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PubMedDate not supplied

[Social learning in animals: comparative analysis of different forms and levels].

Social learning as one of the key concepts of cognitive ecology includes different forms of behavioural displays from relatively simple, such as "social release" and "stimulus enhancement" up to "teaching" and "cultural transmission" in animal communities. Rapid development of this fields resulted in some contradictions in methods and terminology. In this review different forms and levels of social learning are analyzed. Ecological aspects of social learning are connected with diet shaping, fear of predators and mate choice. The first aspect is the most studied but still discussible. Social learning being an intricate component of feeding behaviour matches with innate behaviour, imprinting as well as early associative learning. Investigation of cognitive aspects of social learning going back to Thorndike's crucial question "Do apes ape?" are now developing into series of questions including even: "Do ants ape?". Elaboration of universal methods of comparative studying of social learning such as "artificial fruit" and "two ways/one outcome" has essentially enlightened these questions and made comparative analysis possible. Large continuum of displays of cognitive skills in social learning has been revealed in non-primate species. One of the discussible issues in the role of social learning is distribution of innovations. Many authors have investigated this intriguing aspect of animal behaviour in different ways, such as long field observations as well as laboratory experiments based on "artificial innovators" that is specimens specially taught by experimentalists. Many impressive results were obtained; in particular it turned out in contradiction with some mathematical models that individuals in groups are rather different in their psychophysiological predisposition to innovative behaviour. Role of teaching in such different forms of behaviour as shaping of species-specific behavioural patterns and spread of innovations is considered. Although the majority of animals in wild populations are not good teachers and pupils, some cultural aspects of behaviour were recently revealed, mostly in primates. At the same time some classical results concerning cultural transmission of new patterns (for example, bottle-opening in tits) were experimentally revised. Many problems still remain unsolved, in particular, how spread of innovations may favour prosperity of populations; to what degree behavioural peculiarities of local groups may be determined by processes of social learning; which internal and external factors and under what circumstances invest into social learning in natural environment.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1992

[Clinical profile and treatment of acute pulmonary embolism].

The clinical profiles of 15 patients with acute pulmonary embolism (APE) were analysed. The most common symptoms of APE were tachypnea and tachycardia with sudden onset. Both PO2 and PCO2 had decreased in almost all patients (mean PO2: 50 mmHg, PCO2: 30 mmHg). Chest roentgenogram (X-P) revealed hyperlucency of the lung field, prominence of proximal pulmonary artery and cardiac enlargement. ECG showed SI QIII TIII and ST-T changes in half of the cases. These changes, however, disappeared within 4 days in most patients. Lung scan and digital subtraction pulmonary angiography were useful for the diagnosis. Sixty percent of patients recovered only by medical therapy, and embolectomy was performed in only two patients. Fifty-three percent of patients were, however, considered to be candidates for the embolectomy, and half of them died because of ineffective medical therapy. From these results we concluded that the combination of severe hypoxemia and hypocapnia with abnormal chest X-P can be used for a diagnostic or therapeutic decision. If a patient has those findings, pulmonary angiography is recommended together with thrombolytic therapy. If a large embolus is detected, embolectomy is mandatory. The need for surgical therapy for APE is greater than we had imagined.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A comparative physiological study of the generalization function in primates].

Fundamental rules of the generalization function formation and development were formulated on the basis of comparative analysis of visual discrimination, summarizing and abstraction in the representatives of various primate subfamilies. It was established that monkeys and apes (Macaca mulatta, Cebus apella, Pan troglodytes) learning to define such abstract characteristic as relative size of visual pictures of natural and geometrical objects were able to use previously remembered rules elaborated under the solving of other visual tasks. Learning processes were realized more affectively, if the pictures of natural objects were represented to the monkeys. The comparison of generalization processes in monkeys and apes revealed multilevel organisation of the processes in apes. The latter showed high level of ability to operate with abstract ideas elaborated previously in the course of the experiments.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bipedal verticality, social behaviour, environmental adaptation and human evolutionary development.

