SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “application count”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,189 records · Page 66Linked to original sources

PubMed1996

Distribution of bacterial populations in a stratified fjord (Mariager Fjord, Denmark) quantified by in situ hybridization and related to chemical gradients in the water column.

The vertical distribution of major and intermediate electron acceptors and donors was measured in a shallow stratified fjord. Peaks of zero valence sulfur, Mn(IV), and Fe(III) were observed in the chemocline separating oxic surface waters from sulfidic and anoxic bottom waters. The vertical fluxes of electron acceptors and donors (principally O2 and H2S) balanced within 5%; however, the zones of oxygen reduction and sulfide oxidation were clearly separated. The pathway of electron transfer between O2 and H2S was not apparent from the distribution of sulfur, nitrogen, or metal compounds investigated. The chemical zonation was related to bacterial populations as detected by ethidium bromide (EtBr) staining and by in situ hybridization with fluorescent oligonucleotide probes of increasing specificity. About half of all EtBr-stained cells were detectable with a general oligonucleotide probe for all eubacteria when digital image analysis algorithms were used to improve sensitivity. Both EtBr staining and hybridization indicated a surprisingly uniform distribution of bacteria throughout the water column. However, the average cell size and staining intensity as well as the abundance of different morphotypes changed markedly within the chemocline. The constant overall cell counts thus concealed pronounced population shifts within the water column. Cells stained with a delta 385 probe (presumably sulfate-reducing bacteria) were detected at the chemocline at about 5 x 10(4) cells per ml, and this concentration increased to 2 x 10(5) cells per ml beneath the chemocline. A long slim rod-shaped bacterium was found in large numbers in the oxic part of the chemocline, whereas large ellipsoid cells dominated at greater depth. Application of selective probes for known genera of sulfate-reducing bacteria gave only low cell counts, and thus it was not possible to identify the dominant morphotypes of the sulfate-reducing community.

Bacteria↗

PubMed1988

Application of DNA-DNA hybridization of dual labeled probes to the detection of trisomy 21, monosomy 21, and sex determination.

Chromosomal aneuploidy is usually identified by cytogenetic methods. However, for some purposes it would be desirable to have an easier method of recognizing specific trisomies or monosomies. We have devised such an assay. It involves the simultaneous hybridization of two chromosome-specific DNA probes labeled with different isotopes (32P and 35S) to human chromosomal DNA immobilized on a nitrocellulose filter. The hybridization signals are then counted, and the dpm ratios between the two isotopes are determined. In this paper we show the application of this technique in sex determination, in the analysis of two human cell lines reported to have chromosome 21 monosomy, and, especially, in testing for Down syndrome.

Cell Line↗

PubMed2006

Effects of Butea superba on reproductive systems of rats.

The effects of Butea superba on the reproductive system in male Wistar rats were investigated. The animals were fed daily with the powdered crude drug suspended in distilled water by a gastric tube at the dose of 2, 25, 250 and 1250 mg/kg body weight for 8 weeks. Rats fed with 1 ml of distilled water were used as a negative control. The weights of all vital organs in all treated groups were not different from the control. The percentage weight ratios of body weights of seminal vesicles and prostate glands were not different from the control, except that the testis of the group fed with 1250 mg/kg was significantly different from the control and the other treated groups. In addition, the sperm counts in this group showed about 16% more than the control group. Hematology as well as the liver and kidney function of all treated groups showed no difference from the control. B. superba, drug at 250 mg/kg which was 100 times more than the Thai FDA recommended dose for humans appeared to be safe in rats. The crude drug has demonstrated an increase tendency on testis weight and sperm counts in rat. The information from the present study can be used to explain the Thai folklore application of this plant in Thailand.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1989

Microcolony epifluorescence microscopy for selective enumeration of injured bacteria in frozen and heat-treated foods.

