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PubMed2001

Independent forensic autopsies in an armed conflict: investigation of the victims from Racak, Kosovo.

In January 1999, a team of Finnish forensic experts under the mandate of the European Union (EU forensic expert team, EU-FET) performed forensic investigations in a sovereign state, in Kosovo, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY). The team served as a neutral participant in the forensic investigation of victims of an incident at Racak, which was receiving considerable international attention. The Finnish team performed forensic autopsies, monitored forensic autopsies performed by local experts and verified findings of earlier executed autopsies. The victims had sustained varying numbers of gunshot wounds, which were established to be the cause of death. The manner of death remained undetermined by the EU-FET, because the scene investigation and the chain of custody for the bodies from the site of the incident to the autopsy were impossible to verify by the team. The events at Racak were the first of those leading to charges by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) against the highest authorities in power in the FRY for crimes against humanity and violations of the laws or customs of war.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

To be an immigrant: a risk factor for developing overweight and obesity during childhood and adolescence?

Childhood overweight and obesity, especially among migrant children, are current health problems in several European countries. In the present study the prevalence of overweight and obesity among migrant children from Turkey and the former Yugoslavia was documented and compared with that of Austrian children in Vienna. Anthropometric data from 1,786 children were collected at the ages of 6, 10 and 15 years. Body mass was estimated by means of the body mass index and percentile curves were used to determine weight status. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was found to be significantly higher among migrant children. Children and adolescents from the former Yugoslavia and Turkish girls exhibited especially high rates of overweight and obesity. Biosocial and cultural factors are discussed as causes of these observations.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The case of Serbia/Yugoslavia: an analysis through spiral dynamics.

Yugoslavia and later Serbia have puzzled the world since the early 1990s. This article presents a study based on the principles of spiral dynamics that were used to analyze the transformation of South Africa. According to spiral dynamics, Yugoslavia under the joint influence of nationalists and retro-socialists regressed to the egocentric and exploitative level of psychosocial existence and, in spite of recent political changes, has maintained the same centre of gravity. Although its political structure has changed, nationalist and retro-socialist values remain dominant in the cultural domain and in the domain of self. Yugoslavia/Serbia desperately needs the new dynamic process of development. Priorities are the establishment of a hierarchy of authority, self-confrontation and development of widely based enthusiasm. These could lead Serbia to become responsible and mature.

Culture↗
PubMed1990

Twenty-year stroke mortality and prediction in twelve cohorts of the Seven Countries Study.

Twelve cohorts of men aged 40-59 for a total of 8287 individuals in six countries (Finland, the Netherlands, Italy, Yugoslavia, Greece and Japan) were examined in the late 1950s or early 1960s for the measurement of some risk factors and then followed up for mortality and causes of death through 20 years. Large differences in 20-year death rates from stroke were recorded among cohorts, with the highest levels in the pool of the Yugoslavia (67 per 1000) and Japanese cohorts (62 per 1000) and the lowest in the Dutch cohort (22 per 1000). The simple linear correlation (among cohorts) of stroke mortality on mean levels at entry of some factors showed inverse significant coefficients for systolic (-0.63) diastolic (-0.51) and mean blood pressure (-0.72), and for serum cholesterol (-0.72), whereas no significant coefficients were found for mean body mass index, mean cigarette consumption and mean physical activity. The Cox model solved for six national pools of cohorts showed that only age and mean blood pressure carry significant positive coefficients, whereas all the other available factors (cigarette consumption, serum cholesterol, body mass index, physical activity) did not approach significant levels except the negative coefficients of smoking habits in Greece.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Remittances and income distribution.

"The paper studies the effects of [foreign] remittances on the pattern of income distribution in Yugoslavia. It is found that remittances raise the Gini coefficient, although unequally as between different social groups. One reason may be that in social groups where the diffusion of information is relatively even (as among urban households) migration is more uniform across income groups than it is in social groups where the access to information depends primarily on the level of income (e.g. rural households). In the latter groups distribution of migrants is more skewed towards higher income groups and remittances increase the level of inequality more substantially." Data are from household surveys conducted in Yugoslavia in 1973, 1978, and 1983.

