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At least 1,207 records · Page 67Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Munchausen by proxy: presentations in special education.

Munchausen by proxy is a disorder in which a child is victimized through a form of child abuse called pediatric condition falsification (PCF). PCF has been documented for psychological and psychiatric conditions including one such form presented here in which educational disabilities are the focus of falsification. Parents meet their own self-serving needs through "impostering" as good mothers. This maternal mental disorder is called factitious disorder by proxy. This article presents a series of cases in which children have PCF that primarily consists of educational disabilities. Characteristics of the children, their mothers, and their families are outlined and outcomes for the 9 children in the sample are discussed. Guidelines for identification of children with PCF in educational settings are provided, and special guidance is offered in differential diagnosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

The impact of recent undesirable life events on psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence.

The timing and number of recent stressful life events occurring in the year before onset of emotional or behavioural disorder was examined in a consecutive sample of children. Overall, events increase the relative risk of psychiatric disorder by 3-6 times. Events occur throughout the 12 months, but tend to cluster in the 16 weeks nearest onset of symptoms. The number of events influences the onset of disorder: cases with multiple events are more likely to have an event within 16 weeks of onset; cases with single events are more likely to have the event 36-52 weeks before onset. Cases whose onset occurs within 4 weeks of an event may have experienced single or multiple events. The results support the concept of additivity of recent stressful events in some cases of emotional and behavioural disorders in childhood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

An experimental analysis of "spillover" effects on the social interaction of behaviorally handicapped preschool children.

The effects of prompting and social reinforcement directed to target subjects on their social behavior and that of peers who never received prompting and reinforcement for positive social behavior, were examined. In a combined reversal and multiple-baseline design, three behaviorally handicapped preschool boys who exhibited divergent social behavior repertoires and varied histories with social reinforcement events were sequentially exposed to intervention conditions in order to investigate "spillover" of treatment effects. Prompting and reinforcement increased positive social behavior and decreased negative social behavior emitted by all target subjects. The results also demonstrated a "spillover" effect on two target subjects, who at various times were not under intervention, and on the peers as well. The findings suggest that: (a) the direct and indirect effects of intervention procedures may be enhanced by designing treatment based on the social repertoire and reinforcement histories of the subjects; and (b) the treatment "spillover" effect may be increased by applying procedures to two children at once, rather than at one at a time.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1985

Self-instructional training with preschoolers: an attempt to replicate.

We attempted to replicate an intervention program by Bornstein and Quevillon (1976), which had shown that the disruptive classroom behavior of Head Start children could be dramatically reduced through self-instructional training. Although the subject population and procedures were quite similar across studies, our self-instructional training did not produce socially significant, durable increases in either appropriate classroom behavior or changes in teacher ratings of the children's behavior. These results suggest that additional variables may have been responsible for Bornstein and Quevillon's success.

Attention↗
PubMed1999

Further analysis of problem behavior in response class hierarchies.

A functional analysis identified the reinforcers for 3 participants' problem behavior, but only relatively mild problem behaviors (e.g., screaming, disruption) were observed when all topographies produced tested consequences. We then conducted an extinction analysis in which specific topographies produced a reinforcer while all other topographies were on extinction. The extinction analysis confirmed that the same reinforcer identified in the initial functional analysis maintained more severe topographies of problem behavior (e.g., aggression). In addition, results of the extinction analysis indicated that 2 of the participants displayed patterns of responding consistent with a response class hierarchy hypothesis, in which less severe problem behavior frequently occurred prior to more severe topographies. The 3rd participant displayed a response pattern indicative of differential reinforcement effects.

Aggression↗
PubMed2003

Improving student bus-riding behavior through a whole-school intervention.

We describe a multicomponent intervention to improve bus-riding behavior of students attending an urban public school. The intervention was developed with technical assistance consultation that emphasized collaboration among students, school personnel, and bus drivers. The primary intervention procedures were identifying appropriate behaviors during transportation ("bus rules"), training bus drivers to deliver positive reinforcement, and rewarding student performance through a weekly school-based lottery. Disruptive bus behaviors, as measured by discipline referrals and suspensions, decreased with intervention relative to baseline phases in an ABAB reversal design. These positive results were maintained over the long term, with school personnel assuming responsibility for intervention in the absence of ongoing consultation.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1994

Children of substance abusers: the life experiences of children of opiate addicts in methadone maintenance.

