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At least 1,207 records · Page 67Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Overview of hymenolepis diminuta infection among Thai patients.

CONTEXT: Hymenolepis diminuta infection is a very rare cestode infection. Until present, fewer than 500 cases have been observed worldwide. OBJECTIVE: The author performed a literature review on the reports of H diminuta in Thailand in order to summarize the characteristics of this infection among Thai patients. DESIGN: This study was designed as a descriptive retrospective study. A literature review of the papers concerning H diminuta infections in Thailand was performed. RESULTS: According to this study, there have been at least 6 reports in the literature of 10 individual cases of H diminuta infection, of which 1 case was lethal. Of 4 cases that documented patients' age, the ages ranged from 20 months to 55 years. Of 5 cases that documented patients' sex, 3 were males and 2 were females. Most (9/10) were asymptomatic; however, there was 1 inpatient case, concomitant with metastatic cholangiocarcinoma. Antiparasitic drugs were prescribed in 3 cases: niclosamide in 2 cases and praziquantel in 1 case. The 2 patients receiving niclosamide passed the parasites after treatment. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the H diminuta infection is a rare cestode infection that is sporadically reported in Thailand. The diagnosis of H diminuta infection is usually by accident during a field survey. The prognosis outcome is usually good, and the treatment does not appear to affect outcome, as there is good survival without treatment.

Female↗
PubMed2005

Short report: Echinococcus multilocularis confirmed on Kunashiri Island, 15 kilometers from the eastern part of Hokkaido, Japan.

There are two foci of alveolar echinococcosis (AE) caused by Echinococcus multilocularis in Japan. The first focus is on Rebun Island where AE patients were found from 1937, and the second is in eastern Hokkaido where patients have been found since the 1960s. The origin of the second focus is unknown. To further investigate AE in eastern Hokkaido, wild rodents (Muridae) were captured and examined for infection on Kunashiri Island, which is located 15 km off the northeastern coast of Hokkaido. Metacestodes of E. multilocularis were isolated from two of 31 voles, all of which were identified to be Clethrionomys rufocanus. Mitochondrial DNA sequencing data of recovered cestodes showed total identity with the cestode reported from Hokkaido. These results suggest that E. multilocularis may have been introduced to Hokkaido from Kunashiri Island during or after 1965.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The evolution of the forms of hermaphroditism in Cyclophyllidea (Cestoda). 2. Morphofunctional causes of the formation of tapeworms having a protogynous type of the genital apparatus development].

Morpho-biological causes of the formation of protogynous forms of Anoplocephalidae (Cyclophyllidea) parasitizing rodents have been studied. The reduction in the number of segments in the strobila of anoplocephalideans (Anoplocephaloides, Paranoplocephaloides) in comparison with related polymeric species of the taxon (Paranoplocephala) suggests that protogyny is resulted from the secondary oligomerization of strobila in the phylogenesis of these cestodes. It is evident that the ecological cause of the selection for a small number of segments in the strobila is a tough competition among large polymeric cestodes that results in the formation of small anoplocephalideans located in the back part of the small intestine (Paranoplocephaloides) and in the blind gut (Anoplocephaloides) of rodents. There is slowing down of strobilation rates, acceleration of genital apparatus development and somatic proglottid morphogenesis during the change into protogyny. Due to an earlier, regarding testicle morphogenesis, formation of the ovary and uterus, uterus segments are developing most of the time in the strobila. Thus, proterogyny is one of the universal mechanisms to extend the terms of hexacanth embryogenesis in the second oligomeric strobila of tapeworms.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2006

Is the human-infecting Diphyllobothrium pacificum a valid species or just a South American population of the holarctic fish broad tapeworm, D. latum?

Using ITS2 gene sequences, the validity of the tapeworm Diphyllobothrium pacificum (Nybelin, 1931), infecting humans on the Pacific coast of South America and in Japan, was assessed. ITS2 sequences of this cestode differed markedly (sequence similarity 79.0-80.2%) from those of the most common human-infecting cestode, the broad fish tapeworm Diphyllobothrium latum (L.), as well as other four species of Diphyllobothrium, including potential human parasites (D. cordatum, D. dendriticum, and D. lanceolatum) and two species of Spirometra (sequence similarity 77.5-81.9%). Interspecific sequence similarity between all but one (D. pacificum) species was 86.1-99.6%, whereas individual isolates of D. dendriticum and D. ditremum exhibited intraspecific sequence similarity of 97.0-98.0% and 98.2-99.9%, respectively. Phylogenetic trees constructed from ITS2 sequences show a markedly distant position of D. pacificum from other species analyzed and also indicate the possible paraphyly of Spirometra.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The first report of Echinococcus multilocularis strain isolation from human in Turkey.

