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PubMed1977

Primary and secondary disturbances in trace element metabolism connected with genetic metabolic disorders.

Several primarily inherited disturbances of minerals and trace elements have been discovered within the last 20 years. Secondary disturbances of selenium and zinc induced by dietetic treatment of inborn errors of metabolism and by parenteral nutrition also came to our knowledge recently. Two main types of chronic or primary hypomagnesaemia are known which are caused either by impaired intestinal absorption or by false magnesium handling by the kidneys. In acrodermatitis enteropathica, an autosomal-recessive inherited disease leading to characteristic skin lesions, alopecia and dystrophy, low zinc concentrations of serum, urine and hair are measured. The intestinal absorption of zinc is reduced. In copper metabolism two inherited diseases are known with low serum and usually caerulosplasmin concentrations. In Menkes' steely hair syndrome (trichlpoliodystrophy) an intestinal net malabsorption of copper exists, whereas in Wilson's disease the copper contents of several organs are increased.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Arsenic, lead, and other trace elements in soils contaminated with pesticide residues at the Hanford site (USA).

The primary purpose of this study was to characterize arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) concentrations in former orchard soils contaminated with lead arsenate pesticides at the Hanford site in Washington state (USA). Surface samples (n = 31) were collected from former orchard soils (in cultivation during the pre-Hanford period) at five locations at the 100 Areas and at one location at the Old Hanford Townsite (OHT). Another set of samples (n = 17) was collected over a soil depth interval of 10-50 cm at the four locations with the highest As and Pb surface concentrations. All samples were analyzed for 22 trace elements (including As and Pb) with inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The mean, standard deviation, and range for As in the surface soils were 30, 61, and 2.9-270 mg/kg dry wt, respectively. The corresponding statistics for Pb were 220, 460, and 6.5-1900 mg/kg dry wt, respectively. As and Pb concentrations in the surface soils were positively and significantly correlated (r = 0.91, Bonferroni p < 0.05). Descriptive statistics and bivariate correlations were also computed for other trace elements. As and Pb mean concentrations in the surface soils each differed significantly (p < 0.05) among Hanford locations, with the highest concentrations at the 100-H and 100-F Areas. Although both As and Pb mean concentrations decreased with soil depth, regression and correlation coefficients only, for Pb significantly differed from zero (b = -0.0372, r = -0.805, Bonferroni p < 0.05). Compared with data in the literature As and Pb concentrations found in this study exceeded background levels but were typical of orchard soils. Furthermore, mean As and Pb soil concentrations were in the range of various toxicological benchmarks derived for protection of human and ecological receptors.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1979

Trace elements and acute phase reactants in gold treated rheumatoid arthritis patients.

Abnormal concentrations of trace elements, sulfhydryl groups, amino-acids and serum proteins were found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis similar to other chronic inflammatory conditions. These changes have been called the phase reaction. In this study, a systematic profile of the phase reactants was established in rheumatoid arthritis at the onset and during its modulation by chrysotherapy (gold sodium thiomalate 25 mg i.m. weekly). It was shown that this treatment, if successful, is capable of reverting to normal measures of the phase reaction. It was also found that the pattern of the profile varied in individuhe eventual beneficial or toxic effects. In these preliminary studies, no parameters or group of parameters of the phase reaction were predictive of the therapeutic outcome. Extended observations (over 6 months) and more individual profiles are being analyzed to gain insight into these features of inflammation and their modulation by chrysotherapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

The effect of duration of alcohol administration on the deposition of trace elements in the fetal rat.

It is postulated that the effect of alcohol on trace element deposition during pregnancy is a long term one, requiring alcohol administration throughout the 21 days of gestation. Female Charles River rats (N = 30) were given a semi-synthetic diet throughout pregnancy. Half the animals received alcohol (8 ml/kg) by esophageal tube, the other half were sham operated. Within each group, animals were treated for one, two or three weeks beginning with day 0. Dams and pups were sacrificed following a natural delivery. Iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and magnesium (Mg) were measured in maternal and fetal tissues by atomic absorption spectrometry. The results indicated an increased fetal level of Zn, Mg, and Fe in all groups treated with alcohol. Increased fetal levels of Cu were found in the group treated for three weeks with alcohol. No differences were found in maternal tissue levels. These changes in fetal levels correspond to the effect of alcohol on gestation. Alcohol-treated litters were anywhere from 2 to 6 days overdue, providing a longer time period in utero for nutrient uptake.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Trace element movement and oxidative stress in skeletal muscle atrophied by immobilization.