The author has planned this research utilizing two models theoretically supported through biomechanical and mathematical laws, as they were formulated by means of data selected from paleoanthropological literature and his own clinic-instrumental case studies, on patients who were stimulated through manual pressure. The hypothesis was: is the paradoxical advantage reasonable for attaining and validating the mode of habitual, vertically aligned posture among evolutionary human-like beings through a vertical load upon their spine, as it is possible clinically in the course of rehabilitation? For assessing this argument two models, one biomechanical and the other mathematical were made up. They test the above mentioned load, as it reaches the clinically ascertained threshold value for triggering a firm gravitational alignment which is in agreement with bipedal gait. The suitability of the biomechanical model derives from reliability of the successively advancing levels of evolution (Anagenesis) from monkeys, through apes, to humans. This model was selected among the postural behaviours that were roughly antecedent to Hominidae bipedalism. So it was possible to abstract an Ape-like anteriorly sloping being, who under the above described stimulation through a suitable load on his-her neck-trapezius muscle angle is submitted to the flow of vertical forces as they show a tendency to aligning vertically the gravitational centers of head, thorax, abdominal masses. So, the biomechanics of the Ape-like being becomes the biomechanics of a mere Man-like mode of functional firm vertical alignment. The suitability of the mathematical model is in agreement with the reliability of the body of a Man-like being which is likened to a cylinder progressing chiefly through rotational and translational torques. The detailed sequence of the mechanical laws of stationary and dynamic equilibrium of rigid bodies and of elasto-mechanical law leads us to an understanding of abstracted sites as they in the course of human evolution were centering the characteristic osseous changes of humans which became the adaptative changes such as they are shown in fossil remains. The vertical alignment should have been validating through the advantageous carrying of loads of suitable weight. This, in turn, should have contributed to evolution of functional erect posture and gait through minimization of the centralised force-tension by means of a stepwise widening about some muscular attachments. So the nuchal part of the occipital bone widened while the increased capacity of enlarging pelvis of the evolutionary woman became adapted to accepting a larger fetal skull.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1988

[Lipopolysaccharide-induced hydrolysis of plasmalogenic phosphatidylethanolamine in human platelets].

The composition of human platelet major phospholipids-phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidic acid (PA), sphingomyelin (SM), plasmalogenic and diacyl species of phosphatidylethanolamine (PPE and APE, respectively) was quantitatively analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Incubation (10 min, 37 degrees C) of washed platelets with lipopolysaccharide B (LPS) of Salmonella typhimurium was found to produce (in the absence of aggregation) marked hydrolysis of PI (ca. 15%) and PPE (ca. 19%) containing the bulk of polyenic fatty acids. PC and APE were less degraded (8-9%), while the amounts of PS and SM were practically unchanged and the level of PA rose by 20%. Addition of thrombin to LPS-pretreated platelets resulted in their more rapid aggregation which was accompanied by a decreased and nearly equal hydrolysis of APE and PPE (7-8%) as compared with control platelets (10 and 12%, respectively). The extent to which PI was degraded (ca. 34%), by the action of thrombin was not affected by preliminary incubation with LPS. It is suggested that thrombin (as well as LPS) activating endogenous phospholipase(s) A2 can liberate from PPE not only arachidonic acid but also other essential polyenic fatty acids present in PPE in relatively high amounts. Besides, the agents studied may activate the intrinsic platelet system of rapid arachidonoyl transfer from diacyl PC and PE to PPE.

Blood Platelets↗
PubMed1979

Communicating vessel systems for mass cell culture of anchorage dependent cells.

Simultaneous filling of a number of vessels with identical input dosage is possible through an operation which uses the principle of communicating vessels with or without air pressure equilibration (APE). Sets of Roux flaska without APE and the NUNC Multitray Unit system with APE are presented. The latter system is used for large scale propagation of human diploid fibroblasts for production of large quantities of interferon.

Cell Adhesion↗
PubMed1984

Clinicopathologic study of six cases of meningitis and meningoencephalitis in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).

Three fatal cases of purulent meningitis and one fatal case of thromboembolic necrotizing meningoencephalitis occurred in chimpanzees from the Primate Center TNO, The Netherlands. In addition, two apes had clinical signs of meningitis and were successfully treated. The severity of the residual hemiparesis and dysphagia in one of these two apes was such that it was killed for humane reasons. The histopathological diagnosis was chronic active meningoencephalitis. Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated from five apes and Klebsiella pneumoniae from one. In the majority of cases, the primary site of infection was the upper respiratory tract. After reducing the population density, initiating a vaccination program using a commercially available human polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine, and changing the cleaning procedure of the animal facilities, no other cases of meningitis or meningoencephalitis have occurred in the chimpanzee colony in the ensuing 3.5 years.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Clinical picture and diagnosis of pulmonary embolism].