The adult form of the small cestode Echinococcus multilocularis (E. multilocularis) is found in carnivorous animals, especially in the fox. This cestode, which is observed in the northern hemisphere of the world, is the cause of a generally fatal, progressing disease in humans, known as "alveolar echinococcosis" (AE). The metacestodes of E. multilocularis can be experimentally developed in the Meriones unguiculatus species of rodents, and it is possible to use these metacestodes for numerous purposes, primarily for antigens required for diagnosis. It is with this aim that in this study for the first time in Turkey, E. multilocularis metacestodes were developed in Meriones unguiculatus and an indigenous strain was isolated using the surgical material from a patient diagnosed with alveolar echinococcosis.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Comparative studies of gastrointestinal helminths of poultry in Zaria, Nigeria.

Two-hundred and ten digestive tracts of local chickens reared in and around Zaria, Northern Nigeria, under the extensive native free range system of management and 203 digestive tracts of exotic chickens raised under the intensive system of management were examined for parasites. Two hundred and one (95.7%) of the local chickens were infected and 24 (11.8%) of the exotic chickens also. Among the local chickens, 12 species of nematodes and 7 species of cestodes were recovered. Only one nematode and one cestode species were recovered from the exotic chickens. The prevalence of helminth infections between local and exotic chickens was significantly different at 1%.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Current problems of echinococcosis (Echinococcus multilocularis)].

Alveolar echinococcosis is by far the most dangerous human parasitosis in Central Europe. For the one part this is due to the fact that the parasite is localised in the liver, and for the second part it is due to the infiltrative growth of the larval cestode tissue. The life cycle of echinococcus multilocularis takes place primarily between the fox as final host and mice as intermediate hosts. In this cycle, man is an accidental host and is infected orally via the intake of cestode eggs. The individual channels of infection and their frequency have so far only been subject to speculation. The infection rate of foxes is highest in the range of the Swabian mountain pastures (known as Schwäbische Alb) (up to 55 per cent), but recently values of more than 30% have been registered in the adjacent areas as well. No accurate data are available on the infection rate in humans; seroepidemiological data indicate a prevalence between 0.1 and 0.5 per thousand. IHA, IIFT and ELISA are the most frequently used methods in serodiagnostics of echinococcosis. The specific E. multilocularis antigen should be used instead of the commercially available E. granulosus antigen when examining patients for alveolar echinococcosis. In clinical diagnostics, sonography and especially CT are well tried. If the parasitic infestation is discovered early, radical surgery is the method of choice. Chemotherapy with mebendazole (e.g. Vermox) is still unsatisfactory despite improvements. Possibly an echinococcus therapy of foxes via baits containing praziquantel may be a possibility to minimize the transfer to the human organism.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Successful treatment of Taenia saginata and Hymenolepis nana by single oral dose of praziquantel.

Infections by adult cestodes are widely distributed in the world, and induced digestive and general disturbances. In this study, 40 patients with Taenia saginata and 15 with Hymenolepis nana were treated by one single oral dose of Praziquantel, at the dosage of 10 mg/kg/day and 20 mg/kg/day respectively. As side effects, no biological disturbances occurred, but 6 patients complained of abdominal pain and diarrhea. The efficiency was complete. Praziquantel, a wide spectrum anti-helminthic day drug, used in schistosomiasis, fascioliasis, cysticercosis, is the best treatment of adult cestodes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Synopsis of type specimens deposited in the helminthological collection of the Institute of Parasitology, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, in Ceské Budĕjovice. II. Cestoda, Trematoda and Acanthocephala.

The paper comprises a list of the cestode, trematode and acanthocephalan type specimens deposited in the helminthological collection of the Institute of Parasitology, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, in Ceské Budĕjovice. These materials include a total of 7 species of cestodes, 16 species of trematodes, and 5 species of acanthocephalans.

Acanthocephala↗
PubMed1989

The toxicological profile of praziquantel in comparison to other anthelminthic drugs.