Communication↗
PubMed1977

Subtypes of HBsAg in eastern and south-eastern Europe.

A total of 481 serum samples was collected from asymptomatic carriers of HBSAg as well as some patients with acute and chronic hepatitis, type B. The sera were obtained mainly from blood banks in the following countries: Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, and the European part of the Soviet Union. Asymptomatic carriers of HBsAg from Poland and Hungary showed a preponderance of adw subtype over ayw subtype (Poland -80.7% adw, Hungary -72.2% adw). Carriers from the remaining countries showed the reverse situation: Bulgaria -71.5% ayw, Yugoslavia -79.0% ayw, Romania -82.8% ayw, Soviet Union -87.5% ayw. No individuals were found among these indigenous populations to have the adr or ayr subtypes but two carriers appeared to have the unusual subtype adyw.

Bulgaria↗
PubMed1989

Working ability of mentally ill people in times of social crisis.

In Yugoslavia a special commission evaluates the working abilities of insured ill people. In the last 14 years the number of people referred to this commission has increased. For people assessed as being unable to work the most frequent diagnoses have been psychiatric and cardiovascular diseases. All individual requests for retirement on partial or full pension based on mental disorder (n = 1563) made in 1982 in Bosna and Herzegovina were studied. People who were awarded pensions were also followed up. The results obtained indicated that the willingness to retire is widespread among insured people, quite often regardless of the actual impairment of their working abilities. Data are interpreted in the light of the severe socioeconomic crisis Yugoslavia has been experiencing through the last decade.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Social, political, and economic factors responsible for the reemergence of trichinellosis in Serbia: a case study.

Over the past decade, eastern Europe has experienced a resurgence of trichinellosis. A recent outbreak in Serbia, Yugoslavia, from December 2001 to January 2002, involving 309 people, revealed many of the causes for this reemergence. Epidemiological investigations indicate that the immediate cause of the recent outbreak was the consumption of smoked sausages produced by a small slaughterhouse or meat processor. However, failure of in-house meat inspection procedures and quality assurance as well as oversight by official veterinary control were also responsible. Further analysis of this breakdown in the food safety net revealed additional general factors that have yielded a seriously deficient veterinary control system, and these are factors that are relevant to the problems experienced throughout eastern Europe and other regions. The recent civil war that led to the breakup of the former Federation of Yugoslavia resulted in severe economic and demographic changes, including high inflation and external economic sanctions. This led to (1) the loss of large numbers of experienced veterinary control officers and their replacement with inexperienced personnel, (2) a change in the swine industry with reduction in the number of large establishments with in-house inspection and replacement with more than 1,000 small abattoirs, too small to afford full-time in-house inspection, and (3) an increase in smallholder pig farming with reduced government oversight to ensure high standards in pig-rearing practices (infection risk management). The consequences of these events have been a 300% increase in Serbian pig infection and a concomittant large increase in human outbreaks. Before 1990, swine trichinellosis in Serbia was confined to 4 small districts, but today about one third of the Republic is considered endemic for trichinellosis. The reemergence of trichinellosis in Serbia illustrates the ability of this zoonosis to "leak" through a poorly maintained food safety barrier and the vulnerability of effective veterinary control to national and international events.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2003

