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PubMed2001

Further results on the reliability of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) in an Italian sample of schizophrenic patients and their parents.

The reliability of the Italian version of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) was assessed in a group of 26 schizophrenic patients and their parents. In both groups, internal consistency indices were satisfactory and mean PBI scores at test and retest were stable. The test-retest reliability coefficients for the PBI scales of parents ranged from .65 to .67, those of the patients from .32 (paternal-protection score) to .67 (maternal-care score). The less satisfactory test-retest reliability of patients' paternal protection score was due to minor intra-category rather than inter-category variations in their ratings. This suggests difficulties with a four-point rating scale, which might depend partly on the generally poor schooling of the sample, but it may also reflect uncertainty of schizophrenic patients concerning fathers' controlling behavior. Further studies should pay attention to this factor. Patients' PBI mean scores are compatible with an affection-less control rearing style, while those of their parents, characterized by similar poor care but less control, are consistent with a pattern of weak parental bonding.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of the child and parent forms of the Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns in the assessment of children's eating-disordered behaviors.

OBJECTIVE: The assessment of eating-disordered behaviors in middle childhood is challenging. Frequently, both child and parents are queried about the child's eating behavior. However, no direct comparisons between parent and child reports of child eating disturbance have been published. We compared results from the adolescent and parent versions of the Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns (QEWP-A and QEWP-P, respectively) in a nontreatment sample of overweight and normal weight children. METHOD: The QEWP-A and QEWP-P were administered to 142 overweight (body mass index [BMI] > or = 85th percentile) and 121 normal weight (BMI 15th-84th percentile) children, age 9.7 +/- 1.9 years, recruited from the community. RESULTS: The QEWP-A and QEWP-P showed good agreement for the absence of eating-disordered behavior but were not concordant in terms of the number or type of binge eating, overeating episodes, or compensatory weight control behaviors in the past 6 months. Children categorized by their own reports (QEWP-A) as engaging in no overeating, simple overeating, or binge eating behaviors did not differ significantly in body composition or in eating and general psychopathology. Children categorized according to their parents' reports (QEWP-P) as engaging in binge eating had significantly greater body adiposity, eating-disordered cognitions, body dissatisfaction, and parent-reported problems (all ps <.001) than children engaging in no overeating or simple overeating according to the QEWP-P. DISCUSSION: Child and parent reports of eating behaviors are not concordant regarding the presence of binge eating or compensatory behaviors. Further investigation of the utility of these questionnaires is needed before either can serve as a surrogate for a clinical interview.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Assessment of benzodiazepine receptor heterogeneity in vivo: apparent pA2 and pKB analyses from behavioral studies.

The purpose of this review was to establish in vivo apparent pA2 and pKB values for antagonism of the discriminative stimulus effects of benzodiazepine ligands, and to compare these values to those obtained from other behavioral procedures. Articles were chosen from the Medline data base from January 1976 to August 1995. This literature consisted of studies with flumazenil (Ro 15-1788) as the antagonist, as well as other benzodiazepine ligands (beta-carbolines, CGS 9896, CGS 8216). The dose which occasioned 50% of the maximal response (ED50) was obtained from values estimated from the graphs presented in each article. These ED50 values were used to conduct apparent pKB and apparent pA2 analyses. Apparent pA2 values for antagonism of the discriminative stimulus effects of diazepam in rats were the following (antagonist, pA2, slope): flumazenil, 4.7, -1.5; beta-CCE, 4.0, -3.0; beta-CCtB, 5.0, -2.2. The apparent pA2 value for CGS 8216 antagonism of the discriminative stimulus effects of diazepam in rats was 5.74, -2.22 (reported in Shannon and Davis 1984). The mean apparent pA2 value for flumazenil antagonism of the discriminative stimulus effects of diazepam in rhesus monkeys was 6.55, with a mean slope of -1.42. Analysis of baboon data from Ator and Griffiths (1986) revealed apparent pKB values for flumazenil antagonism of the discriminative stimulus effects of lorazepam that were lower than the pKB values for either zopiclone or CL 218,872. Analyses of the pKB data also revealed the following: no effect of route of administration (rat, PO versus IP; baboon, PO versus IM), no effect of pretreatment time (grouped into two categories: 10-20 min and 40-70 min, in rats and non-human primates), and a species effect (pKB values for rats were reliably lower than either non-human primates or pigeons, rhesus monkeys were lower than baboons). The apparent pA2 and pKB values obtained in the present review were similar across behavioral assays, except that, in squirrel monkeys, flumazenil pKB values for antagonism of benzodiazepine-induced decreases in schedule-controlled behavior were lower than pKB values obtained from drug discrimination studies. This review provides apparent pA2 values for antagonism of the discriminative stimulus effects of benzodiazepine ligands and provides evidence from pKB analyses consistent with functional heterogeneity of benzodiazepine receptors in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Differential effects of formamidine pesticides on fixed-interval behavior in rats.