The movements of trace elements and the level of oxidative stress in the soleus, a typical slow red muscle which, atrophied by immobilization, were investigated in designated intervals. Male Wistar rats (14 wk old) whose one ankle joints were immobilized in the extended position were killed after 4, 8, and 12 days. Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu concentrations and the levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) and glutathione were measured. The rate of atrophy increased rapidly until the 8th day and slowly after that. In whole muscle, Fe concentration kept increasing, and Zn and Mn increased temporarily. Their subcellular distributions also changed; especially, the Fe level of the microsomal fraction kept increasing and reached threefold at 12 days. Increased TBARS and glutathione disulfide and decreased total glutathione indicated the increased oxidative stress in atrophy, which might result from an increased Fe level, especially that of the microsomal fraction. Vitamin E injection lessened the rate of atrophy, which showed that oxidative stress accelerated muscle atrophy. This might be mediated by increased intracellular Ca. Also metallothionein was induced in muscle atrophy.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Trace elements in western Canadian hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): levels and quality assurance.

A monitoring program was conducted for trace elements in Western Canadian Hard Red Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Samples were selected from harvest survey samples submitted by producers from crop districts in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta for 1996, 1997, and 1998 crops. The analytical quality control measures used in these surveys are described along with the results for Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Se, and Zn. Accuracy and precision for the analyses fell within the acceptable control limits. Year-to-year variations in grain chemistry were small for Cd, Mn, Se, and Zn, but Cu and Fe contents showed 12 and 9% decreases, respectively, over the 3 years. The overall variability for the plant-essential trace elements-Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn-was low compared with that for Cd and Se. The spatial variation in crop chemistry across the Canadian Prairie wheat-producing region was greater than the year-to-year variations. Soil properties were major factors in controlling Cd and Se levels in grain.

Alberta↗
PubMed1999

Osteoporosis, bone mineralization, and status of selected trace elements in two populations of moose calves in Norway.

This study was conducted to clarify the etiology of a high frequency of bone fractures and osteoporosis in the moose (Alces alces) population in southern Norway. Liver samples, both metacarpi, and carcass data were collected from 21 and 22 moose calves shot in 1994 in Birkenes (southern Norway), and Naerøy (central Norway), respectively. The liver samples were analyzed for copper, manganese, zinc, cobalt, chromium, molybdenum, and selenium. Bone samples were subject to histologic, radiologic, and chemical examinations. Three of the calves from Birkenes and one calf from Naerøy showed histologic and radiologic evidence of generalized osteoporosis consistent with osteoporosis due to starvation. The calves with osteoporosis had the lowest carcass weights and radio-opacities recorded. There was a positive correlation between carcass weight and bone radio-opacity. Density, ash content, phosphorus, and calcium contents and phosphorous/calcium ratio in bone samples, as well as hepatic trace element status, were within the normal range for all calves in both populations. Two of the osteoporotic calves, were reported to have been orphaned. Our results indicate that the high frequency of bone fractures reported in moose in southern Norway is not associated with regional differences in trace element status or bone mineral balance. We propose that the occurrence of osteoporosis in moose calves in Birkenes may have resulted from inadequate nutrition following general overcrowding and high pressure on feed resources in the southernmost part of Norway.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Subcellular and body distributions of 17 trace elements in the variegated scallop Chlamys varia from the French coast of the Bay of Biscay.