The toxicity data on praziquantel, effective against trematodes and cestodes, on the schistosomicides hycanthone, metrifonate, niridazole, and oxamniquine, and on albendazole, effective against cestodes and nematodes, are discussed. Praziquantel's efficacy in neurocysticercosis treatment has been well established. Recently, therapy of brain cysticercosis with albendazole was reported as well. For hycanthone, metrifonate, niridazole, and oxamniquine a mutagenic potential was demonstrated, at least in bacterial systems. Hycanthone and niridazole affect reproductive functions and are carcinogenic in animals. As not many safety data on albendazole have been published, it is possible only to deduce a teratogenic risk and--in rare cases--a hepatotoxic potential. Its capacity to induce cytochrome P-448 needs further elucidation, because the activation of drugs and chemicals by this monooxygenase isozyme may produce toxic or even carcinogenic metabolites. Likewise, it needs to be established, how possible effects on the intracellular tubulin system, which are known to occur with related benzimidazoles, affect the safety profile of this drug. From the toxicological point of view, praziquantel is the most promising drug, because it lacks systemic toxicity after repeated administration of daily doses of up to 1000 or 180 mg/kg to rats and dogs, respectively, and after lifetime bioassays with rats and Syrian hamsters. It does not affect reproduction, and is devoid of any mutagenic or carcinogenic potential.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The serotonin and dopamine content of helminths in different classes].

Analysis of the presented data shows that in all representatives of cestodes serotonin is present, dopamine being found only in few species. In trematodes, the dominant amine is presented by dopamine, whereas in some trematodes serotonin was also found. Concentration of biogenic amines in other classes of helminths is usually essentially lower than that in cestodes and trematodes.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

A survey of helminths in domestic cats in the Pretoria area of Transvaal, Republic of South Africa. Part 1: The prevalence and comparison of burdens of helminths in adult and juvenile cats.

The helminths found in 1,502 necropsied cats were examined. The findings indicated that 65% of the cats were infested. The most prevalent helminths encountered were Ancylostoma tubaeforme (41%), Ancylostoma braziliense (25%), Dipylidium caninum (23%), Toxocara cati (11%), Taenia taeniaeformis (7.7%), Ancylostoma caninum (3.3%), Joyeuxiella fuhrmanni (2.5%), Ancylostoma ceylanicum (1.4%), and Physaloptera praeputialis (1.3%). The following helminths were recorded in fewer than 1% of the cats: Centrorhynchus spp., Pterygodermatites spp., Toxocara canis, Aleurostrongylus abstrusus and Vogeloides spp., This is the first record of the lungworms, A. abstrusus and Vogeloides spp. in cats in the Republic of South Africa. The helminths in adult and juvenile cats are compared. Of the cestodes, Joyeuxiella fuhrmanni (4%) and Taenia taeniaeformis (12%) are more prevalent in adult cats. Dipylidium caninum is marginally more common in adults (24%), and is the most common helminth in juvenile cats, being present in 21% of cases. More adult cats have Ancylostoma tubaeforme (58%), Ancylostoma braziliense (36%), Ancylostoma ceylanicum (2.4%) and Physaloptera praeputialis (1.9%) than do juvenile cats. However, juvenile cats were found to harbour more Toxocara cati (41%), Toxocara canis (0.5%) and Ancylostoma caninum (5.2%). Juvenile cats harbour appreciable numbers of both cestodes and nematodes, thus any treatment should be aimed at the elimination of both, with a broad spectrum anthelmintic.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

Parasites of South African wildlife. III. Helminths of common reedbuck, Redunca arundinum, in Natal.

Twenty-six common reedbuck, Redunca arundinum, were shot in pairs at monthly intervals for 13 consecutive months in the Himeville region of Natal. Ten nematode species, 2 cestodes and 1 trematode were recovered from these animals. Cooperia yoshidai was both the most numerous and most prevalent worm and peak burdens occurred during summer. Thirty-one reedbuck, killed at different intervals in various localities within the St. Lucia Reserve, harboured between 4 and 11 nematode species, 1 cestode and 1 trematode. With the exception of 4 reedbuck shot during January 1987, in which Haemonchus contortus was the most abundant worm, C. yoshidai was again both the most abundant and most prevalent worm. Peak burdens of this nematode occurred during autumn to spring. The helminths of 5 impala, Aepyceros melampus, also shot in the St. Lucia Reserve were examined. Some of the worm species of impala were also found in the reedbuck from the same locality and the helminths of the 2 antelope species are compared. An amended list, which includes several new records of the parasites of common reedbuck in South Africa is provided.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity of adult Hymenolepis diminuta.