Chlordimeform (CDM), amitraz (AMZ), and formetanate (FMT) are members of the formamidine class of pesticides. To date, effects on operant behavior have been determined only for CDM. This experiment compared the effects of CDM, AMZ, and FMT on schedule-controlled responding. Nine male Long-Evans rats were trained during 1-hr sessions to lever-press under a multiple fixed-interval (FI)-1-min FI-5-min schedule of milk reinforcement. Dose-effect determinations for each compound administered ip, 20 min presession, were carried out in each subject. The dose ranges were: CDM HCl, 0.3-20 mg/kg; FMT HCl, 0.03-0.75 mg/kg; and AMZ, 5-75 mg/kg. Under baseline conditions response rates were higher under the FI-1-min than under FI-5-min, and index of curvature (IOC) values (a measure of within-interval response patterning) were generally higher under FI-5-min. All compounds produced dose-dependent decreases in response rate. CDM significantly decreased only FI-1-min response rates; a similar effect of AMZ was seen only at an intermediate dose. FMT decreased responding to the same extent in both components. CDM produced pronounced changes in the pattern of responding in both components, with IOC decreased more under FI-5-min than under FI-1-min. AMZ produced significant decreases in IOC only under FI-5-min. FMT did not appreciably decrease IOC in either component. High doses of AMZ produced general signs of poor health that persisted for several days. In addition, a greater effect on response rates and IOC in both components was obtained when AMZ (75 mg/kg) was given more than 10 days following another dose compared to when it was given 7 days or less after another dose. Formamidine pesticides produce differential effects on FI schedule-controlled behavior that are in turn modulated by the parameter value of the FI schedule.

Amidines↗
PubMed1988

Invariant structure in locomotion.

Biological systems are hypothesized to control behavior with reference to invariants, because this would allow the variable but robust accomplishment of tasks observed in biological behaviors. Invariants for legged locomotion are specified. Combined with observed properties of locomotion, they lead to predictions of forms of control for legged locomotion.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Thermoregulatory behavior is disrupted in rats with lesions of the anteroventral third ventricular area (AV3V).

Core body temperature is maintained through a combination of physiological and behavioral effector mechanisms. While the neural pathways involved in autonomic responses to a heat stress are slowly being unraveled, those controlling behavioral responses have remained elusive. We have recently demonstrated that the tissue that surrounds the anteroventral third ventricular region (AV3V) has an important role in the autonomic response to a heat stress. The purpose of the present study was to determine the impact lesions of the AV3V have on naturally occurring thermoregulatory behaviors. Core temperature was elevated at a constant rate (0.03 degrees C/min) for 90 min using an infrared heat lamp. Animals were videotaped and scored throughout the heating protocol for grooming, escape jumps and postural extension. The frequency of escape jumps and adoption of an extended posture were significantly reduced in AV3V-lesion rats. In contrast, grooming behavior was unaffected by AV3V lesions, although heat-induced salivation was markedly attenuated. These results demonstrate that the AV3V region is pivotal in the regulation of both autonomic and behavioral thermoregulatory effector mechanisms.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A behavioral diagnostic paradigm for integrating behavior-analytic and psychopharmacological interventions for people with a dual diagnosis.

Aberrant behaviors exhibited by people with developmental disabilities have been well documented. Often, psychotropic medications, especially neuroleptics, have been used to control behaviors such as self-injury, physical aggression, property destruction, and hyperactivity. Serious side effects of these medications have occurred, resulting in litigation and regulation of their use by courts, surveyors, and accrediting bodies. Rules and regulations have been developed requiring that behaviors/symptoms necessitating that medication usage be clearly delineated, that behavior programs be developed and implemented to reduce need, and that the interdisciplinary team approach be used to monitor effectiveness of interventions. Currently, little guidance exists on how behavioral and psychopharmacological interventions should be applied or combined. This paper presents a paradigm for integrating behavior-analytic and psychopharmacological treatment interventions in the treatment of persons with developmental disabilities that meets applicable standards. Our model is consistent with the least restrictive, yet effective treatment philosophy. Implications for research and treatment are presented.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed2001

Nature and operation of attitudes.

