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PubMedDate not supplied

Elementary body agglutination for rapidly demonstrating chlamydial agglutinins in avian serum with emphasis on testing cockatiels.

The development and use of a stained chlamydial elementary body agglutination (EBA) antigen for detecting antibody activity in avian sera is described. Examples of serologic results on serum samples from various types of birds indicate the usefulness of EBA, latex agglutination (LA), and direct complement fixation (DCF) in diagnosing avian chlamydiosis. Results of tests on 10 cockatiels examined in clinics indicate that a combination of serology, culture, and/or antigen-detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay may be helpful when testing this type of bird. Agreement between EBA, LA, and DCF was 81.8% when testing 407 serum samples from cockatiels of unknown health status. The relationship between positive (> or = 10 titer) antibody activity and known health status of 77 cockatiels revealed that agreement between the two criteria was only 59.7%. Of 13 Chlamydia-inoculated cockatiels, seven birds seroconverted from negative to positive by EBA; five seroconverted by DCF. Only the five birds that seroconverted by both EBA and DCF were culture-positive for chlamydiae. None of 15 sham-inoculated control cockatiels developed detectable antibody activity, and none of 10 cultured were positive. In tests with column-separated IgM and IgG, EBA detected only IgM activity, LA detected IgM and IgG activity, and DCF detected only IgG activity.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of modified lepro-agglutination as screening test for leprosy.

One hundred thirty-three leprosy sera (83 multibacillary (MB) and 50 paucibacillary (PB) cases) were screened by lepro-agglutination (LA) and M.leprae particle agglutination (MLPA) tests. Larger number of MB sera were positive by LA (86.75%) than by MLPA (45.12%) test. Thirty-seven of the 45 MB sera negative by MLPA test were positive by LA test. The reverse was true in three out of 11 MB sera. PB sera showed positivity of 16% in LA test and 24% in MLPA test. All the 55 sera from normal healthy individuals and 18 VDRL positive sera from syphilis patients were found to be negative by LA test.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1976

The agglutinating and immunofluorescent activities of antileptospiral antibodies of human sera and of immunoglobulins M and G.

Microagglutinating and immunofluorescent activities of sera of nine patients with clinically diagnosed leptospirosis were investigated. L. grippotyphosa was found in seven patients, L. sejroe in one and L. icterohaemorrhagiae in one patient. The agglutinating activities of IgM approximated the activities of the whole sera. In five patients the agglutinating activities were found in IgG; in four of them two to three months after the onset of the disease, in one patient a month after its onset. In one patient only the activity of IgG reached the activity of IgM after six months. Immunofluorescent activity was found in IgG in eight patients two to five weeks after the onset of the disease. In seven of these patients the activity of IgG reached or exceeded the activity of IgM three to ten weeks after the onset of the disease. IFAT was found to be poorly specific because of high heterologous titres. In 5 out of 7 patients with L. grippotyphosa, heterologous IFAT titres were reduced or eliminated by carrying out the reaction with isolated IgM and IgG. However, in patients with L. icterohaemorrhagiae and with L. sejroe heterologous IFAT activity persisted in both IgM and IgG. The study points out the possibility of differentiating an early stage of the infection from convalescence.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

The agglutinating and immunofluorescent activities of antileptospiral antibodies of human sera and of immunoglobulins M and G.

Microagglutinating and immunofluorescent activities of sera of nine patients with clinically diagnosed leptospirosis were investigated. L. grippotyphosa was found in seven patients, L. sejroe in one and L. icterohaemorrhagiae in one patient. The agglutinating activities of IgM approximated the activities of the whole sera. In five patients the agglutinating activities were found in IgG; in four of them two to three months after the onset of the disease, in one patients a month after its onset. In one patient only the activity of IgG reached the activity of IgM after six months. Immunofluorescent activity was found in IgG in eight patients two to five weeks after the onset of the disease. In seven of these patients the activity of IgG reached or exceeded the activity of IgM three to ten weeks after the onset of the disease. IFAT was found to be poorly specific because of high heterologous titres. In 5 out of 7 patients with L. grippotyphosa, heterologous IFAT titres were reduced or eliminated by carrying out the reaction with isolated IgM and IgG. However, in patients with L. icterohaemorrhagiae and with L. sejroe heterologous IFAT activity persisted in both IgM and IgG. The study points out the possibility of differentiating an early stage of the infection from convalescence.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Study of carbon agglutination test for the rapid diagnosis of rotavirus].