Despite technological progress, the clinical diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism (APE) is often problematic, There are no typical or specific clinical cardiopulmonary symptoms or signs that serve for the diagnosis, and only the absence of tachypnea seems to be an important exclusion criterion. Electrocardiogram, laboratory tests (including circulatory markers of thromboembolic disease) and blood gas analysis are also unspecific. Chest X-ray provides a high incidence of suggestive abnormalities and remains the most helpful routine procedure. While the negative perfusion lung scan is the best procedure for exclusion of APE, the positive scan suffers from too low specificity to be of real interest. In contrast, pulmonary angiography is the diagnostic method of choice. Besides detection of pulmonary emboli and of the extent of perfusion abnormalities, pulmonary angiography allows measurement of useful parameters of cardiac and pulmonary function, precise monitoring of evolution and administration of selective thrombolytic therapy. The diagnostic value of recent noninvasive diagnostic procedures in APE (echocardiography, Doppler echocardiography, computer tomography, plethysmography) is briefly discussed.

Blood Gas Analysis↗
PubMed1981

[Early acute pulmonary oedema happening during peritoneovenous by pass (author's transl)].

The authors report the cases of two cirrhotic patients without cardiac failure who underwent peritoneo-venous bypass (Leveen valve). On the two cases an acute pulmonary oedema (APE) serious but not fatal was noted at the 36e hour. This one was associated with a rise of cardiac output and a moderate rise of the pulmonary wedge pressure (15-18 mm Hg). The administration of thiamine did not correct these perturbations but small doses of furosemide corrected the APE. Despite the low frequency of the cases of APE after Leveen bypass and their mechanism not definitevely known, the authors recommend in pre-, per- and post-operative period the monitoring of cardiac function with a right catheterism.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1995

Aliphatic and heterocyclic analogues of arecaidine propargyl ester. Structure-activity relationships of mono- and bivalent ligands at muscarinic M1 (M4), M2 and M3 receptor subtypes.

The pharmacological profiles of tertiary and quaternary monovalent (1b-6b) and bivalent ligands (7a-12b), closely related to arecaidine propargyl ester (CAS 35516-99-5, APE, 1a), were evaluated at muscarinic receptors in rat superior cervical ganglia (M1), rabbit was deferens (M1/M4-like), guinea-pig atria (M2) and guinea-pig ileum (M3). In the monovalent ligand series (1a-6b) APE (1a) displayed the highest potency at all three muscarinic receptors [M2 (-log EC50 = 8.12) > or = M3 (-log EC50 = 7.77) = M1/M4 (-log EC50/vas deferens = 7.72)], whereas in the bivalent ligand series (7a-12b) arecaidine 2-butyne-1,4-diyl bisester (bisABE, 7a) was the most potent agonist with functional selectivity for M1/M4 (-log EC50/vas deferens = 6.94) and M2 receptors (-log EC50 = 7.10) over M3 receptors (-log EC50 = 6.27). On ganglia bisABE elicited M2 receptor-mediated hyperpolarisations, which were followed by long-lasting pirenzepine-sensitive depolarisations. However, the potency at M1 receptors in ganglia of APE (-log EC50 = 6.96) and bisABE (-log EC50 = 5.69) was lower than that in rabbit vas deferens. All bivalent molecules exhibited decreased potencies when compared with their monovalent analogues. However, a change in potency profiles was often obtained. The quaternary isonicotinic acid 2-butyne-1,4-diyl bisester (10b) displayed some functional selectivity for M2 receptors (-log EC50 = 5.78) [6- to 9-fold over M1/M4 (-log EC50/vas deferens = 5.03) and M3 receptors (-log EC50 = 4.83)] without showing nicotinic effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Early diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism: clinical evaluation those of 225 cases].

To contribute for making early diagnosis and treatment of acute pulmonary embolism (APE), we investigated on clinical pictures of 225 patients with APE. Common underlying factors were heart disease, prolonged bed rest, post-surgical state, thrombophlebitis, malignant tumor and post-catheterization state in this order. Dyspnea, chest pain, tachycardia and shock were frequently seen as initial symptoms and signs. Blood screening showed leukocytosis, hypoxemia, hypocapnia and elevated serum LDH. Electrocardiographic findings highly demonstrated were ST.T abnormalities, such as T inversion with ST elevation in V1-3, ST depression in V4-6 and sinus tachycardia. Chest X-rays showed diminished pulmonary vascular marking and pulmonary artery dilation. Right ventricular dilatation were frequently seen on 2-dimensional echocardiograms. Pulmonary artery pressure were elevated up to 49/20 (30) mmHg. Twenty-five percent of the patients died, and the recurrence was seen in 4%. Thus, as soon as APE is suspected by above clinical findings, definitive diagnosis should be obtained by the lung perfusion scan and pulmonary arteriography, then oxygen and thrombolytic agents should be given immediately to prevent the fatal outcome.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1977

Associations in the hominoid facial skeleton.