This survey of attitude theory and research published between 1996 and 1999 covers the conceptualization of attitude, attitude formation and activation, attitude structure and function, and the attitude-behavior relation. Research regarding the expectancy-value model of attitude is considered, as are the roles of accessible beliefs and affective versus cognitive processes in the formation of attitudes. The survey reviews research on attitude strength and its antecedents and consequences, and covers progress made on the assessment of attitudinal ambivalence and its effects. Also considered is research on automatic attitude activation, attitude functions, and the relation of attitudes to broader values. A large number of studies dealt with the relation between attitudes and behavior. Research revealing additional moderators of this relation is reviewed, as are theory and research on the link between intentions and actions. Most work in this context was devoted to issues raised by the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior. The present review highlights the nature of perceived behavioral control, the relative importance of attitudes and subjective norms, the utility of adding more predictors, and the roles of prior behavior and habit.

Affect↗
PubMed1993

[Health promotion. Instrument development for the application of the theory of planned behavior].

The purpose of this article is to describe operationalization of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). The quest to understand determinants of health behaviors has intensified as evidence accumulates concerning the impact of personal behavior on health. The majority of theory-based research has used the Health Belief Model(HBM). The HBM components have had limited success in explaining health-related behaviors. There are several advantages of the TPB over the HBM. TPB is an expansion of the Theory of Reasoned Action(TRA) with the addition of the construct, perceived behavioral control. The revised model has been shown to yield greater explanatory power than the original TRA for goal-directed behaviors. The process of TPB instrument development was described, using example form the study of smoking cessation behavior in military smokers. It was followed by a discussion of reliability and validity issues in operationalizing the TPB. The TPB is a useful model for understanding and predicting health-related behaviors when carefully operationalized. The model holds promise in the development of prescriptive nursing approaches.

Health Behavior↗
PubMed2006

Reflection impulsivity in current and former substance users.

BACKGROUND: Chronic drug use is associated with increased impulsivity, risky decision making, and impaired behavioral control, but the underlying mechanisms of this neurocognitive profile remain unclear. We investigated impulsive responding in the context of decision making, using a novel behavioral measure of reflection impulsivity: the tendency to gather and evaluate information before making a decision. METHODS: The Information Sampling Task was administered to current substance users dependent on amphetamines (n = 24) or opiates (n = 40), former users of amphetamines or opiates abstinent for at least 1 year (n = 24), and non-drug-using control subjects (n = 26). RESULTS: Current users of amphetamines and opiates sampled less information than control subjects and responded at a lower probability of making a correct response. Amphetamine- and opiate-dependent subjects did not differ. Reduced reflection was also apparent in the former substance users, who did not differ from the current users. Questionnaire ratings of impulsivity (on the Barratt Impulsivity Scale, version 11) were also inflated in three groups of substance users but were not significantly correlated with performance on the behavioral task. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced reflection is suggested to represent a cognitive marker for substance dependence that does not recover with prolonged abstinence and is associated with multiple drugs of abuse.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Affective relationship, locus of control, and imitative behavior.

The effects of the affective relationship between the model and the observer and locus of control on imitative behavior were investigated by exposing 28 boys to their most liked peer and least liked peer on a simple imitative task. Locus of control was determined by the Nowicki-Strickland (6) Locus of Control Scale for Children. More imitative responses were exhibited to the most liked peer than to the least liked peer, and a positive correlation between number of imitative responses and internal locus of control was found. Results were interpreted as indicating the need to control the affective relationship between the model and observer and as supporting Bandura (1) in the imitative behavior is primarily under self-reinforcement control.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Rate-dependent behavioral effects of stimulation of central motoric alpha(1)-adrenoceptors: hypothesized relation to depolarization blockade.