This paper reports the result of experiment of carbon agglutination test used for the diagnosis of Rotavirus. The results of our experiments demonstrate that this method has many advantages, such as simplicity, rapidity and specificity. One hundred and five stool samples were detected by carbon agglutination test and polyacrylamidegel electrophoresis. The result showed that no obvious difference in the positive rates of them. Thus, it can be concluded that CAT method can replace the PAGE in clinic.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1976

[Use of rapid agglutination in the serotyping of the Mycobacterium avium intracellular complex].

The authors describe a new method of the typification of mycobacteria by rapid (droplet) agglutination. This technique is of the same specificity as slow agglutination; however, it is simpler and practicable for normally equipped tuberculosis-testing laboratories. It is suitable for the use in typification as one of the differentiating techniques as well as for preliminary differentiation of mycobacteria from primocultures.

Agglutination↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative studies of the interaction between lectins and Leishmania in agglutination tests and enzyme-linked lectin-biotin assays (ELLBA).

It was demonstrated that soybean agglutinin and peanut agglutinin aggregated all the investigated species of Leishmania, including virulent and avirulent members of L. major in agglutination tests. Concanavalin A and Pisum sativum agglutinin were shown to aggregate L. species ZMA and L. major but showed no effect on L. gymnodactyli and L. mexicana amazonensis which were aggregated by wheat germ agglutinin, an extract from Ulex europaeus and Ricinus communis. There was no correlation between the results of ELLBA studied in agglutination tests. The results indicate that the surfaces of Leishmania strains and species are heterogeneous with respect to lectin binding. There are possibly two subsets of lectin receptors on the surface structures of Leishmania cells.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1993

In vitro effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine on concanavalin-A agglutinability and multiplication of Entamoeba histolytica.

Six isolates of E. histolytica isolated and maintained by serial passage in modified Boeck and Drbohlav's medium were used in this study. When five of the isolates were grown in the above medium with 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) added to the overlay, the agglutinability of the amoebae by concanavalin- A (con-A) was significantly increased compared to corresponding control cultures. Four isolates of E. histolytica grown with 5-HT had 1.5 to 2 times higher counts than the control cultures. Similarly the con-A agglutinability and counts of cultures of NIH-200 (an axenic strain of E.histolytica) were enhanced when grown in association with 5-HT.

Agglutination↗
PubMed1996

Anti-Plesiomonas shigelloides agglutinating and complement-fixing antibody titres in normal individuals and diarrhoeal patients in Edo State, Nigeria.

One hundred patients with diarrhoea and 50 asymptomatic individuals attending various hospitals in Edo State, Nigeria, were screened for serum complement-fixing and agglutinating antibodies to Plesiomonas shigelloides using the complement-fixation and agglutination tests. Seventy (70%) of the 100 patients and 20 (40%) of the 50 asymptomatic individuals had detectable complement-fixing antibodies at titres ranging from 1:32 to 1:128 and 1:8 to 1:32 respectively. Results suggest that cases of diarrhoea in this environment may be due to P. shigelloides, but the demonstration of antibodies in asymptomatic individuals show that they also have serum antibodies against P. shigelloides. The exclusive use of antibody responses in the diagnosis of P. shigelloides infections should, therefore, be interpreted with caution.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1996

Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae by agglutination assays: a cost-effective technique for developing countries.

