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PubMed1975

The distinction between perceiving and memorizing in the presence of category cues.

The study proposed and tested 2 hypotheses to account for the claim by Appel, Cooper, Knight, McCarrell, Yussen, and Flavell (1972) that "memorizing and perceiving are functionally undifferentiated for the young child" by presenting preschool, second-, and fifth-grade children a "memory" and a "look" problem under several treatments in which semantic category cues were present. Surprisingly, preschoolers showed functional differentiation even in the absence of semantic cues--a finding interpreted as evidence for a functional differentiation in the young child's deployment of attention. Second and fifth graders also exhibited functional differentiation in the absence of semantic cues, and there were age changes in the facilitating effects of input and retrieval cues on children's memory.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

An analysis of the effects of contextual cues on the development of morphine tolerance in rats.

Tolerance to morphine analgesia was determined daily by exposing rats either to the same box or to different boxes by a repeated administration of morphine (5 mg/kg). In the Acquisition Phase, the rats received either morphine or saline in the same or different boxes for four consecutive days, and the process of tolerance development was assessed by a hot-plate test. Marked tolerance developed in the group exposed to the same contextual cue, whereas tolerance was attenuated in the group exposed to different cues. In the Extinction Phase, all rats received saline injections in the box exposed on Day 1 for four days. On the first day, hyperalgesia was observed only in the rats injected with morphine in the same contextual cue. In the Retest Phase, the rats underwent a second morphine injection and to some extent showed recovery from tolerance. In the Acquisition Phase, the number of animals showing abnormal activity with morphine injection increased monotonically in the group that was administered morphine in the same box (Group M-S) before injection, but in the group administered the drug in different boxes (Group M-D), no systematic development of the activity occurred. These results indicate that the hindering of a rat's ability to associate with environmental cues under the effect of morphine slows the development of tolerance, and the withdrawal and anticipatory symptoms, and the tolerance of morphine involves psychological and pharmacological factors.

Analgesics, Opioid↗
PubMed2003

Relative role of visual and non-visual cues in determining the direction of "up": experiments in the York tilted room facility.

Perceiving a direction as "up" is fundamental to human performance and perception. Astronauts in microgravity frequently experience reorientation illusions in which they, or their world, appear to flip and 'up' becomes arbitrarily redefined. This paper assesses the relative importance of visual cues in determining the perceived up direction. In the absence of information about the origin of illumination, people interpret surface structure by assuming that the direction of illumination is from above. Here we exploit this phenomenon to measure the influence of head and body orientation, gravity and visual cues on the perceived up direction. Fifteen subjects judged the shape of shaded circles presented in various orientations. The circles were shaded in such a way that when the shading was compatible with light coming from above, the circle appeared as a convex hemisphere. Therefore, by finding which shaded circle appeared most convex, we can deduce the direction regarded as "up". The different cues contributing to this percept were separated by varying both the orientation of the subject and the surrounding room relative to gravity. The relative significance of each cue may be of use in spacecraft interior design to help reduce the incidence of visual reorientation illusions.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Contributions of temporal and spectral cues to Chinese tone recognition in the continuous interleaved sampling strategy].

Recent studies have revealed temporal waveform envelope cues as a function of time having significant influence on tone recognition in continuous interleaved sampling (CIS) of cochlear implants. In this study, temporal cues of speech signal have been modulated so that to different tones have nearly the same temporal waveform envelope. The processing signal is named modulated signal. The modulated signals and original signals are processed through software emulations of cochlear-implant signal processors. The recognition score of the modulated signals and originals are compared. The result indicates that temporal cues have great influence on tone recognition, but spectral cues are the principal factor determining the identification of tones.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1972

Impairment of utilization of response-produced cues after frontopolar lesions in rats.

Ablation of the frontal pole was followed by the deterioration of returning behavior; position discrimination in an enclosed T maze was also affected. Both tests required the utilization of response produced cues: In the elevated T maze, in which extra-maze visual cues were available, the lesion had no effect on position discrimination. Introduction of differential visual cues to the enclosed T maze resulted in superior performance of the frontopolar group compared to that of the normal group. However, the visual discrimination experiment did not reveal the superiority of frontopolar rats, which suggests that the frontopolar rats are more attentive to visual stimuli only in situations requiring the use of response produced cues.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Effect of a first-trial cue on spontaneous recovery by moderately mentally retarded adults.