A rapid (less than 6 h) method for selectively enumerating coliforms, pseudomonads, and staphylococci has been developed which involves counting microcolonies grown on the surface of polycarbonate membranes under selective conditions. The method was not directly applicable to foods containing injured bacteria due to the poor formation of or an inability to form microcolonies under selective conditions. However, the introduction of a 3- to 5-h resuscitation step in tryptone soya broth allowed the method to give reliable estimates of these organisms in a variety of frozen and heat-processed foods. Under nonselective conditions, i.e., for total counts, the microcolony method enabled a rapid count to be made of viable bacteria in heat-treated foods, but these results were also made more consistent by the introduction of a resuscitation step. This method makes results from these foods available far faster than conventional enumeration methods.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

[Problems in the use of radioactively labelled bacteria in experiments. 2. Quantitative method for the evaluation of pathogens in the calf lung by means of labelled bacteria after aerosol or intratracheal administration].

By means of two aerosol apparatures radioactive labelled Pasteurella-multocida-germs were given to calves via a respiratory mask. Labelling of Pasteurellae was done internal by using special nutritive media with Fe-59 or P-32. In a period of 10-25 minutes 5 X 10(9)-10(10) labelled bacteria were given to the animals for inhalation. Another animal group was injected intratrachealy with the same quantity of labelled germs. Immediately after termination of germ application the animals were killed and dissected. After solution or homogenization, respectively of the total lung tissue radioactivity was determined by liquid-scintillation-counting (Fe-59) or Cerenkov-measurement (P-32), respectively. The activities recovered from lung homogenates rendered is possible to calculate the received amount of bacteria. 40-80% of germs would be recovered in the lung after application by intratracheal injection while only 1-7% could be recovered after individual aerosol application lasting for 15-25 minutes.

Aerosols↗

PubMed2004

Evaluation of transgenic cotton varieties and a glyphosate application on seedling disease incidence.

A study was conducted to determine whether stand densities of transgenic cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) varieties, with or without glyphosate, were similar to conventional varieties of the same lineage group in Georgia and Mississippi. Transgenic and conventional cotton varieties were placed into five lineage groups of related varieties and seedling disease was evaluated in three greenhouse tests and a field trial using Rhizoctonia solani AG-4. Seed vigor was determined by standard germination studies were conducted evaluating conventional and transgenic varieties of similar lineage. Results showed that no interactions occurred for the heights and dry weight data across treatments within the lineage groups in any of the experiments. No interactions were shown between stand densities at different inoculum rates and inoculated versus uninoculated pots (plots). Across all greenhouse studies, stand counts of PM 1220 were similar to the transgenic varieties PM 1220 RR and PM 1220 B/RR with or without a glyphosate application. In the field trial, PM 1220 B/RR + glyphosate had significantly lower stands than all other treatments expect PM 1220 RR (no glyphosate treatment) prior to and after glyphosate application. Stand densities for varieties within the lineage group DPL 5415 were also inconsistent when compared between the greenhouse and field trials with no apparent trends occurring. However, the Coker 312 varieties containing glyphosate tolerance had consistently lower stand counts compared to the conventional variety of Coker 312 but only during the greenhouse studies. Seed germination of Coker 312 could not be correlated with either the greenhouse or field trial data. In general, the commercially available varieties such as PM 1220, DPL 5690, DPL 5415, and DPL 50 with glyphosate tolerance had similar stand count, height, and dry weight data when compared to the conventional varieties from the same lineage group regardless of a glyphosate application. When differences did occur, no consistent trends could be determined within these four lineage groups.

Crops, Agricultural↗

PubMed2005

Evaluation of transgenic cotton varieties and a glyphosate application on seedling disease incidence.

Bacillus thuringiensis↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The productivity and impact of the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society Scholar Program: the apparent positive effect of peer review.