Lateral transmission of equine arteritis virus among Lipizzaner stallions in South Africa.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: A serological study conducted in 1995 revealed that 7 stallions at the Lipizzaner Centre, Gauteng, South Africa, were seropositive for antibody to equine arteritis virus (EAV). A Lipizzaner stallion imported into South Africa from Yugoslavia in 1981 had previously (1988) been confirmed to be an EAV carrier. Despite being placed under life-long breeding quarantine, EAV had been transmitted between stallions at the Lipizzaner Centre. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the phylogenetic relationships between the strain of EAV shed in the semen of the original carrier stallion and strains recovered from the semen of 5 other stallions; and to investigate the means whereby lateral transmission of EAV occurred among 7 in-contact, nonbreeding stallions at the Centre. METHODS: EAV was isolated from semen collected from the seropositive stallions using RK-13 cells. Viral RNA was reverse transcribed and amplified by polymerase chain reaction using ORF 5-specific primers, subjected to sequence and phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS: Phylogenetic analysis of strains of EAV recovered from the semen of 6 persistently infected stallions confirmed that all viruses were closely related and probably derived from a common ancestor, i.e. the stallion imported from Yugoslavia. Lateral transmission subsequently occurred among 7 in-contact, nonbreeding stallions at the Centre. It is speculated that these stallions may have been exposed to virus from bedding or fomites contaminated with semen. CONCLUSIONS: These data confirm that lateral transmission of EAV can occur from shedding stallions to susceptible, in-contact horses, including other stallions, which may become persistently infected with the virus. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: The findings are consistent with lateral spread of a single, unique strain of EAV among a group; and suggest that transmission of EAV may be initiated by infection of one or more stallions with virus on bedding or other fomites contaminated with EAV- infected semen.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The relation of chronic diseases to all-cause mortality risk--the Seven Countries Study.

The relation of chronic conditions on all-cause mortality in population samples was studied based on observations from the Seven Countries Study. The objective of this work was to study the risk of death during a 15-year follow-up of middle-aged men in relation to six chronic diseases. Fifteen cohorts of men aged 50-69, totalling 8122 subjects, were examined around 1970 in seven countries: Finland, The Netherlands, Italy, Croatia (former Yugoslavia), Serbia (former Yugoslavia), Greece and Japan. Clinical diagnoses findings were made for coronary heart disease (CHD), 'other heart diseases' (OTH), peripheral arterial disease (PAD), stroke (STR), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and diabetes mellitus (DIAB). All-cause mortality was assessed in the subsequent 15 years. Death rates and relative risks were estimated from crude data, and in proportional hazards models after adjustment for age, systolic blood pressure and serum cholesterol level, cigarette smoking and body mass index. Large regional differences were found in the prevalence of the six conditions. Weak relations were found between population prevalence of each disease and population death rates for that disease. Among cohorts the relative risk of death in 15 years from any cause, adjusted for other risk factors, showed little variation among countries. Pooled relative risks, adjusted by the inverse of variance (with 95% CI) were: for CHD, 1.81 (1.60-2.06); for OTH, 1.47 (1.28-1.69); for PAD, 1.64 (1.39-1.93); for STR, 1.56 (1.23-1.98); for COPD, 1.67 (1.48-1.88); and for DIAB, 1.75 (1.43-2.15). The smallest variability of prognosis among countries was found for CHD, OTH and DIAB; the largest for PAD, STR and COPD. Despite simple clinical diagnostic procedures and large differences in prevalence, the relation of established prevalent conditions to subsequent all-cause mortality is relatively uniform among countries and across these conditions, with a relative risk of dying in 15 years usually ranging between 1.5 and 2.0.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Health status of and intervention for U.S.-bound Kosovar refugees--Fort Dix, New Jersey, May-July 1999.

In March 1999, as a result of armed conflict in the Kosovo province of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, approximately 860,000 ethnic Albanians sought refuge in neighboring Albania, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), the Republic of Montenegro--Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and Bosnia-Herzegovina. As a result of massive refugee movement into FYROM, many nations, including the United States, accepted refugees for resettlement. Refugee processing centers were established in FYROM and the United States. In the United States, the Migration Health Assessment (MHA) of refugees was undertaken at Fort Dix, New Jersey (i.e., Operation Provide Refuge), in collaboration with the Office of Emergency Preparedness (OEP), Public Health Service, under the direction of the Office of Refugee Resettlement, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Assessments in Skopje, FYROM, were conducted by the International Organization for Migration. This report summarizes the results of collaboration between OEP and CDC to provide preventive health programs for 4045 Kosovar refugees at Fort Dix during a 10-week period, which found that the refugees were in good health and underscores the need for a tailored intervention program targeted at the health conditions of the specific population.