The effect of a distinctive first-trial cue on the degree of spontaneous recovery of moderately mentally retarded adults was investigated. The group given the cue showed more recovery of the operant response than did control groups for disinhibition on unextinguished discriminative stimulus. The group receiving the conventional procedure to produce spontaneous recovery, however, displayed significantly greater recovery than did any of the other groups. There was thus limited support for the hypothesis that cues associated with the first trial of a training session have greater significance for learners than do other cues.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Time and intensity cues are processed independently in the auditory system of the owl.

Space-specific neurons, found in the barn owl's inferior colliculus, respond selectively to a narrow range of interaural time and intensity differences. We show that injecting a local anesthetic into one cochlear nucleus, nucleus magnocellularis, alters the space-specific cell's selectivity for interaural time difference, leaving its selectivity for interaural intensity difference intact. Anesthetizing the other cochlear nucleus, nucleus angularis, has the converse effects. We show also that the space-specific neuron's selectivity for one interaural cue is the same for all effective values of the other cue. We conclude that time and intensity cues are processed in separate neural channels of the barn owl's auditory system and that the two cues operate independently.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Message cues, intelligibility, and comprehension: a follow-up investigation.

From an earlier study (Garrett and Saint-Pierre, J. Aud. Res., 1980, 20, 71-80) on the perception of sentences in noise (S/N = -5, -3, -1 db) showing that cues identifying the topic of messages can significantly increase comprehension, the effect of the cues was reasoned to be the result of improving either the peripheral processes of recognition associated with initial word reception or the more central processes of interpreting sense and meaning. Supplementary analyses are here performed on these data: number of words heard correctly, length of response, accuracy of repeated messages, and an overall Performance Index. The lesser significance in all these analyses for the cue condition than was found in the original analyses for comprehension only, coupled with the consistent and highly significant differences across S/N for the same statistics, was taken as indirect support for the view that the primary effect of the cues was operative at the level of central rather than of peripheral processes associated with initial reception.

Cognition↗
PubMed1995

Cue-exposure to alcohol-associated stimuli reduces autonomic reactivity, but not craving and anxiety, in dependent drinkers.

A controlled trial was conducted of cue-exposure with dependent drinkers in treatment. All subjects were engaged in an insight-oriented therapy programme, and responses to an alcohol-associated, compared with a neutral, stimulus were assessed at the beginning and end of treatment. Compared with a control group, which did not receive intervening cue-exposure sessions, subjects who received such interventions manifested reductions in heart rate, salivation and arousal responses to the alcohol-associated, compared with the neutral, stimulus. They did not, however, show similar reductions in subjective estimates of craving and anxiety. These results and the desynchrony in reductions in cue-reactivity across response domains are discussed in terms of their implications for cue-exposure in treatment and recent theorectical conceptualizations of the relationship between autonomic reactivity, craving and drinking behaviour.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Orientation, density and size as cues to texture segmentation in kittens.

The ability of kittens (45-135 days of age) to segment images based on textural differences was examined using a two-alternative forced-choice procedure on the jumping stand. Tasks based on 3 textural cues--element size, element density and element orientation--were presented concurrently in a within-subject design. Texture segmentation based on element size appeared as early as 47 days of age, and segmentation based on element density as early as 57 days. In both cases, onset age varied with the specific stimulus parameters. Segmentation based on a 90 deg difference in element orientation did not appear until after 90 days and its time of appearance was independent of element size over a 2 octave range. For all segmentation cues, age was a more powerful determinant of when a task would be solved than was amount of training. The late onset of segmentation based orientation, relative to other cues, closely parallels recent findings in human infants. This evidence of differences in developmental time course provides strong support for the idea that texture segmentation based on orientation differences does not share a common neural substrate with texture segmentation based on other visual cues.

Aging↗
PubMed1997

Effects of alcohol cues on smoking urges and topography among alcoholic men.