We interviewed 70 substance abusers in methadone maintenance treatment regarding the life experiences of their 188 children. Sixty-four percent of the mothers reported using psychoactive drugs during their pregnancies. Eighty percent of parents reported an arrest during the time the child was growing up, 34% reported receiving treatment for an emotional disorder, and 14% were hospitalized. Four percent of the parents reported that their children had been placed in adoptive care, 9% in foster care, and 1% had a child in a group home. Forty-one percent of the parents reported that at least one of their children repeated a grade in school, 19% were involved in truancy, and 30% had been suspended from school. Twenty percent of parents reported their children's involvement with the law, and 17% reported drug or alcohol use. Problems with the law correlated highly with 1) being held back a grade, 2) truancy, 3) suspension from school, 4) expulsion from school, and 5) treatment for alcohol or drug abuse.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Neurological assessment for learning disability].

Learning disabilities present a diagnostic and therapeutic management challenge that requires an interdisciplinary approach initiated and coordinated by the child neurologist. An optimal evaluation for these conditions must include an extensive knowledge of the types and range of these disorders, a complete neurological and laboratory examination, a neuropsychological assessment tailored to the individual needs of the patient, a speech pathological evaluation when pertinent, and special attention to the frequent co-occurrence of more than one condition susceptible of interfering with learning.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed2002

[Treatment motivation, treatment satisfaction and quality of life from the viewpoint of parents at a child psychiatry facility--contribution to quality assurance].

This study tried to figure out if parents initial treatment motivation influenced their final assessment of the treatment process and its outcome in child psychiatry. We evaluated parents therapy motivation by developing a questionnaire based on solution focussed therapy's conception of motivation of clients (Berg 1992). The change during the treatment in parents satisfaction with their life situations and their experience of pressure ("life quality")--independent from their pronounced assessment of the quality of therapy--was taken as one indication of treatment quality. In addition to this parents' assessment of treatment was investigated by a questionnaire for therapy evaluation which included process and outcome quality factors. There could be shown that significant relations existed. Therefore we are convinced that the discussion of quality assurance in child psychiatry should be enlarged with a methodical conception of therapy motivation and the assessment of life quality of parents in addition to the evaluation of their specific therapy satisfaction.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Utilization and effectiveness of short-term counseling in child guidance].

UNLABELLED: This study investigates the utilization and effectiveness of short-term counseling in child guidance. For this purpose a comparison was made between short-term and long-term counseling (each N = 89) and a catamnestic telephone interview of the parents who had had short-term counseling was conducted (N = 70). RESULTS: 1. The rate of short-term counseling amounts to 39%. 2. The individuals seeking short-term counseling are significantly less burdened with problems. 3. In stating the reason for a short-term counseling, 58% of the individuals concerned claim that the number of counseling sessions held had been sufficient, that there had been an improvement with regard to the problems, or that according to the counselor there had been no need for further activity; 24% were dissatisfied with the counseling and for this reason broke it off; 10% were directed to other institutions. 4. On the whole the persons seeking advice evaluated the short-term counseling mainly positively. The evaluation of satisfaction and success corresponds with the evaluation commonly gained in educational guidance: 70% of the individuals seeking counseling were satisfied with the results, 44% reported positive changes due to the advice they received, and 66% seem to have gained a better understanding for their children. 5. The good relationship between the counselor and the person seeking advice appeared to be particularly important.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

[Clinical practice of a child and adolescent psychiatric service as evaluated by parents].

A follow-up study was conducted at an outpatient child psychiatry facility on parents' satisfaction with the quality and effectiveness of the treatment provided their children. The selection of the sample (N = 105), the methods used and the high response rate of 80% are discussed. The parents who did not return the questionnaire were interviewed later by telephone. For the sample as a whole, about 75% of the parents made a positive assessment of the service provided by the clinic and the improvement in their child's situation and general development. The initially non-responding parents were less positive in their assessment than the responders. The conclusions to be drawn from these findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Control strategies and noncompliance in abusive mother-child dyads: an observational study.

The present observational study of child abuse has isolated parental control strategies and child response as a promising area of investigation. The social interaction of 10 abusive and 10 matched control mothers and their preschool children was videotaped in a simulated home environment involving both structured and unstructured activities. A coding scheme was developed to record interactional behavior in each dyad. Particular emphasis was placed on the analysis of mother command/child compliance sequences. Compared to controls, abusive mothers employed more commands, and more power-assertive and less positively oriented control strategies. They were also more intrusive, more inconsistent in their use of parenting techniques, displayed more flattened affect throughout their control interactions, and were less flexible in their attempts to gain compliance from the child. In turn, children of abusive mothers demonstrated far more noncompliant behavior than their control counterparts.

Adult↗