Emigration and Immigration↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Frequency, etiology, localization and surgical treatment of war injuries with tissue defects].

The retrospective analysis of 1,514 cases treated at the Clinic for Plastic Surgery and Burns of the Military Medical Academy in the period between 1991 and 1995, established that the percentage of the injuries caused by gunshots and those caused by explosives during the conflict in former Yugoslavia, was more or less the same. The injuries caused by gunshot more often occurred on the head, neck, arms and trunk. The injuries of the legs caused by the explosives were more frequent, and they occurred in 83% of the cases. All the plastic surgeons who took part in the treatment of patients and in preparing the surgeons of other specialties for the treatment applied the original classification of the war injuries according to the structure of the defects that had occurred, to standardize the approach to the planning of treatment and the treatment itself of the wounded. In the delayed primary or secondary treatment of the injuries with the tissue defects all known plastic and reconstructive methods were applied. In the cases requiring the covering of the the tissue defect with the full thickness skin, local skin, fasciocutaneous, fascioadipose or muscle flap was chosen. Distant pedicled direct flaps were used in cases when it was not possible to use a more suitable reconstructive method. Free skin, myocutaneous or complex microvascular flaps were applied in cases of more extensive defects or if a more suitable solution could not be found. Our experience in surgical treatment of war injuries with skin defects during the civil war in former Yugoslavia has shown that over 50% of all the injured patients required the treatment of a plastic surgeon in a definite surgical treatment of a war injury. A multidisciplinary approach is necessary in the majority of the injured, and the surgical team is composed according to the affected area and the extent of the injury.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Human rabies--Andrijevica in 1947].

The highest incidence of human rabies in Yugoslavia was recorded in the post-war years, between 1946 and 1949. Medical literature also quotes the epidemic of rabies mediated by a wolf in Andrijevica in 1947. Rabies was not confirmed in the wolf by laboratory findings, but the clinical picture of wolf rabies and the clinical findings in the infected and dead people indisputably confirmed the diagnosis. The parts and organs of the animal were not adequately preserved and transported. The wolf's head reached the reference laboratory, 12 days after the rabid animal had been killed. Laboratory tests on the material from the infected or dead people were not done. The data are supplemented by new facts. Epidemiological approach was used, and interviews with the participants and the members of the injured and deceased, as well as the citizens who were thought to be able to assist in the reconstruction of the events in 1947. The protocols of Pasteur Institute and the Public Records Office of Montenegro were consulted. The author points out that the patients showed "hydrophobia, laboured breathing..." which is an undisputed symptom of rabies, a clinical confirmation of the conclusion made based on the behaviour of the infected wolf. The barking of the household dogs and actions of the herds when they were protecting their animals are probably additional reasons of high exposure to the rabid wolf. Among several available data, the author points out that there were 28 injured and 9 infected persons. This gives a death rate of 32.1%. The described rabies epidemic has had the highest number of injured and dead in Montenegro and post-war Yugoslavia.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Population projections, 1991-2021.

"This information presents initial assumptions and analyzes basic results of the latest population projections for Yugoslavia, and its constituent republics and provinces, by age and sex, for the period 1991-2021, which were prepared during 1995 through co-operation of the Federal Statistical Office and the Demographic Research Centre of the Institute of Social Sciences, and were published in 1996." The projections concern only the two republics that make up present-day Yugoslavia, that is Montenegro and Serbia (with its two regions of Vojvodina, and Kosovo and Metohija).