A comparative study has been made of the correlations between numerous linear and angular dimensions of the facial skeleton of man and the three great apes. The Varimax (rotated orthogonal) factor analysis was found to be an essential aid in analysing the very large correlation matrices obtained. It indicated that three groups of association can be identified in the hominoid skull. The first reflects co-ordonated variation in total skull size; the second, co-ordinated variation within common anatomical regions; the third, co-ordination between the jaws and dentition. A broadly similar pattern was found in each group for all four genera. The principal contrasts between man, on the one hand, and the apes, on the other, were found in groups 1 and 2. The most prominent of these was a generally much tighter degree of association between the size and position of upper and lower jaws in the apes, and a consequently reduced tendency for disruption of the occlusal relationship of the teeth.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Phosphatidylethanolamine induces specific conformational changes in the kininogens recognizable by antiphosphatidylethanolamine antibodies.

Autoantibodies to the zwitterionic phospholipid (PL), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) have been described in patients with thrombotic diseases. Recently, we reported that many antiphosphatidylethanolamine antibodies (aPE) are not specific for PE per se, but are directed to plasma proteins which can bind PE, for example, high molecular weight kininogen (HK), low molecular weight kininogen (LK) and/or proteins in complex with HK, factor XI or prekallikrein. In the ELISA, we now show that intact HK binds to all PL tested. By using a monoclonal antibody (mAb) to the HK light chain, binding to cardiolipin (CL) was highest followed by phosphatidylserine (PS), PE and phosphatidylcholine (PC). By contrast, LK bound best to PE, with lesser amounts binding to PC and CL. Many aPE recognize only a kininogen-PE complex and neither PE nor kininogen when they are tested independently. We now report that these aPE are specific for the kininogen-PE complex as they do not recognize the kininogens when the latter are presented on other PL substrates. This indicates that PE induces unique antigenic conformational changes in the kininogens which are not induced when the kininogens bind to other PL. The kininogens bind to platelets and endothelial cells through an as yet undefined receptor. Since PE is a normal constituent of the outer layer of cell and platelet plasma membranes, it is available for the kininogens to bind. In vitro studies showed that purified IgG which bound kininogen-PE complexes in ELISA also caused platelets to undergo irreversible aggregation when stimulated by subthreshold concentrations of bovine thrombin.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

The protective effect of aqueous propolis extract on isolated rat hepatocytes against carbon tetrachloride toxicity.

The protective effect of honeybee aqueous propolis extract (APE) against the hepatotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride was investigated using isolated liver-cell suspensions as the experimental model. Various concentrations of the extract were preincubated with the hepatocyte suspensions for 30 min before being subjected to the hepatotoxin for a further 30 min. The hepatocyte toxicity was assessed using three parameters, namely, the release of lactate dehydrogenase, the formation of lipid peroxides and the depletion of intracellular reduced glutathione. It was found that a dose-related protection against the induced cell injury was conferred by APE as evidenced by its inhibitory influence on the changes induced by CCl4 on the measured parameters. The hepatocyte protective effect of APE is probably a result of its antioxidant and free-radical-scavenging properties which in turn help to maintain the intracellular level of reduced glutathione.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Molecular etiology of colorectal carcinogenesis, clinical manifestations and therapy].

Mutations of tumor suppressor genes, of the mismatch DNA repair system, and of the TGF-beta-II-receptor are the main causes for a higher risk of colorectal cancer. Among mutations of the Ape gene, which characterize the clinical manifestation of the familial polyposis (FAP), point mutations are dominating which create new stop codons or arise from deletions or insertions of nucleotides causing frame shifts. Because the binding site of beta-catenin is localized in the C-terminus of the Ape protein, disturbances result in the cellular signal transfer from its loss. Consequently, the interactions of the usually formed Ape-beta-catenin complex with the cytoskeleton and the cadherin system in the plasma membrane as well as the translocation of beta-catenin into the nucleus cannot be realized. Mutations in the genes of the mismatch DNA repair system and of the TGF-beta-II-receptor, the main defects of the HNPCC (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer), are exclusively identified in sequences of microsatellites. Because the majority of Apc gene mutations is also localized in repetitive motifs even in CpG islands primary disturbances are to postulate in the methylation pattern of the genes producing germline and somatic mutations. Generally, complexly connected reactions are involved in this cascade of colorectal cancer genesis. This fact explains the relatively late clinical manifestation of the disease and offers the possibility to identify carriers with an increased risk of colorectal cancer development in order to integrate them into a programme of control and preventive medicine. Beside the known treatment by surgery and cytostatics, inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis gain therapeutic significance. Cancerogenesis can be efficiently suppressed by inhibition of the COX-2-induction (cyclo-oxygenase-2). There is a lack of clinical experience for a decision whether a high intraluminal level of butyrate in the large intestine can delay colorectal carcinogenesis.