AIM: The purpose of this review is to clarify how central alpha(1)-adrenoceptors control behavioral activity under varying conditions of activity and stress. METHOD: The literature is reviewed regarding the behavioral actions of alpha(1)-agonists and antagonists, and alpha(2)-agonists and antagonists under conditions of high and low baseline activity and stress. RESULTS: It was found that alpha(1)-receptor stimulation of active behavior has a number of similarities to rate dependency including: (1) a dependence on low-active, low-stress conditions or on the prior depletion of endogenous brain catecholamines; (2) a nonmonotonic dose-response relationship with high doses producing a fall-off or actual depression of activity; (3) a failure to be blocked at high agonist doses by alpha(1)-antagonists; and (4) a facilitation by alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonists which produce an opposing hyperpolarization. DISCUSSION: To explain these findings, it is proposed that high levels of stimulation of central alpha(1)-receptors produce, in host neurons, a depolarization block that impedes nerve impulse generation and inhibits active behavior. This effect is assumed to be precluded or mitigated by low-active, low-stress conditions, depletion of brain catecholamines, and by hyperpolarizing alpha(2)-agonists, and to be reversed at high agonist doses by alpha(1)-antagonists. CONCLUSION: Because brain alpha(1)-receptors are not only involved in motor activity but also in the mechanism of action of antidepressant and stimulant drugs, arousal, anxiety, stress and psychosis, a depolarization block from intense stimulation of these receptors could have broad psychopharmacological consequences and underlie rate dependency to a variety of stimulant drugs.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed2005

A population study of the self-care behaviors and their associated factors of diabetes in Taiwan: results from the 2001 National Health Interview Survey in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes has been the fifth leading cause of death in Taiwan since 1987, and the complications are a burden to the patients, their families, and society. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the self-control behaviors of diabetics and associated factors. METHODS: Data for this study came from the 2001 National Health Interview Survey in Taiwan. Subjects with diabetes confirmed by medical professionals, aged 40 years or older, were included. Self-care behaviors included any of the following: taking medicine regularly, reducing weight, avoiding cigarettes or alcohol, exercising, practicing diet control, and maintaining a regular life style and avoiding late hours. The factors considered were demographic factors including age, sex, education, income, and health behavior factors including smoking, drinking alcohol, chewing betel nuts, and health conditions such as existence of other chronic diseases, limitation of activity of daily living (ADL), and self-perceived health. RESULTS: There were 764 subjects aged 40 years or older who were diagnosed with diabetes. Logistic regression showed that females, those with older age or chronic disease such as hypertension or dyslipidemia, and those with long duration of diabetes took medicine regularly. Old age group, middle school educated, and longer duration of the disease had a higher chance of using any self-care method than their counterparts. CONCLUSION: Attention should be given to the younger age group, shorter duration of the disease in practicing self-care of diabetes.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Administration of human chorionic gonadotropin affects sleep-wake phases and other associated behaviors in cycling female rats.

We investigated the possible effects of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) on sleep-wake phases and other associated behaviors controlled by the medial preoptic area, cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Chronic epidural electroencephalographic (EEG) and temporal muscle electromyographic (EMG) electrodes were placed in cycling female rats. After a week of recovery, rats were injected intraperitoneally at 3.00 pm on the day of proestrus with either saline or highly purified hCG or indomethacin or hCG plus indomethacin. Three hours after injection, EEG, EMG and behavioral activities were recorded for 3.5 h. The administration of hCG increased high and low amplitude sleep, resting phase and decreased active awake phase, walking, sniffing and chewing as compared to the controls. While the administration of indomethacin alone had no effect, coadministration inhibited hCG effects. Medial preoptic area, cerebral cortex and hippocampus contain immunostaining for LH/hCG receptors. The administration of hCG resulted in an increase of immunoreactive PGD2 and a decrease of PGE2 in median preoptic area, cerebral cortex and hippocampus as compared to the controls. In summary, hCG administration affects sleep-wake phases and other associated behaviors in rats which can collectively be described as decreased activity. These effects are probably mediated by increasing PGD2 and decreasing PGE2 in areas of brain which control these activities. The above findings may be relevant to pregnant women who experience decreased activity when hCG is present in the circulation and cerebrospinal fluid.

Alprostadil↗
PubMed2001

Interactions of inflammatory pain and morphine in infant rats: long-term behavioral effects.