Developed Countries↗
PubMed2002

Genetic diversity of the Novi Sad Wheat Core Collection revealed by microsatellites.

In recent years, considerable emphasis has been placed on the development of microsatellites to be used for a variety of objectives. Parental genetic diversity is a crucial requisition to derive desirable and superior progenies from crossing and selection. In order to determine desirable genotypes for hybridization, 710 wheat genotypes from the Novi Sad Core Collection, originating from 38 countries, have been evaluated during the 1993-2000 period. During those seven growth seasons, 54 agronomical, morphological, physiological and other traits have been evaluated in field and controlled conditions. In each year, the field experiment comprised 3-7 replications, while for each field replication the plot size was 1.2 m(2). Based on the results from this evaluation, 96 genotypes with the highest phenotypic variation for 26 of the very important traits for wheat breeding programmes in Yugoslavia and the UK, were identified for screening with microsatellites. A set of 36 microsatellite markers was used, covering all three wheat genomes and all 42 chromosomes. For the 36 microsatellites, a total of 46 loci and 366 alleles were detected, with the average number of 7.96 alleles per locus. For 35 loci, null alleles were detected. The association of microsatellite data with phenotypic data, for 6 important traits for wheat breeding (stem height, earliness, resistance to leaf rust and powdery mildew, sedimentation value and protein content), as well as the potential for their implementation in marker assisted selection (MAS) in wheat breeding programmes for both Yugoslavia and UK are discussed.

Alleles↗
PubMed1991

Selenium deficiency and Balkan endemic nephropathy.

Data on selenium (Se) deficiency in Yugoslavia are summarized. These data include the selenium contents of stream sediments, rocks, soils, cereal crops grown in these soils, and human serum and scalp hair from several towns and regions. Analyses of human tissues in Yugoslavia show very low Se concentrations in both endemic and nonendemic areas. In some regions, including those with endemic villages, selenium contents of grains and human serum and hair are extremely low, approaching those in the low-selenium zone in China. According to the biological function of selenium, a very low intake of selenium may be a fundamental underlying condition that would predispose persons to attack by other agents in the development of Balkan endemic nephropathy.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Kidney transplantation in Croatia].

This review first presents historical data regarding clinical kidney transplantation in the world and in Yugoslavia. The need for kidney transplantation in the Socialist Republic of Croatia is estimated to be 250 per year while 50-60 are performed annually. A total number of kidney transplantations performed in Yugoslavia amounts to about 750, the center in Rijeka being the most active with 427 transplantations performed till the end of unts to About 750, The center in Rijeka 1988. The long-term results of living related transplantations (85% two-year-survival) at our institution are better than those of cadaver kidney transplantations (58% two-year-survival). There is a great difference in graft survival after 1983 (23% 4-years-survival before 1983 and 79% 4-years-survival after 1983) owing to multiple factors. A special significance was attributed to the cadaveric explanation programme and possible modes of its improvement.

Humans↗
PubMed1987

Epidemiological evaluation of anti-infective drug prescribing for children in outpatient practice.

In comparison with other regions in Yugoslavia, in the District of Novi Sad a high prescribing rate for antimicrobial drug were previously found. The aim of this study was to determine whether this high rate applies also to pediatric patients up to the age of 7 years, to define the prescribing pattern of physicians, and ultimately, to direct educational and other measures toward improving the therapeutic practices. The sample consisted of all prescriptions for 1 month for 26,652 children, comprising 8.9% of the total population. The method was based on a drug dose statistics concept, where the most frequently prescribed amount of the active substance, determined by convention as the defined daily dose (DDD), was used as a unit of measurement. The number of such statistical or average doses were expressed per 1,000 children per day. It was found that the prescribing rate in the District exceeds all other regions for which comparable data exist. In the prescribing pattern, the high usage of tetracyclines contributed to final removal of tetracyclines in syrup formulation from the market in Yugoslavia.

Ambulatory Care↗