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PubMed1977

Experimental infection of monkeys with Herpesvirus suis (Aujeszky's-disease virus).

Monkeys were infected intranasally with Herpesvirus suis. After an incubation period of 7 to 13 days the animals became acutely ill and rapidly died. Clinical signs included salivation, incoordination, ataxia and epileptiform convulsions, but not pruritus. Histopathological changes were confined to the central nervous system, and consisted of destruction of neurones with the formation of intranuclear inclusion bodies, gliosis and perivascular cuffing. Virus was isolated from the brain and spinal cord in the later stages of the illness but neutralising antibodies were not detected in serum. The distribution of lesions indicated direct spread of virus from the inoculation site along cranial nerves to the brain.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Electronmicroscopical characterisation of simian papovavirus SA12.

Ultrastructural studies of simian virus SA12, growing in primary cultures of vervet monkey-kidney cells, have demonstrated a typical papovavirus capsid morphology and a diameter of 43 nm. The cytopathic nuclear characteristics, with the absence of virus crstals and elongated capsid forms, distinguish it from SV40 and the human papovaviruses. Like other papovaviruses, SA12 shows a strong affinity for cellular membranes.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

A serological survey of simian virus 40 in monkeys.

A serological survey of simian virus 40 (SV 40) was conducted by an immune adherence hemagglutination (IAHA) test in breeding monkeys. Of a total of 356 monkeys tested, 168 (47.2%) were seropositive. All 168 seropositive monkeys were detected from 224 monkeys which were bred or kept in Japan for a long time. In contrast, none of the 132 monkeys which were newly imported from Southeast Asia was seropositive. If a comparison was made in the same breeding place, the positive rate of 80.4% (111/138) of Japanese monkeys was significantly (P less than 0.01) higher than the 59.5% (25/42) among rhesus monkeys. The positive rate and the IAHA titers were higher in older age group (greater than 5 years) but similar in male and female. These results indicated that SV 40 was highly prevalent among breeding monkeys in Japan.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

False spurs in quantitative immunoelectrophoresis.

Antigens which show reactions of identity in double-diffusion tests in gel may cause spur formation in crossed immunoelectrophoretic techniques. To differentiate these misleading spurs from spurs of double-diffusion tests which show the true immunochemical relationship between antigens, we have denoted the former type "false spurs". False spurs are often formed in tandemcrossed immunoelectrophoresis and fused rocket immunoelectrophoresis when antigens with different electrophoretic mobility are compared. On the basis of model experiments, criteria are set up for accepting a spur as a true spur, and procedures are described for avoiding formation of false spurs in quantitative immunoelectrophoresis.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Oesophagostomum bifurcum in non-human primates is not a potential reservoir for human infection in Ghana.

In northern Togo and Ghana, human infection with the parasitic nematode Oesophagostomum bifurcum is of major health importance. Elsewhere, oesophagostomiasis is considered a zoonotic infection, non-human primates being the natural host. We examined 349 faecal samples of the olive baboon, mona monkey and black and white colobus monkey from two geographically distinct areas in Ghana, outside the region endemic for O. bifurcum in humans. Using both microscopy and species-specific PCR, we found a high prevalence of O. bifurcum (75-99%) in olive baboons and mona monkeys. The majority of the test-positive faecal samples contained large numbers of larvae after copro-culture (>100). No O. bifurcum was detected in the faeces of the black and white colobus monkeys. Observational studies on the behaviour of the non-human primates, focusing on defecation, food consumption and the sharing of habitat with the local human population, indicated favourable conditions for zoonotic transmission. Given that no human infection with O. bifurcum has been reported from either study area, the present findings support the hypothesis that O. bifurcum from humans in the north of Ghana, and O. bifurcum from olive baboons and/or mona monkeys are distinct.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Pulpal response to a new visible light-cured composite restorative material: Fotofil.