Neonatal rat pups exposed to repetitive acute pain show decreases in pain threshold and altered behavior during adulthood. A model using prolonged inflammatory pain in neonatal rats may have greater clinical relevance for investigating the long-term behavioral effects of neonatal pain in ex-preterm neonates. Neonatal rat pups were exposed to repeated formalin injections on postnatal (P) days 1-7 (P1-P7), with or without morphine pretreatment, and were compared with untreated controls. Behavioral testing during adulthood assessed pain thresholds using hot-plate (HP) and tail-flick (TF) tests, alcohol preference, and locomotor activity (baseline and postamphetamine). Adult rats exposed to neonatal inflammatory pain exhibited longer HP latencies than controls and male rats had longer HP thresholds compared to females. Male rats exposed to neonatal morphine alone exhibited longer TF latencies than controls. Both neonatal morphine treatment and neonatal inflammatory pain decreased ethanol preference, but their effects were not additive. During adulthood, male rats exposed to neonatal inflammatory pain exhibited less locomotor activity than untreated controls. We conclude that neonatal formalin and morphine treatment have specific patterns of long-term behavioral effects in adulthood, some of which are attenuated when the two treatments are combined.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1986

Effects of lithium and rubidium on shock-induced changes in open-field activity.

Lithium chloride and rubidium chloride were tested under conditions in which the effects of their chronic administration on aversively-controlled behavior could be assessed. Lithium attenuated shock-induced suppression of open-field activity when that suppression was under the control of mild or moderate stimulus parameters, but had no effect on the suppression produced by the presence of shock itself. Rubidium, on the other hand, increased shock-induced suppression under all conditions. When shock was removed and extinction of the activity suppression was investigated, lithium subjects failed to return to their original baseline activity levels, while subjects receiving rubidium recovered baselines in a manner indistinguishable from that observed in control animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Prevalence of self-injurious behaviors in a large state facility for the retarded: a three-year follow-up study.

A combined informant questionnaire and interview survey of self-injurious behavior (SIB) at a large state facility for the retarded was conducted independently three times over a 3-year period. Prevalence consistently was about 10% of the population. SIB cases tended to be younger and institutionalized longer than the rest of the population. Severe cases had a longer history of chronic SIB. SIB cases had more seizure disorders, severe language handicaps, visual impairments, and severe or profound retardation than the rest of the population. They appeared to fulfill most of the Rutter (1966) criteria for autism. But unlike the severely autistic, there was little relation of sex to incidence of SIB. Over 90% of SIB cases changed status over 3 years, suggesting that SIB was amenable to behavior modification in most cases (94%). Psychotropic behavior control medications helped in some intervention programs (32%). SIB remitted spontaneously in 21% of SIB cases where there had been no behavioral or drug intervention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Toluene exposure during the brain growth spurt reduces behavioral responses to noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists in adult rats.

RATIONALE: Toluene exposure during brain growth spurt has been shown to elevate the seizure susceptibility induced by N-methyl-D: -aspartate (NMDA). In the present study, behavioral responses to NMDA antagonists were studied to determine whether neonatal toluene exposure produces residual deficits in the NMDA glutamatergic system controlling behaviors. We also investigated if the effect of toluene exposure depends strongly on the developmental stage. OBJECTIVES: The long-term effects of neonatal and adolescent toluene exposure on MK-801 and/or ketamine-induced hyperlocomotor activity, motor coordination, hypnotic response, and cognitive deficits in early adulthood were compared. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley male rats were treated with toluene (500 mg/kg i.p.) daily over postnatal day (PN) 4-9 or 25-30. Locomotor activity was analyzed in a computerized open-field system, motor coordination was measured by rotarod, hypnotic response was tested by loss of righting reflex, and long-term memory was assessed with the inhibitory avoidance learning task during PN 56-60. RESULTS: Toluene exposure during brain growth spurt reduced behavioral responses including locomotor activity, motor incoordination, and hypnosis to MK-801 and/or ketamine, while leaving cognitive deficits in inhibitory avoidance learning tasks unaffected. No significant change in behavioral responses to NMDA antagonists was observed following adolescent toluene exposure. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that neonatal but not adolescent toluene exposure produces long-term effects on selective behaviors induced by NMDA antagonists. Theses findings further support the hypothesis that functional changes in NMDA receptors may be related to the neurobehavioral dysfunction associated with fetal solvent syndrome.

Age Factors↗