The occurrence of hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase in adult Hymenolepis diminuta was demonstrated. This activity was negligible in the cestode's cytosolic fraction but was noted when the mitochondrial or microsomal fraction served as the enzyme source. The predominant localization of HMG-CoA reductase activity was with the microsomal fraction. This fraction did not contain appreciable mitochondrial contamination based on the distribution of marker enzymes. The enzymatic nature of HMG-CoA conversion to mevalonic acid by either fraction was apparent because the reaction was heat labile and responded linearly to time of assay and protein content. The enzymatic reduction of HMG-CoA absolutely required NADPH when either fraction was assayed. The lesser activity of the mitochondrial fraction was membrane-associated. The predominant localization of HMG-CoA reductase activity with microsomal membranes and its separation with the membranous component of the mitochondrial fraction suggest that mitochondrial activity reflects the presence of microsomal membranes. In its predominant localization and pyridine nucleotide requirement, the cestode's HMG-CoA reductase activity resembles that of mammalian systems. The finding of HMG-CoA reductase provides an enzymatic mechanism for the intermediate conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonic acid that would be needed for acetate-dependent isoprenoid lipid synthesis by adult H. diminuta.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Helminth parasites of grysbok, common duikers and Angora and Boer goats in the Valley Bushveld in the eastern Cape Province.

Helminth parasites were collected from 13 grysbok, Raphicerus melanotis, 12 common duikers, Sylvicapra grimmia, 24 Angora goats and 24 Boer goats killed on a farm in Valley Bushveld in the eastern Cape Province. Nematodes belonging to 9 species and a further 2 genera and cestodes belonging to 1 species and a further genus were recovered from the grysbok. Of these, worms of the genus Skrjabinema, Trichostrongylus rugatus, Trichostrongylus pietersei and Nematodirus spathiger were the most prevalent and the most numerous. An amended list of the helminths of grysbok is included. Seven nematodes, identified to species and 1 identified to genus were recovered from the common duikers. N. spathiger and Setaria scalprum were the most prevalent, while N. spathiger and Trichostrongylus axei were the most abundant. The Angora goats were infested with at least 10 nematode species and 2 cestodes and the Boer goats with at least 14 nematode species. With the exception of Trichostrongylus pietersei, the Boer goats harboured more nematodes of each species than did the Angora goats. Nematodirus spp. and worms of the genus Skrjabinema were most numerous in Angora goats, and Nematodirus spp. and Teladorsagia circumcincta in the Boer goats. No clear pattern of seasonal abundance was evident for any of the helmith species in the various hosts.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Efficacy of a single dose of praziquantel as treatment for Taenia saginata and Hymenolepis nana].

Cestodes are very frequent intestinal parasites. They induce different troubles, regrouped as "taeniasis". In our study, 30 patients with Taenia saginata and 10 with Hymenolepis nana has been treated by one single dose of praziquantel, a wide-spectrum anti-helminthic drug, at the dosage of 10 mg/kg/day and 20 mg/kg/day respectively. As side-effects, no biological disturbances occurred, but 6 patients complained of abdominal pain and diarrhea. The efficiency has been complete. Praziquantel seems to be the drug of choice as treatment of adult cestodes.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1988

Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XXIII. Helminth and arthropod parasites of warthogs, Phacochoerus aethiopicus, in the eastern Transvaal Lowveld.

A total of 69 warthogs, Phacochoerus aethiopicus, were collected from 4 localities within the Kruger National Park, eastern Transvaal Lowveld. These animals harboured 16 nematode species, 2 trematodes, 1 or 2 species of adult cestodes and the larval stages of 4 cestodes. No pattern of seasonal abundance could be determined for any of the helminths. The warthogs were also infested with 3 flea species, 1 louse species, 8 ixodid tick species, 1 argasid tick and the nymphae of a pentastomid. The seasonal abundance of fleas of the genus Echidnophaga, of the sucking louse Haematopinus phacochoeri and the ixodid ticks Amblyomma hebraeum, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus simus and Rhipicephalus zambeziensis was determined.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Helminthic fauna of commercial fishes from the Saya-de-Malya bank (Indian Ocean)].

The data on infestation of 8 species of commercial fishes from Saya-de-Malya bank (the Indian Ocean) are presented. 43 helminth species were identified: 10 Monogenea species, 18 trematode, 7 cestode and 8 nematode species. The mature worms are observed to be related to a certain host, whereas the nematode and cestode larvae have wide specificity. High infestation degree by Anisakis larvae is found in fishes, especially in Carangidae. At the bank area fishes are found to be free from Acanthocephala while those Acanthocephala are found in fishes from other areas of the Indian Ocean which may be attributed to the specific diet at the Saya-de-Malya bank. On the whole the helminth fauna of fishes examined at the Saya-de-Malya bank does not demonstrate the endemic pattern. The most specific helminth species were found in some fish species.

Animals↗