: A total of 123 students participated in the study; 74 (60.2%) were male, and 104 (84.5%) had studied in English-medium schools. The median positive attitude score was 51 (inter-quartile range 7). Nationality and attitude towards communication skills training during the clinical years showed a significant association. The mean negative attitude scale score was 31.18 (SD = 4.96). A significant association was noted with attitude towards communication skills training during the clinical years. Both scales range from 13-65, with higher scores indicating stronger attitudes. CONCLUSIONS: Communication skills training should be modified and strengthened. Formal courses during the clinical years are required. Training sessions for the faculty and further studies across different semesters and in different medical colleges in Nepal are needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The costs and effectiveness of surveillance of communicable disease: a case study of HIV and AIDS in England and Wales.

BACKGROUND: In England and Wales, surveillance of communicable disease is carried out and co-ordinated by the Public Health Laboratory Service (PHLS). The surveillance of HIV infection and AIDS is undertaken by the PHLS AIDS Centre at the Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre (CDSC). Epidemiological data derived from surveillance are not, however, a free good: they are a resource with an associated opportunity cost and should therefore be open to economic appraisal alongside other users of health care resources such as medical interventions. This paper assembles information on the current surveillance of HIV and AIDS in England and Wales, and explores methods for performing an economic evaluation of such activities. METHODS: An examination of the cost and effectiveness of the PHLS AIDS Centre's epidemiological surveillance mechanisms for HIV and AIDS in England and Wales was undertaken. The total costs of each component of surveillance of HIV and AIDS in England and Wales were calculated. Two categories of cost were estimated: peripheral costs incurred by reporters in reporting AIDS cases or HIV infections or by laboratories in collecting samples; and central costs incurred by the PHLS AIDS Centre in processing and analysing incoming data. Using these cost data and information from a cost-effectiveness register, the additional health gains that would have to be obtained from surveillance to make the programme broadly cost-effective in comparison with other accepted uses of health service resources were then estimated. RESULTS: In the financial year 1993-1994 the total costs of surveillance were estimated to be 1.4 million pounds. To avoid being considered relatively cost-ineffective at least 3.5 infections per annum need to be averted. To be considered favourably cost-effective, approximately 9.5 infections per annum need to be averted. CONCLUSIONS: In 1993-1994, expenditure on surveillance of HIV and AIDS accounted for less than 1 per cent of the total allocation of resources to the National Health Service for all HIV and AIDS activities. Given these cost estimates, the number of infections which surveillance would have to contribute towards preventing in order to be considered cost-effective is low.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2005

Agroterrorism workshop: engaging community preparedness.

INTRODUCTION: Agroterrorism is the deliberate tampering with and/or contamination of the food supply with the intent of adversely affecting the social, economic, physical, and psychological well-being of society. Testimony before the Government Affairs Committee of the U.S. Senate has suggested that agriculture is an area that has received comparatively little attention with regard to terrorism. METHODS: In February of 2004, the NIOSH Southwest Center for Agricultural Health, Injury Prevention, and Education developed a workshop on agroterrorism designed to engage local community leaders in a process to prepare for and respond to a terrorist event involving the food supply. The workshop was an effective collaboration between NIOSH Ag Centers, the state department of health (Texas), a school of public health, and the Texas Agricultural Research and Extension Centers in five urban and rural locations with substantial agricultural production. In order to reach a diverse and geographically widespread audience, the workshop was conducted by synchronous two-way interactive televideo (9 geographic sites). The audience of 155 participants was comprised of numerous stakeholders. The workshop format involved separate modules addressing food and fiber, livestock and poultry, food distribution, and emergency preparedness, with participants developing priorities for future consideration within their communities to address all phases of an event from preparedness to follow-up debriefing. There were 13 additional individuals (for a total of 168) who participated in the workshop subsequently through use of a video. RESULTS: Workshop evaluation components included pre- and post-workshop objective assessment of factual information presented (tests), and follow-up for implementation of priorities developed by conference participants. Statistically significant improvement was noted in knowledge acquisition. The six-month follow-up demonstrated implementation of preparedness planning priorities. CONCLUSIONS: This is an effective method of reaching a geographically widespread and diverse audience of community members who will be on the front lines of an agroterrorism event. An attempt was made to enhance communication and collaboration among involved groups for effectively detecting and addressing such an event. This workshop can serve as a model for use in other communities.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Web portals in primary care: an evaluation of patient readiness and willingness to pay for online services.