There is a need for additional data on the distribution of pneumococcal serotypes in developing countries. We report the use of a coagglutination (COA) and a latex agglutination (LA) test for serotyping Streptococcus pneumoniae which were evaluated using 114 clinical isolates in Vellore, India. In tests to serotype 30 fresh isolates of pneumococci from meningitis (8 isolates), bacteraemia/septicaemia (21 isolates) and peritonitis (1 isolate) cases, there was complete concordance among the three methods. An additional 20 isolates (11 from cerebrospinal fluid and 9 from blood cultures) were serotyped using both LA and COA, with full agreement between the results. With a further 30 isolates, there was 93% concordance for the COA types with serotypes assigned by a WHO reference laboratory. The COA and LA serotyping results were equivalent in accuracy to those obtained using quellung serotyping. Both these agglutination tests are rapid, valid, and relatively cheap, and with appropriate validation by reference laboratories they could be more widely used in developing countries to obtain local and regional data on pneumococcal serotype distribution.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1996

Serotyping of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 5 strains using a monoclonal-based polystyrene agglutination test.

A polystyrene agglutination test has been developed for serotyping Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 5a and 5b strains. Protein A-coated polystyrene microparticles were sensitized with a murine monoclonal antibody recognizing an epitope on serotype 5 LPS-O chain as shown by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. A total of 205 A. pleuropneumoniae, strains including all 12 serotype reference strains and 13 strains representing 8 common bacterial species associated with swine or related to A. pleuropneumoniae, were tested by mixing 25 microL of polystyrene reagent with the same volume of a dense suspension of bacterial cells grown for 18 h. All A. pleuropneumoniae strains had been previously serotyped using standard procedures. The polystyrene agglutination test was rapid (less than 3 min) and easy to perform. Overall a very good correlation (97.3%) with the standard techniques was found. The sensitized polystyrene particles were stable for at least 6 mo.

Actinobacillus Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The evaluation of different agglutination and adhesion tests with erythrocytic reagents in determining antibodies to the O and H antigens of Salmonella typhimurium in comparison with immunoenzyme analysis (IEA)].

The comparison of the effectiveness of EIA with that of a number of agglutination and adhesion tests with erythrocyte diagnostica in the determination of antibodies to different S.typhimurium antigens demonstrated higher sensitivity of EIA. The relative specificity of the determination of O- and H-antibodies in EIA and in agglutination and adhesion tests depended on the isotype of antibodies to be determined and the specificity of sensitins used in the production of immunoreagents.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1997

Particle agglutination test "Serodia HIV-1/2" as a novel anti-HIV-1/2 screening test: comparative study on 3311 serum samples.

Enzyme immunoassays are most widely used screening tests for antibodies to human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV). Nevertheless, the need of simpler, noninstrumented tests is evident in many parts of the world, where laboratory facilities and trained personnel are limited, and HIV incidence is high. A recently developed variant of gelatin-particle agglutination tests, Serodia HIV-1/2 (Fujirebio Inc., Tokyo, Japan), is one of such simple and noninstrumented tests. To evaluate its utility, 3311 serum samples (281 anti-HIV-1 positive, 8 anti-HIV-2 positive and 3022 anti-HIV-1/2 negative) obtained from 2632 individuals from Slovenia, other parts of former Yugoslavia and Senegal were investigated. No false-negative results and only one false-positive result were obtained during the procedures, giving overall sensitivity and specificity of the particle agglutination test of 100% and 99.97%, respectively. We have concluded that Serodia HIV-1/2 test is highly specific and sensitive for detection of anti-HIV-1/2 antibodies, suitable for small blood banks and for epidemiological surveys.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1997

Evaluation of leptospira micro capsule agglutination test (MCAT) for serodiagnosis of leptospirosis.

A micro capsule agglutination test (MCAT) was evaluated for its usefulness in the diagnosis of leptospirosis. The test was performed on 180 serum samples from 120 patients suspected to have leptospirosis and the results were compared with those obtained by microscopic agglutination test (MAT). The overall sensitivity and specificity of the test in comparison with MAT were 84.7 and 87.0 per cent respectively. Further, to study the relative merits of MCAT and MAT in diagnosing leptospirosis early in the course of the disease, its sensitivity and specificity during the early stages of the disease were compared with those of a single MAT done on acute samples in 60 patients from whom paired samples were available. The test appeared to have a higher sensitivity than MAT during the early stages of the disease (75% vs 58.3%) though the specificity was less than that of MAT (83.3% vs 100%). The sensitivity of the test declined to 61 per cent three to four weeks after the onset of illness. MCAT detected antibodies against serogroups Australis (76.9%), Autumnalis (100%) Ballum (100%), Canicola (100%), Cynopteri (100%), Grippotyphosa (71.8%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (93.3%), Javanica (100%), Pomona (75%) and Pyrogenes (100%). MCAT appears to be a useful screening test for early diagnosis of leptospirosis. It is a simple and easy to read test which does not require any special expertise or equipment.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1997

Development of a spectrophotometric immuno-agglutination assay for quantitation of IgG for Escherichia coli O157.