Seventeen elements were analysed in the organs and tissues of the variegated scallop Chlamys varia, from the Atlantic coast of France. Concentration levels were determined in scallops of different sizes sampled in contaminated (La Rochelle Bay) and clean (Re Island) sites. Greater concentrations of Ag, Al, Ce, Cr, La, Mo, Nd, Ti, and V were found in the digestive gland while As, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn were the highest in the kidneys. In the digestive gland, most of the metals were found in the insoluble fraction while As, Co, Cd, Mo, Ni, and V appeared to be mostly bound to soluble compounds. Among tissues, the adductor muscle always displayed the lowest trace element concentrations. According to size, Ag and Cd showed significantly higher concentrations in larger individuals, while Co and Zn were higher in the smallest ones. According to the sampling area, most of the metals, Ag, Al, Ce, Co, Cu, La, Mn, Nd, Pb, and Zn, showed significantly higher concentrations in La Rochelle Bay compared to the Re Island, reflecting differing inputs from industrial, domestic and harbour activities. However, Cr, Mo, Ni, Ti, and V concentrations did not display significant differences between sites and As and Cd were significantly higher at the Re Island. This study highlighted the ability of the variegated scallop C. varia to concentrate numerous trace elements to high levels, even those reported as poorly bioavailable for marine biota, such as rare earth elements.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Effect of some trace elements on the nucleic acid metabolising enzymes level of germinating wheat seeds.

Wheat seeds were grown in the presence and absence of some trace elements like Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo and Zn in non-toxic limits. The level of enzyme activities involved in nucleic acid metabolism were measured by spectrophotometric methods. The level of certain RNA metabolising enzymes increased manyfold in trace element-treated seeds, while the level of AMP-deaminase was increased manyfold in Co-treated seeds.

Deoxyribonucleases↗
PubMed2003

Effects of protein deficiency on liver trace elements and antioxidant activity in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver cirrhosis.

In liver cirrhosis, liver tissue becomes progressively substituted by fibrosis, ultimately leading to architectural distortion, liver circulatory changes, and liver failure. Some data support the hypothesis that protein undernutrition may play a role in the development and progression of nonalcoholic liver cirrhosis and that this progression is at least partially mediated by changes in glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and other antioxidative systems, leading to an increase in lipid peroxidation. We analyzed the effects of protein deficiency on liver Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Se in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver cirrhosis, the relation of protein undernutrition and these trace elements with the activity of some hepatic antioxidative enzymatic mechanisms, and the relation of all of them with morphological and biochemical changes in 40 male adult Sprague-Dawley rats divided in four groups. Liver cirrhosis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of CCl4 to 10 rats fed a 2% protein diet and another 10 fed a 18% protein control diet; two further groups included rats without cirrhosis fed the 2% protein and the 18% protein diets. The study period lasted 6 wk. GPX, SOD, and lipid peroxidation products as well as Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, and Fe were determined in liver samples. We found that liver GPX and Se were reduced in the cirrhotic animals, especially in the low-protein-fed ones, protein deficiency, but not cirrhosis, exerting the main effects. A close correlation was found between liver GPX and serum albumin and weight loss and an inverse one among GPX and hepatocyte ballooning, liver fibrosis, and fat, histomorphometrically determined. These results suggest a pathogenetic role of decreased GPX in the progression of liver disease, which may become enhanced by concomitant protein undernutrition. In addition to iron, the levels of which were increased in the malnourished rats, no differences were found regarding the other trace elements, SOD activity, and lipid peroxidation products.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Developmental changes in composition of rat milk: trace elements, minerals, protein, carbohydrate and fat.

The concentrations of iron, copper, zinc, manganese, calcium and magnesium, as well as protein, carbohydrate and fat, were analyzed in rat milk during the course of lactation in rats fed a purified diet. As serial milking has been demonstrated to affect milk composition (1), lactating rats were milked only once at various times from days 0 to 28 after parturition. Concentration of iron decreased rapidly from 9 to 5 micrograms/ml during the 1st week of lactation and changed little thereafter. Similarly, copper concentration decreased considerably in early lactation, from 9 to 2 micrograms/ml, but then remained constant. Zinc concentration did not decrease during the 1st week of lactation, but dropped from 14 micrograms/ml in the 2nd week of lactation to 8-10 micrograms/ml in mature milk. Manganese was unique as its concentration decreased during the early days of lactation, from 0.3 to 0.1 microgram/ml, with a subsequent rise in late lactation back to 0.3 microgram/ml. Calcium and magnesium concentrations increased somewhat in early lactation and decreased slightly in later lactation, but the changes were fairly small as compared to the trace elements. Developmental patterns for protein, carbohydrate and fat were not very pronounced, although protein and carbohydrate increased somewhat in early lactation and later decreased. These data demonstrate that the nutrient intake of the suckling changes markedly during the early neonatal period. These changes should be taken into account in evaluating data on the trace element composition of tissues of suckling rats.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Effect of extraction conditions on deposit feeder in trace element solubilization in only a digestive fluid.