A study was conducted to compare the "productivity" of a cohort of research grant applicants selected by peer review to be scholars of The Leukemia Society of America (now The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society) with a matched cohort of applicants not so selected during the period 1981 to 1990. One hundred and twenty-four scholars and 124 nonfunded applicants were studied. Two bibliometric variables and their derivatives were examined from the Institute of Scientific Information database: the number of papers published and the number of citations to those papers. Published papers were measured through December 31, 1999, and citation counts to these papers through December 31, 2000. Scholars published 10,301 papers through the period of observation and nonfunded applicants published 6442 papers. Scholars' papers were cited 536,283 [corrected] times, whereas nonfunded applicants' papers were cited 245,586 times. The mean citations per paper were 52 for scholars and 38 for nonfunded applicants. The papers published per scholar, citations per scholar, and citations per paper per scholar were significantly greater than the corresponding measures for nonfunded applicants (P < 0.0001 in each case). Scholar's papers were cited 30% more often, whereas nonfunded applicants were cited 10% more frequently, than a comparison group of scientists publishing in the same journal in the same year. High-impact papers, e.g., papers that were cited more than 200 times, were nearly three times as frequent among scholars (494 papers) as among nonfunded applicants (173 papers). This difference was highly significant. The good (better than baseline) performance of nonfunded applicants may be a reflection of self-selection among the applicant pool for this competitive award; the more productive performance of the scholars is probably the result of the selection decisions made during the peer-review process.

Bibliometrics↗

PubMed1989

Drinking water microbiology--new directions toward water quality enhancement.

Drinking water microbiology has emerged from decades of relative complacency to recognize there can be major concerns with potable water quality. Many of these issues are a result of an explosion of information on new waterborne agents, treatment problems with raw-source water qualities, biofilm development in some distribution systems and specialized requirements in water quality unique to hospitals and industries. Protozoan cyst survival after some disinfection practices involving surface water impoundments and virus occurrence in poorly protected groundwaters have provided reasons for expanding minimum treatment of surface waters and for requiring disinfection of all groundwaters unless there is a demonstrative data base to support exceptions in treatment requirements. Official monitoring of small water supplies must be increased on a monthly basis and a rapid alert established to inform water plant operators of unsatisfactory water qualities. As an option, application of operational tests to analyse water quality in terms of chlorine residual, turbidity, total coliforms and heterotrophic bacterial counts in small water plant operations should be encouraged. This would provide the operator at remote locations with the opportunity to utilize the information to make necessary treatment adjustments or corrections in water distribution deficiencies promptly and be a supplement to the official regional monitoring program. Application of drinking water alternative sources (bottled water and water from point-of-use treatment devices) should be viewed by the health authorities as only a temporary solution, not as a permanent fix for a public water supply known to present some established health risk to consumers. The public must also recognize that bottled water is not frequently monitored by health laboratories for acceptable quality and the use of home treatment devices places the responsibility of proper maintenance on the user. Microbial quality improvements in drinking water to hospitals and food industries can frequently be achieved through a routine, systematic flushing program for building plumbing networks and associated attachment devices. In other situations, use of booster disinfection or point-of-use devices may provide the important special water quality requirements for certain industrial applications. In any event, these supplemental treatment measures will require careful in-plant monitoring and maintenance to prevent reversals in water quality enhancement.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Efficacy of moxidectin 1% injectable and 0.2% oral drench against natural infection by Dictyocaulus filaria in sheep.

Two separate trials (I and II) with 34 and 32 Churra ewes, respectively, and distributed into two groups, have been carried out to evaluate the efficacy of two different formulations of moxidectin at a dose rate of 0.2mg/kg body weight (b.w.) against natural infection by Dictyocaulus filaria in sheep. Trial I was designed to evaluate a 1% moxidectin injectable formulation, whereas in trial II a 0.2% moxidectin oral drench formulation was used. The efficacy was measured on the basis of the reduction of the faecal larval counts and of adult worm recoveries at slaughter. In each trial, a group of animals was treated on day 0 with moxidectin 1% injectable or moxidectin 0.2% oral drench and the other group acted as untreated control. When the faecal larval counts was compared within the treated groups, the efficacy was over 95% until day +13, and 100% at the remainder of the sampling dates after the application of injectable moxidectin, whereas in trial II, the larvae per gram (lpg) of faeces increased until the first sampling time post treatment (p.t.), day +6, and zero counts were recorded for all animals by the following days. On the basis of adult worm recoveries at necropsy, the efficacy of the treatment was 100% in both trials, however, adult worms were detected at slaughter for all control sheep. These results indicate that moxidectin 1% injectable and moxidectin 0.2% oral drench, administered at 0.2mg/kg b.w., were 100% effective against D. filaria infection in sheep. No adverse reactions to the treatments were observed in the animals.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1976

Intrathecal cytostatic therapy of meningeal carcinomatosis. Autoradiographic investigations of the CSF cells.