BACKGROUND: Online Web communication between physician and patient has been proposed by leading primary care organizations as a way to enhance physician-patient communication, but lack of payment for this service has acted as a significant barrier to implementation. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates current patient readiness and willingness to pay for online services in a fairly typical urban family medicine practice. METHODS: All patients that visited the author for medical care during a one-month period in the spring of 2006 were anonymously surveyed with a one-page survey instrument that inquired about demographics, willingness to pay a small annual fee for online services, the greatest fee they were willing to pay, and their most desired service. RESULTS: A total of 346 patients out of 2380 active patients in the study practice (14.5%) were surveyed. The valid survey response rate was 95.1% (329/346.) Three quarters, or 75.4%, of patients had Internet access. The group with the highest access were 18- to 29-year-olds (97%), and the group with the least access were those 70 years and up (56%) (P < .001). Categorized by employment, students and employed patients had the best access at 92% and 87%, respectively, and retirees and disabled patients had the worst access at 66% and 42%, respectively (P < .001). Of all patients with Internet access, 74.6% (n = 185) were willing to pay a small annual fee for one or more of the following online services: viewing of parts of their medical record, messaging with their physician, medication refills, appointment requests, and billing inquiries. Willingness to pay did not vary significantly by age (P = .06). Of all respondents, regardless of Internet access, 47.1% (n = 155) were willing to pay US $10 or more per year, with the median amount being US $20. Of those with Internet access (n = 248), 60.1% (n = 149) were willing to pay US $10 or more per year, and 31% were willing to pay US $50 or more per year. The three most important services to patients with Internet access (n = 248), in order of importance, were emailing with their physician (34%), Internet viewing of their medical record (22%), and medication refills (11%) (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that patients of all ages are currently ready and willing to pay a small annual fee for online services with their primary care physician's office. If 47.1% of a practice of 2500 patients each paid US $10 per year for online services, the annual revenue generated would be US $11775. Not only does this study support the economic feasibility of patient Web portals, but it suggests that online services could form a new line of revenue for primary care physicians.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Expectations of chiropractic patients: the construction of a questionnaire.

BACKGROUND: Because chiropractic has increasingly been incorporated into the National Health Services and insurance company policies, it is important to evaluate treatment outcome and patient satisfaction. There are conflicting views about whether expectation plays a role in patient satisfaction. OBJECTIVE: To design a questionnaire that can be used to identify patients' expectations of chiropractic management. METHODS: A series of 5 questionnaires relating to patients' expectations of chiropractic management was tested for validity in patients who reported having low back pain of more than 2 weeks duration and a history of a total of 30 days with low back pain within the last year. RESULTS: A final questionnaire was produced, and the information collected indicates that patients' main expectations of the chiropractor are an accurate diagnosis, an explanation of the complaint or affliction, and treatment that results in a positive outcome. CONCLUSION: Preliminary results indicate that patients expect to consult a knowledgeable professional who communicates well and provides effective treatment. We are confident that the final questionnaire can be successfully used in future studies to explore the relationship between patient expectations and satisfaction.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

No scalpel vasectomy advocacy and community mobilisation--a personal experience.

The so called myths and taboos among the people of India are obstactes controlling population explosion and thereby the nation is being handicapped with economic development. To propagate awareness and information, the NSV Resource Center took up organising mega camps for the acceptance of NSV as the method of family planning and male participation. The awareness material has been developed to bring forth total sociocultural transformation through development of intense desire, strong determination, effective management and inclusion of a zeal of perpetual efforts both among the promoters and acceptors. The information modules have been developed to suit the requirements of various vehicles through which the message has to be spread. Awareness messages are generated through the inputs from sociocultural, economic, ethical, hygienic and administrative acumen. The materials prepared are disseminated through display hoardings, wall writings, distribution of pamphlets, audiovisual clips, face to face counselling, etc. Communication technology serves mobilising and educating people, especially rural populace. Some steps are suggested to reach remotest villages which are elaborated. Counselling is an essential part of motivation to the client. During the last 5 years a significant surge has been noticed in terms of access to new communication technologies. This may be employed to successfully implement the family planning programme.

Awareness↗
PubMed2004

Supporting clinical practice at the bedside using wireless technology.