A new visible light-cured composite resin, Fotofil, has been developed for the esthetic restoration of anterior teeth. The pulpal responses elicited by this material in unlined cavities and cavities lined with Dycal were compared with those elicited by a negative control consisting of modified zinc oxide-eugenol cement Notebec and a silicate cement Syntrex. The pulpal responses were evaluated in the permanent maxillary and mandibular incisors in vervet monkeys using labial Claterial in each monkey. Groups of 10 monkeys were killed at intervals of 2 days, and 2 and 8 weeks after restoration of the teeth. The most severe pulpal responses were elicited by the unlined Fotofil and Syntrex restorations at all three time intervals. The Dycal lined Fotofil restorations elicited a milder pulp response than the Nobetec at 2 days and 2 weeks. No pulpal response was elicited by the latter two materials at 8 weeks. These results clearly showed that Fotofil and Syntrex are irritant to the dental pulp up to 8 weeks. The placement of a Dycal liner beneath Fotofil restorations reduced the pulpal irritation elicited by this material to levels which were lower than those elicited by the Nobetec control at 2 days and 2 weeks.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Pulpal response to pyruvic acid.

Etching of enamel surfaces produces a marked increase in the bond strength of dental materials to tooth structure. The results of recent studies have indicated that pyruvic acid may be used in preference to phosphoric acid, because of its milder etching effect on enamel surfaces, without adversely affecting the bond strength. The pulpal responses elicited by 10% pyruvic acid applied for 90 seconds to freshly prepared cavities in monkey teeth, were examined after 4, 14 and 42 days. The differences between some of the ariteria used to evaluate the pulpal responses in acid-treated and control teeth at the three post-operative time intervals were statistically significant. These results suggest that exposed dentin should be protected with a lining before etching adjacent enamel surfaces with 10% pyruvic acid.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed1987

Experimental extra-follicular histogenesis of follicular cysts.

An animal model has been developed in which implantation cysts have been produced very close to developing teeth within the jaws of Vervet monkeys. Various deciduous teeth were extracted from both the maxilla and the mandible of 6 young Vervet monkeys. After 4 weeks, full thickness mucoperiosteal flaps were raised in these areas, up to 6 recipient sites were prepared in each monkey by drilling holes in the alveolar bone and small pieces of autogenous palatal mucosa were placed in these graft recipient sites. One monkey was killed after 5, 8, 22 and 25 weeks respectively and 2 after 52 weeks. Of the 33 implants placed, cyst formation occurred from 11 (33%). The distribution of the cysts was irregular in that 4 cysts were produced in each of 2 animals while no cysts were found in another 2 animals. The cysts produced were filled with keratin and lined partly by a thick keratinising epithelium and partly by a thin non-keratinising epithelium only a few cell layers thick. In one of the animals killed after 52 weeks, the follicle of an erupting premolar tooth had collided with one of the cysts resulting in the cyst lining becoming incorporated into the follicle, partly replacing the follicular reduced enamel epithelium and forming now an integral part of the follicle. This observation supports the hypothesis that the follicular odontogenic keratocyst has an extra-follicular origin arising after the eruption of a tooth into a pre-existing cyst cavity.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Effect of composite resin restorations in monkeys teeth with experimentally induced pulpitis.

The short- and long-term pulpal reactions to composite resin restorations using differenct cavity lining materials have been assessed in monkey teeth with experimentally induced pulpitis. The inflammation was induced by filling cavities with soft human carious dentin and amalgam for 1 week. Healing of the inflammation and formation of reparative dentin was generally found independent of the lining materials used. The long-term response to cavities restored with carious dentin and amalgam was also healing of the primarily induced pulpal inflammation in most instances.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Effect of drying on viability of periodontal membrane.

The influence of a dry extra-alveolar period on the viability of cells in the periodontal membrane of human and monkey teeth was examined in vitro. Extracted mature teeth were allowed to dry for 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. Cell viability was examined with the following methods: 1) Culturing the teeth with subsequent typsination and counting of viable cells. 2) Culturing the teeth with subsequent vital staining of the root surface with neutral red and estimation of the vital stained periodontal membrane area in percentage of the total root surface. Both methods revealed that the number of viable cells in the period declines very rapidly with an increase in drying time. After 2 h it was not possible to demonstrate cell viability using tissue cultrue technique.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Pulp reactions to silicate cement in teeth with healing pulpitis.

Unlined silicate restorations were placed in intact and experimentally altered monkey, teeth. Pulpitis had been induced experimentally by sealing soft carious human dentin in Class V cavities with amalgam for 7 d. These fillings were then removed and healing allowed by inserting zinc oxide/eugenol cement. A protective effect of the secondary dentin in teeth with healing pulpitis could be demonstrated in short-term experiments. After a 1-month observation period no difference in response to silicate cement could be found between intact and experimentally altered pulps, both groups exhibiting no or slight pulp reactions and secondary dentin formations.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Monkey pulpal response to composite resin restorations in cavities treated with various cleansing agents.