Adenomatous Polyposis Coli↗
PubMed1998

AP endonuclease activity in humans: development of a simple assay and analysis of ten normal individuals.

The human AP endonuclease (APE) activity counteracts the mutagenic and cytotoxic effects of the frequent genomic lesions abasic (AP) sites. In order to investigate the interindividual variability of APE levels, a simple and quantitative assay was developed. Crude lymphocyte extracts were incubated with a depurinated or a control supercoiled plasmid substrate, and the accumulation of nicked circular plasmid forms was monitored by agarose gel electrophoresis. The detected incision activity was AP sites-dependent and EDTA-sensitive. The unit of enzymatic activity was defined as that amount able to incise 1 ng of plasmid DNA carrying 1 AP site/plasmid at 30 degrees C in 10 min. The assay was used to measure the APE activity in 10 healthy individuals ages 25-48 years. Values ranged from 0.38 to 0.94 units/ng protein, with a mean value of 0.62. The use of the assay for screening of people with DNA base excision repair (BER) defects is proposed.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Diagnostic imaging of acute pulmonary embolism: critical analysis of the 1997 literature].

With variable symptoms and a nonspecific radiographic appearance, acute pulmonary embolism (APE) is a frequent and often undiagnosed cause of mortality and morbidity; thus, availability of an accurate, noninvasive screening examination is highly desirable. Until recently, various noninvasive imaging procedures have been used to detect APE, including ventilation-perfusion scanning, MR imaging and phlebography (or sonography). The low specificity of scintigraphy explains why pulmonary angiography remains the usual "gold standard" modality for detection of APE. However, with this procedure morbidity and mortality not zero-Helical computed tomography (HCT) seems to be an accurate technique for diagnosis of pulmonary embolism except for distal thrombi. Nevertheless the exact position of HCT in the classic algorithms remains to be defined, particularly in terms or cost-benefit results.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed1998

Antiproteinuric efficacy of fosinopril after renal transplantation is determined by the extent of vascular and tubulointerstitial damage.

BACKGROUND: Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have been successfully used for treatment of proteinuria after renal transplantation (RTx). Factors possibly responsible for the great inter-patient variance of the antiproteinuric effect (APE) have not yet been investigated in renal-transplanted patients. METHODS: 28 patients after RTx with a persistent proteinuria of more than 1.25 g/d were treated prospectively with does of fosinopril (10-15 mg/d) which were not effective on systemic arterial blood pressure. Prior to initiation of fosinopril, renal graft biopsy was performed in all patients and renal graft artery stenosis was excluded by duplex ultrasound. Serum creatinine and proteinuria were measured prior to, as well as 3 and 8 months after initiation of ACE inhibition, mean arterial pressure was controlled via 24-h measurement and repeated spot measurements. Reduction of proteinuria was correlated with renal histology, serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, mean arterial blood pressure, sodium excretion before therapy and the relative changes of these parameters during therapy respectively. RESULTS: Therapy had to be stopped in 8/28 patients due to side effects including rise of serum creatinine (n = 4). Three patients were excluded due to non-compliance. In the remaining patients (n = 17) proteinuria was reduced from 2.94 +/- 1.66 to 1.82 +/- 1.39 and 2.48 +/- 3.05 g/d after 3 and 8 months respectively, in the mean +/- SD. There was a significant inverse correlation between the APE and the extent of benign nephrosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy. No correlation of the APE to any of the other parameters could be demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS: Fosinopril can be administered effectively in a subgroup of proteinuric renal transplant recipients. However, because of a high proportion of patients developing side effects, careful monitoring is obligatory. Our results show that the lesser the degree of chronic morphological injury, the greater is the antiproteinuric effect. Thus, the degree of pre-existing histologically proven damage of the graft may serve as an indicator for the antiproteinuric efficacy of ACE inhibitor therapy after RTx.

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors↗