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PubMed2022

An Exosomal miRNA Biomarker for the Detection of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a difficult tumor to diagnose and treat. To date, PDAC lacks routine screening with no markers available for early detection. Exosomes are 40-150 nm-sized extracellular vesicles that contain DNA, RNA, and proteins. These exosomes are released by all cell types into circulation and thus can be harvested from patient body fluids, thereby facilitating a non-invasive method for PDAC detection. A bioinformatics analysis was conducted utilizing publicly available miRNA pancreatic cancer expression and genome databases. Through this analysis, we identified 18 miRNA with strong potential for PDAC detection. From this analysis, 10 (MIR31, MIR93, MIR133A1, MIR210, MIR330, MIR339, MIR425, MIR429, MIR1208, and MIR3620) were chosen due to high copy number variation as well as their potential to differentiate patients with chronic pancreatitis, neoplasms, and PDAC. These 10 were examined for their mature miRNA expression patterns, giving rise to 18 mature miRs for further analysis. Exosomal RNA from cell culture media was analyzed via RTqPCR and seven mature miRs exhibited statistical significance (miR-31-5p, miR-31-3p, miR-210-3p, miR-339-5p, miR-425-5p, miR-425-3p, and miR-429). These identified biomarkers can potentially be used for early detection of PDAC.

Humans↗
PubMed1999

Diagnostic delay in colorectal cancer.

Recent guidelines recommend early diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Little data exists for comparison or to set standards. The aims of this study were to calculate the time to diagnosis for colorectal cancer from first hospital attendance and to identify any remedial factors felt to contribute to an undue delay in diagnosis. A one year retrospective audit was undertaken in a specialist teaching hospital. There were 59 patients and the median time to diagnosis was 17 days after first hospital consultation (mean 52 days). Some 34% had to wait more than one month for diagnosis. Incomplete examination or initial referral to a non-surgical specialty appeared to contribute to delay. Greater awareness of guidelines across the breadth of hospital specialties may reduce time to diagnosis.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relevance of c-erbB2, PLU-1 and survivin mRNA expression to diagnostic assessment of breast cancer.

The positivity rates of mRNA expression in breast cancer of the tumor-related genes for c-erbB2, PLU-1 and survivin are unclear. We quantitatively analyzed tissue samples from 39 breast cancers and non-cancerous parts of the same specimens for the above three mRNAs using a TaqMan reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Using the mean + 2SD of non-cancerous sample as a cut-off value, the positivity rates of the tumors for c-erbB2, PLU-1 and survivin were 20.5%, 7.7% and 69.2%, respectively. Combining consideration of survivin with c-erbB2 and or PLU-1 increased the positivity ratio (survivin plus either of others, 76.9%; survivin plus both, 79.5%). Analysis by histological type indicated that survivin showed the highest positivity in ductal carcinoma and that survivin and PLU-1 showed the same positivity rate (40.0%) in the five carcinomas classified histologically as either solid-tubular or mucinous. Further, all cases that were positive for PLU-1 were negative for survivin. Survivin mRNA expression appeared more useful as a marker for diagnosis of breast cancer than c-erbB2 or PLU-1. However, PLU-1 appeared to vary independently of survivin, enhancing the usefulness of assays considering both in combination.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

22. Diagnostic delays in breast cancer and impact on survival.

There is always an interval between the first symptoms, time to diagnosis and start of treatment in women with symptomatic breast cancer. Delay may be due to the patient, her general practitioner or a false negative diagnosis in hospital. A systematic overview showed that delays of 3-6 months were clearly associated with increased tumour size, advance in disease stage and poorer long-term prognosis. Nevertheless, controversy persists regarding the impact of delay on survival. The conflicting results may be due to a difference in sample characteristics, differences in the delay interval studied or variations in the definition of delay. A major drawback of many studies was that the potential confounding effect of lead-time bias was not taken into account. One of the largest single institution studies, designed to control for the lead-time bias, confirmed that survival measured from both date of diagnosis and onset of patient's symptoms was worse in women with delays of >12 weeks. Within individual stages, longer delays had no adverse impact on survival. It is important to identify groups of patients at high risk of delay so that strategies can be developed and effectively targeted.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1992

Enzyme immunoassay for prostate-specific antigen and its diagnostic application in prostate cancer.

The purpose of this study was to develop a reliable screening test for prostate cancer. Monoclonal antibodies specific to the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) were generated with an improved hybridoma technique. The hybrid cells were initially cultured in a semisolid medium containing methylcellulose and later transferred to a liquid medium for further subculture. Thirty-six out of a total 1,250 recovered colonies were shown to exhibit a high affinity to PSA by radioimmunobinding assay. Eight hybrid cell lines which secreted either IgG1 or IgG2a antibodies of a high affinity and specificity were established for evaluation. The association constants between PSA and these monoclonal antibodies were shown to range from 1 x 10(9) to 5 x 10(9) M-1. From the results of a matrix cross-matching procedure, pairs of monoclonal antibodies were identified and the corresponding epitopes assigned, and most of them could also be paired with rabbit anti-PSA in a typical sandwich enzyme immunoassay. The designated EIA procedure was performed over 90 minutes at room temperature in a two-stage incubation protocol with a sensitivity of 0.4 ng/mL. The EIA kit was shown to have little cross-reactivity with thyroid stimulating hormone, alpha-fetoprotein, carcinoembryonic antigen and prostate acid phosphatase. Preliminary evaluations with clinically defined patients' sera revealed that proper selections of antibody pairs in sandwich immunoassays are crucial to the adequate performance of the EIA kits.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