Although the prevalence of smoking among alcoholics ranges up to 97%, little is known about mechanisms underlying the co-occurrence of smoking and alcohol use, or the role tobacco may play in alcohol treatment recovery. Adult male alcoholics in treatment (n = 30) were randomly assigned to visual and olfactory exposure either to alcohol cues or to control cues, and then were allowed to smoke while continuing visual exposure to the same cues. Exposure to alcohol cues resulted in significantly greater self-reported urge to drink and urge to smoke but had no significant effect on the topography of smoking behavior. When variance due to urge to smoke was controlled, greater urge to drink correlated negatively with number of cigarette puffs. The results provide some support for a priming hypothesis of tobacco's role on alcoholism recovery. Clinical and theoretical implications are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The influence of habitat and male morphology on a mate-choice cue: the display nests of wrens

Wrens, Troglodytes troglodytesare highly polygynous passerines. Males build cock nests that are displayed to females and function as a mate-choice cue. Males with large numbers of nests are more likely to attract females than males with fewer nests. To be useful to females a cue used in mate choice must contain information. One way to evaluate the information content of such a cue may be to examine the factors that influence its size. The number of nests was predicted on territories with known building rates (immigration) and nest destruction rates (death) using an immigration-death function. This analysis suggested that if only building rate and destruction rates were considered then the number of nests on territories was consistently overestimated. In 1994 an experiment was conducted in which nest-site availability was manipulated. Males provided with additional nest sites built more nests and continued to build later in the year resulting in longer nest-building periods than controls. The converse was found when nest sites were experimentally removed. This suggested that the number of nests that could be constructed on a territory was limited by habitat structure. None of the morphological characters considered here significantly influenced the number of nests built by males. Therefore, the information content of this mate-choice cue will be primarily about characteristics of the habitat on the territory rather than characteristics of the male.1997The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

What cues do brown-headed cowbirds use to locate red-winged blackbird host nests?

I examined ecological and behavioural variables influencing the susceptibility of red-winged blackbird, Agelaius phoeniceus, nests to brood parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds, Molothrus ater, in a prairie-nesting population of redwings in southern Wisconsin. I compared the following variables between parasitized and unparasitized nests: proximity of nests to trees and other prominent perches; physical characteristics of nests such as nest height and cover; and aspects of host behaviour, including vocal behaviour and aggression directed towards female cowbirds. I used these data to discriminate among four non-exclusive hypotheses for how brood parasites locate host nests: the perch-proximity, nest-exposure, nesting-cue and host-activity hypotheses. Parasitized nests were significantly closer than unparasitized nests to trees in the 2 years of the study. There was no evidence that nest height or nest cover differed significantly between parasitized and unparasitized nests, suggesting that cowbirds do not use nest exposure as a cue for locating redwing nests. The responses of both parasitized and unparasitized redwings towards a female cowbird mount decreased with increasing mount presentation distance from the nest. There were no significant differences in responses towards the mount between parasitized and unparasitized redwings, giving no support for the nesting-cue hypothesis. Female redwings whose nests were subsequently parasitized gave significantly more nest-associated (type I) vocalizations during the egg-laying period than did unparasitized females. These findings suggest that female brown-headed cowbirds in search of potential host nests use trees to search from, and that female redwing vocalizations may serve as a proximate cue for cowbirds to locate redwing nests at appropriate stages for parasitism, giving support for both the perch-proximity and host-activity hypotheses. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Juvenile western toads, Bufo boreas, avoid chemical cues of snakes fed juvenile, but not larval, conspecifics.