Pulpal response to composite resin restorations placed in experimentally prepared cavities treated with various cavity cleansing and etching agents were studied in monkey teeth. The use of etching agents and cleansers with a demineralizing potential enhanced the pulpal response to composite resin restorations. Bacterial proliferation on the cavity walls around the composite restorations may be one of several factors causing the harmful pulpal responses found. The protective effect of a calcium hydroxide-containing cavity lining material was confirmed.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed1979

A scanning electron microscopic study of the effect of various cleansing agents on cavity walls in vitro.

The appearance of prepared cavity walls after treatment with different cavity cleansers and cleaning procedures was studied. Class II and V cavities were prepared on extracted human and monkey teeth and the cavities were exposed to the different agents for 1 min. Where commercial products were used, the manufacturers' directions for use were followed. The cavity walls were examined in the scanning electron microscope and representative photos were taken from dentinal and enamel areas. Only demineralizing solutions producing an etch pattern were able to remove the smeared layer from the cavity walls.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Monkey pulp reactions to restorative materials.

Deep buccal cavities in 99 teeth in eight young monkeys were filled with the following combination of materials: a light-cured microfilled composite with or without a base, a chemically cured composite with a base, a silicate cement, and a zinc oxide-eugenol cement. The acid etch technique and intermediate layer of resin was used in the composite group. Pulp reactions and presence and location of bacteria were studied after 8 days and after 90 days. In the short observation period the inflammatory reactions were more pronounced when unlined composite fillings were evaluated compared with silicate cement fillings and with lined fillings. Bacteria were seen in all unlined cavities and a significant association between presence of bacteria and moderate to severe inflammatory responses was found. The most severe inflammatory reactions were seen when bacteria were found in the dentinal tubules. After 90 days slight inflammatory changes prevailed in all groups. A significant correlation between bacteria and inflammatory reactions could still be observed.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1987

Toxic effects of two dental materials on human buccal epithelium in vitro and monkey buccal mucosa in vivo.

Confluent cultures of human buccal epithelial cells were exposed to graded dilutions of Gluma Bond or 3M Etching Liquid for 5 min. The cytotoxic effects induced by this treatment were observed (epithelial cell damage, growth inhibition). In vivo, monkey buccal mucosa was exposed to Gluma Bond or 3M Etching Liquid for 5 min. Biopsies were taken after 24 h, and the buccal epithelium processed for light microscopic examination. The toxic reactions to Gluma Bond were far more pronounced compared with the toxic reactions to 3M Etching Liquid in both models. Data obtained suggest that the in vitro model may be useful in assessing mucosal toxicity and in studying mechanisms of toxic action.

Aldehydes↗
PubMed1975

The collagen content of skin and gingival tissues in ascorbic acid-deficient monkeys.

Five green monkeys were used in this study. Three animals were fed a scorbutigenic diet and the remaining two served as controls. Biopsies were dissected from the vestivular gingiva and dorsal skin and polyvinyl sponges were implanted subcutaneously during 4 week periods throughout the experimental period. The animals were sacrificed after 12 weeks and the periodontal ligament was removed. Collagen extracts were prepared from the gingival and granulation tissues and treated with bacterial collagenase. Following acid hydrolysis the total amount of proline and hydroxyproline was determined in various tissue preparations. In the tissues examined, the content of hydroxyproline decreased in the scorbutic animals throughout the experimental period. The decrease in the hydroxyproline content of the gingiva started within the first 4 weeks and was faster than that of the skin, indicating that the extent of decrease is dependent of the turnover rate of the collagen in the tissues. The synthesis of hydroxyproline was almost totally impaired in the granulation tissue formed in the sponges implanted after the 8th week of experimentation. Collagenase treatment of collagen extracts resulted in a release of proline and hydroxyproline in a higher ratio in extracts from the experimental animals than in extracts from the controls. It is concluded that ascorbic acid is a prerequisite for the maintenance of the collagen pool in the tissues and that lack of this vitamin results in the formation of a collagenase degradable protein fraction with a low hydroxyproline content.

Animals↗