OBJECTIVES: Despite studies that show improvements in both standards of care and outcomes with the judicious application of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs), their clinical utilization remains low. This randomized controlled trial examined the use of a wirelessly networked mobile computer (MC) by physicians at the bedside with access to an emergency department information system, decision support tools (DSTs), and other software options. METHODS: Each of ten volunteer emergency physicians was randomized using a matched-pair design to work five shifts in standard fashion (desktop computer [DC] access) and five shifts with a wirelessly networked MC. Work pattern issues and electronic CPG/DST use were compared using end-of-shift satisfaction questionnaires and review of a CPG/DST database. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to examine between-shift differences. RESULTS: A total of 100 eight-hour shifts were evaluated; 99% compliance with postshift questionnaires was achieved. Using a seven-point Likert scale (MC values first), MCs were rated as being as fast (5.04 vs. 4.54; p=0.13) and convenient (5.08 vs. 4.14; p=0.07) as DCs. Overall, physicians rated MCs to be less efficient (3.18 vs. 4.30; p=0.02) but encouraged more frequent use of DSTs (4.10 vs. 3.47; p=0.03) without impacting doctor-patient communication (2.78 vs. 2.96; p=0.51). During the study period, physician use of an intranet Web application (eCPG) was more frequent during shifts assigned to the MC when compared with the DC (eCPG uses/shift, 3.6 vs. 2.0; p=0.033). CONCLUSIONS: The MC technology permitted physicians to access information at the bedside and increased the use of CPG/DST tools. According to physicians, patients appeared to accept their use of information technology to assist in decision making. Development of improved computer technology may address the major limitation of MC portability.

Computers↗
PubMed2005

The development and psychometric analyses of ADEPT: an instrument for assessing the interactions between doctors and their elderly patients.

BACKGROUND: The lack of instruments and methodologies designed specifically for assessing doctor-elderly patient interactions has constricted research on effective communication in the medical care of older adults. PURPOSE: This article reports on the development, qualitative analyses, and psychometric testing of the Assessment of Doctor-Elderly Patient Transactions (ADEPT), an instrument for assessing interactions between doctors and their elderly patients. METHODS: The ADEPT was based on the recommendations of an expert panel and designed around the three-function model of the medical interview. The ADEPT is meant to operationalize the research findings of interactional analysis studies of doctor-patient interaction. Following preliminary testing with standardized patients, the ADEPT was applied to videotaped visits of 433 patients 65 years of age and older to the doctor (n = 40) identified as their primary source of care. RESULTS: Four final scales derived from exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were scored: Supporting, comprised of the 12 items from the first factor; Eliciting Needs, containing the 5 items from the second factor; and Informing, based on the final 6-item factor. Individual Cronbach's alphas across raters for this sample ranged from .71 to .79 for the first scale, from .83 to .88 for the second scale, and from .64 to .81 for the third scale. The reliability estimates for the total scale (23 items) ranged from .80 to .86 across raters. A fifth summed index composed of 46 binary checklist items also was computed. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that credible scales can be developed for assessing communication behaviors.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Differentially expressed gene profiles of cochlea in rats induced by acute and chronic sodium salicylate injection].

OBJECTIVE: To study the mechanism of electrophysiologic changes caused by different type of sodium salicylate injection. METHODS: Decapitated three group rats ( acute injected, chronic injected and normal rats ) separately, dissected the temporal bones to collect cochlea, and the otic capsules were removed. Then the cochlear materials from each groups were pooled and homogenized respectively, extracted the total RNA, obtained cDNA from purified total RNA by reversed transcription, cDNA were transcripted to cRNA probes in vitro. Hybridized the cRNA probes with tester chip to evaluate the quality of probes, if good, hybridized the probes with real chip. Obtained three gene expression profiles of different groups of cochlea Analyzed the differentially expressed genes among three groups by SOM. Analogized the SOM result to electrophysiologic changes. Then analyzed the genes in clusters of analog results by Gene Ontology. Then the genes in clusters of analog results were analyzed by Gene Ontology. Hsp27 was chosen to validate the result of gene chip using real time quantitative reverse transcription PCR ( RTQ RT-PCR). RESULTS: The probes was good, and the chip hybridization results was credible. We obtained 6 clusters genes by SOM analysis, in which we choose cluster 3 and cluster 4 as candidate cluster. There were 46 genes in cluster 3 and 30 genes in cluster 4 employing GO analysis, which involved in cell communication, cell motility, metabolism, immune response and nerve ensheathment, et al. The result of RTQ RT-PCR showed high concordance with that of gene chip. CONCLUSION: It's a new method to study the mechanism of electrophysiologic changes caused by sodium salicylate by gene chip and SOM analysis.

Animals↗