Previous investigations have demonstrated the importance of predator diet in chemically mediated antipredator behaviour. However, there are few data on responses to life-stage-specific predator diets, which could be important for animals like amphibians that undergo metamorphosis and must respond to different suites of predators at different life-history stages. In laboratory choice tests, we investigated the chemically mediated avoidance response of juvenile western toads, Bufo boreas, to four different chemical stimuli: (1) live conspecific juveniles; (2) live earthworms; (3) snakes fed juvenile conspecifics; and (4) snakes fed larval conspecifics (tadpoles). Juvenile toads avoided chemical cues from snakes that had eaten juvenile conspecifics, but did not respond to the other three stimuli, including chemical cues from snakes fed larval conspecifics. In addition, the response to cues from snakes fed juveniles differed significantly from that of snakes fed larvae. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the importance of diet in predator avoidance of juvenile anurans and the ability of juvenile toads to distinguish between chemical cues from predators that have consumed larval versus juvenile conspecifics. Copyright 2000 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Migration of zebrafish spinal motor nerves into the periphery requires multiple myotome-derived cues.

In vertebrate embryos, spinal motor neurons project through segmentally reiterated nerves into the somites. Here, we report that zebrafish secondary motor neurons, which are similar to motor neurons in birds and mammals, depend on myotomal cues to navigate into the periphery. We show that the absence of myotomal adaxial cells in you-too/gli2 embryos severely impairs secondary motor axonal pathfinding, including their ability to project into the somites. Moreover, in diwanka mutant embryos, in which adaxial cells are present but fail to produce cues essential for primary motor growth cones to pioneer into the somites, secondary motor axons display similar pathfinding defects. The similarities between the axonal defects in you-too/gli2 and diwanka mutant embryos strongly suggest that pathfinding of secondary motor axons depends on myotome-derived cues, and that the diwanka gene is a likely candidate to produce or encode such a cue. Our experiments also demonstrate that diwanka plays a central role in the migration of primary and secondary motor neurons, suggesting that both neural populations share mechanisms underlying axonal pathfinding. In summary, we provide compelling evidence that myotomal cells produce multiple signals to initiate and control the migration of spinal nerve axons into the somites.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Perception of three-dimensional cues in early infancy.

Three experiments examined infants' processing of 3D information in static images. Three-month-olds familiarized with micropatterns that appeared to adults to be 3D blocks illuminated from the top subsequently preferred a test array that contained a micropattern that appeared to be a block illuminated from the bottom; however, they failed to detect comparable discrepancies in 2D images. Thus, 3-month-olds are sensitive to 3D cues in static images. In another experiment, infants failed to exhibit a preference between an array containing a single novel element among familiar elements and another array containing a single familiar element among novel elements. Thus, unlike discrepancies in fundamental features such as line-crossings, discrepancies in 3D cues failed to pop-out and engage infants' attention. These results reveal that 3-month-olds are sensitive to 3D cues in static images. However, discrepancies based on these cues may not engage infants' attention like those based on fundamental features.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1988

The cue interaction model of depth perception: a stability analysis.

In this paper, we offer a stability analysis of "the cue interaction model" of depth perception (House (1984]. Depth estimation using stereopsis suffers from the "matching problem", the problem of correctly matching the retinal image of a feature in one eye, to its retinal image in the other eye. The Cue Interaction Model overcomes this by using monocular cues to disambiguate between the "correct matches" and the "incorrect matches". Its decision making is based on the concept of cooperation and competition in a neural network. A general class of cooperative and competitive models has been mathematically analysed by Amari and Arbib (1977), with special attention given to equilibrium states and stability. In this paper we adapt their methods to study the above model. In particular, we prove that if the parameters are correctly tuned, the model successfully achieves its goals by suppressing the cues which represent the "incorrect matches".

Animals↗
PubMed1993

The impact of contextual cues on the interpretation of and response to physical symptoms: a vignette approach.

This study examined the impact of two contextual cues--stress and aging--on conceptualizations of, and health care responses to, physical symptoms. Eighty-three undergraduates each read four vignettes describing a woman experiencing physical symptoms indicative of either heart attack, depression, ulcer, or flu. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of six age/stress cue combinations. Consistent with predictions, physical symptoms presented with stress cues were less likely to be attributed to acute illness and were seen as more variable. The effect was most pronounced for heart attack symptoms, which, when presented with stress cues, were also less likely (1) to be identified as a heart attack, (2) to be attributed to chronic illness, (3) to elicit recommendations to seek medical care, (4) and to be regarded as serious. The age manipulation did not exert an effect. Implications of these findings and limitations of the vignette approach are discussed.

Adult↗