Autoradiographic investigations with 3H-thymidine were performed on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cells from a case of meningeal carcinomatosis following carcinoma of the breast. The cells were found to be anaplastic histologically. Within a period of 12 days 3 X 25 mg methotrexate were injected into the subarachnoid space by lumbar (2 X) or cisternal (1 X) puncture. The CSF cells were reduced from 283/3 to 19/3, while the proportion of tumour cells fell from 90 to 2%. The labelling index before onset of therapy was 33%; it increased to 70% after the first intrathecal administration of cytostatic and finally fell to 23%. The mitotic index, which was generally less reliable, behaved in a parallel way; the initial value of 1.5% increased to 3% and then declined to values less than 0.5%. Despite detailed histological investigation, carcinomatous cells could not be found anywhere on the surfaces of the central nervous system or meninges. Clinically, the patient had never shown significant neuropathological or psychopathological findings. However, the headache which had been very severe during the meningeal carcinomatosis vanished completely after the second application of methotrexate.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Test of the validity of the Poisson assumption for analysis of most-probable-number results.

A test of the validity of the Poisson assumption for sample replicates in dilution series of finite length is proposed and its properties are examined by using Monte Carlo simulation. The test is based on an examination of the number of intervals between complete sterility and complete infection in a series. The test is applied to a data set of routine influent coliform samples at the Chicago water supply intake. By this test, the data set is rejected as being drawn from a Poisson replication. Tables for direct application to a 3-dilution, 5-tube decimal series are presented, and their application is illustrated.

Colony Count, Microbial↗

PubMed1977

[The effect of chloroquine diphosphate upon tissue mast cells in rat's skin (author's transl)].

The number and morphological changes of the mast cells were studied in the skin of three groups white rats. The first group was treated subcutaneously with 5 mg/kg body weight chloroquine diphosphate for twenty days, the second group was treated with saline; the third group was not treated at all. An absolute increase of the number of mast cells in the animals treated with chloroquine diphosphate was established. It was assumed the increase of the mast cells is connected with the activation of the histidine-decarboxylase and the rise of the histamine level in the site of chloroquine diphosphate application.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Left ventricular volume calculation using a count-based ratio method applied to first-pass radionuclide angiography.

Most count-based radionuclide methods for calculating left ventricular volume rely on measurement of radioactivity in a peripheral blood sample and a measurement of ventricle to collimator distance. We have developed a method which requires neither a blood sample nor a distance measurement and which is applicable to first-pass radionuclide angiography. The parameters used to calculate volume are the area of pixel, the total counts in the left ventricle and the maximum pixel count. The equation was used to calculate the volumes in 50 patients who had both resting first-pass radionuclide angiography (25 patients with a single crystal and 25 patients with a multicrystal camera) and contrast ventriculography on the same day. Correlation coefficients for end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes showed r ranging 0.93-0.98 and standard error of estimate ranging 23-35 ml for end-diastolic volume (14%-17% of mean end-diastolic volume) and 16-23 ml for end-systolic volume (18%-21% of mean end-systolic volume). Image processing software for extracting the needed values is generally available on most commercial nuclear medicine imaging systems and the additional time for the calculations is short. Although the theory is based on multiple assumptions, the volume calculation appears to be reasonably accurate and clinically applicable.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

"Escherichia coli-milk" biofilm removal from stainless steel surfaces: synergism between ultrasonic waves and enzymes.