A direct spectrophotometric immuno-agglutination assay for quantitation of specific Escherichia coli O157 IgG was developed. Initial linear rates of increase in absorbance at 550 nm as a result of agglutination were found to increase with both cell and antiserum concentrations. Optimum conditions consisted of 1 x 10(8) cells/ml, 40 degrees C, and 0.005 M phosphate buffer (PB) containing 0.05% NaCl and 0.02% sodium azide at pH 7.4. A completely linear increase in absorbance was obtained with affinity purified IgG under optimum conditions of the assay. The useful range of the assay was between 13 and 104 micrograms of O157 specific IgG per ml of reaction mixture.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1976

Detection of circulating antigen-antibody complexes by their inhibitory effect on the agglutination of IgG-coated particles by rheumatioid factor of Clq.

The agglutination of Ig-coated particles by human RF or Clq can be inhibited by Ig aggregates or AgAb complexes. The effect of Ig class was studied by means of agarose-linked human monoclonal Igs. RF was inhibited by all subclasses of IgG and IgA but not by IgM, whereas Clq reacted with IgM, IgG3 and IgG1. Heat-aggregated IgG3 was fractionated by gel-filtration on Ultrogel. Inhibition was restricted to certain fractions of aggregates, viz (IgG3) approximately 7 and (IgG3) approximately 21 for RF, and (IgG3) approximately 10, (IgG3) approximately 14 and (IgG3) approximately 27 for Clq. In a precipitin curve experiment, it was found that RF was inhibited by soluble complexes over an extended range of AgAb ratios, the inactivation of Clq being limited to complexes with 2-5 times antigen excess. Inhibiting factors were found in patients with various diseases and, at low titres, in 22% of healthy people. In 27% of patients' sera, the inhibitors were demonstrable by Clq only after removal of endogenous RF by adsorption on insolubilized IgG. In several patients endogenous agglutinating activity and direct inhibitory activity tended to alternate during the course of the disease. Sera from various patients were also filtrated on Ultrogel and the elution was monitored by immunoassay of IgA, IgM and IgG, as well as by the two inhibition tests. The inhibiting factors were distributed over several peaks which only partially coincided with the elution profiles of IgG and IgM.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1977

Cathepsin D agglutinators in rheumatoid arthritis. I. Increased CDA titers in serum and synovial fluid of patients with seropositive RA.

The incidence and titer of cathepsin D agglutinators (CDA) were significantly higher in seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) sera than in the sera of healthy blood donors or of patients with other rheumatic diseases, including seronegative RA. A significant elevation was also found in synovial fluid (SF) samples from seropositive RA patients. CDA in the SF tended to be increased when compared with the corresponding serum. The levels of CDA correlated positively with those of rheumatoid factors (RF) when the latter were determined with IgG anti-CD Ripley-coated erythrocytes, but not when they were determined by the Waaler-Rose or latex tests. The increased CDA titers do not seem to be the result of significant amounts of IgM agglutinators or of the presence of IgM-RF. These findings suggest the existence of a link between the formation of RF and CDA, but the nature of this link cannot be fully explained.

Agglutinins↗
PubMed1995

Incilaria mucus agglutinated human erythrocytes.

The body surface mucus from the land slug, Incilaria fruhstorferi, not only opsonized sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and agglutinated human types A and B erythrocytes (HRBC) but also caused hemolysis of B type HRBC 12 h after agglutination. The mucus-induced hemagglutination was specifically inhibited by a low concentration of N-acetyl D-galactosamine (GalNAc), and all of this activity was completely inactivated by heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of water soluble fraction of the mucus showed that this fraction contained several proteins, the molecular mass of the main band being 35 KD.

Animals↗