Three different methods to standardize biofilm removal for in situ sanitary control of closed surfaces in the food industry have been developed and compared, i.e. sonication, enzymatic treatment and a combined treatment which involved the application of ultrasound to enzyme preparations. The biofilm studied was an Escherichia coli model biofilm, made with milk on stainless steel sheets. Plate counting and epifluorescence microscopy were used to assess the efficiency of each treatment. The results are expressed in percentages, 100% denoting total removal, obtained with a flat ultrasonic transducer (T1) developed and presented in a previous study. The application of ultrasound by a patented curved transducer, T2 (10 s, 40 kHz), specifically devised for closed surfaces, was not sufficient to completely remove the biofilm (30 +/- 7%). This biofilm was dislodged by two proteolytic enzyme preparations tested by immersion, viz. a 15-min application of protease (84 +/- 1%) and a 30-min trypsin application (95 +/- 8%). Using a combined treatment, the results showed a synergism between ultrasonic waves and proteolytic or glycolytic enzyme preparations, with removal of a significant amount of biofilm, i.e. 61-96% depending on the conditions tested, i.e. two to three times greater compared to sonication alone (30%). This application was in agreement with an industrial control, i.e. a good reproducible recovery of the biofilm in 10 s compared with 30 or 15 min with the enzyme alone.

Biofilms↗

PubMed1998

Efficacy of hydroquinone in the treatment of cutaneous hyperpigmentation in hairless descendants of Mexican hairless dogs (Xoloitzcuintli).

The skin of adult hairless dogs is clinically nonpigmented, clinically lightly pigmented, or clinically hyperpigmented (spotty pigmented). The pigment noted clinically is attributable to melanin granules in the epidermis. Spotty pigmentation in the skin of adult hairless dogs was treated by administration of the depigmenting agent (3% hydroquinone, HQ) for 1 month. Depigmenting effects were examined by use of three methods: skin color, dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)-positive melanocyte count, and histologic evaluation. The treated skin of hairless dogs began to become depigmented after application of HQ for 1 week. After 1 month of treatment with HQ, depigmentation spread over a quarter of the body. The number of DOPA-positive melanocytes in the HQ-treated sites decreased to less than approximately a fifth of that before treatment. In HQ-treated skin, histologic staining by use of Fontana-Masson's (FM) method revealed complete absence of melanin pigment. These results suggested that hairless dogs should be a useful animal model for investigating the effects and cutaneous toxicity of depigmenting agents.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Estimation of fractional liver uptake and blood retention of 99mTc-DTPA-galactosyl human serum albumin: an application of a simple graphical method to dynamic SPECT.

The objective of this study was to investigate clinical utility of a graphical method for estimating liver uptake and blood retention of 99mTc-DTPA-galactosyl human serum albumin (99mTc-GSA; DTPA is diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) using dynamic single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) data. When considering the kinetics of 99mTc-GSA, if it is assumed that (1) 99mTc-GSA distributes only between blood and liver, and (2) no metabolism of 99mTc-GSA occurs during the observation period, a plot of liver counts versus cardiac blood pool counts should, theoretically, be a straight line. From the slope and y intercept of a regression line, coefficients for converting count based liver and blood pool data to the per cent injected dose (%ID) can be calculated. The applicability of this method was tested on dynamic SPECT data from 30 patients with liver dysfunction. To validate this method, plasma concentrations (%ID/ml plasma) at 6, 15 and 30 min after the injection were estimated by this method and compared with the measured ones. To investigate the clinical significance of the per cent liver uptake, the value obtained by this method was compared with the results of conventional liver function tests, including serum albumin, the hepaplastin test, prothrombin time and indocyanine green clearance. In every data set, a plot of liver counts to cardiac blood pool counts was fitted well by a straight line (P<0.00001). Estimated plasma concentrations by this method showed good correlation with the measured ones at 6, 15 and 30 min after the injection (r=0.748, 0.838, 0.875, respectively; P<0.0001). The liver uptake determined by this method showed good correlation with the results of conventional hepatic function tests (P<0.002). The graphical method could provide an accurate estimate of %ID of 99mTc-GSA in blood without the need for blood sampling. The liver uptake determined by this method could be a simple but useful quantitative indicator of hepatic function.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

[Applications of morphometry in forensic medicine].

Various histomorphometric methods and their use in clinical-pathological and forensic investigations are described. The methods are 1. manual point counting using an integrating eyepiece, 2. semi-automated histomorphometry using a manual digitizer and 3. automated image-analysing. Although the semi-automated and automated techniques are less time consuming and provide more information about the specimen, every method is regarded as having its specific range of application. It is pointed out that there is often a need for quantitation of histological findings especially in forensic medicine.

Autopsy↗