In vitro extraction of sediments using digestive fluid of deposit-feeding invertebrates has been advocated as a measure of in vivo bioavailability, but the standard procedure used for the extractions alters fluid properties relative to in vivo conditions. In vivo fluid properties (redox potential [Eh], pH, dissolved oxygen) were measured in the gut of the polychaete Arenicola brasiliensis, and then the effects of gut evacuation, elevated temperature, and atmospheric exposure on these properties and/or metal and metalloid extraction capability of the fluid was assessed.The midgut of A. brasiliensis has an electropositive Eh of about +170 to +230 mV, a neutral pH, and little or no dissolved oxygen. Exposure to the atmosphere during in vitro extraction increased gut fluid oxygen content and affected the ability of the fluid to extract some trace elements from sediment particles, particularly Pb, Ni, Cu, Mn, and As. Even for these substances, however, the effects of oxygen exposure on extractability by gut fluid typically were small (<2-fold difference in amount extracted). For Cr, Hg, Se, Cd, Fe, and Zn, the effects of oxygen exposure usually were minor and inconsistent in direction. Maintaining anaerobic conditions during in vitro contaminant extractions is necessary when the experimental objective is to mimic accurately in vivo conditions and predict trace element extraction in the gut. If using metal extractability as a relative measure for sediment risk assessment purposes, a high degree of accuracy may not be required, and aerobic in vitro extractions could be suitable and produce only minor errors in extractability relative to in vivo conditions.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Redox patterns and trace-element behavior in the East Midlands Triassic Sandstone Aquifer, U.K.

Redox conditions exercise important controls on water chemistry in the red-bed Sherwood Sandstone Aquifer of the English East Midlands. A distinct redox boundary exists some 3 to 5 km downgradient of the onset of confined conditions, defined by a 300 mV drop in Eh and complete reaction of dissolved oxygen. The aerobic aquifer contains polluted water with high nitrate concentrations and organic carbon significantly above background concentrations (> 0.2 mg/L). Concentrations of Fe, Mn, and Mo are highest in reducing ground water. As, Sb, Se, and U show a residence-time-dependent increase in aerobic ground water, but are much lower under reducing conditions. Iron oxides are believed to play a key role in determining the spatial patterns in many of these trace elements as a result of Eh- and pH-controlled sorption/desorption reactions, as well as some reductive dissolution in the confined aquifer. Fresh ground water persists in the confined aquifer to approximately 30 km downgradient of the redox boundary. However, SO4 concentrations increase progressively along the flowline as a result of the dissolution of gypsum or anhydrite. Concentrations of available organic carbon are low in ground water (1 mg/L or less) and are also likely to be limited in the sediments; conditions are insufficiently reducing for significant sulphate reduction to have taken place. Only in the extreme down-gradient (eastern) part of the aquifer do conditions become sufficiently reducing with some evidence of sulphate reduction. In this part of the aquifer, ground water is more saline (TDS values up to 10 g/L) and is believed to be composed substantially of older formation water. This has distinctive concentrations of several redox-influenced trace elements, with relatively high Fe, Mn, As, and Sb, occasional high Cr, and low Mo relative to the confined fresh ground water upgradient.

Carbon↗
PubMed2006

Accumulation of As, Cd and selected trace elements in tubers of Scirpus maritimus L. from Doñana marshes (South Spain).

The collapse of a pyrite-mining, tailing dam on 1998 contaminated an area of 4286 ha along the Agrio and Guadiamar river valleys in southern Spain. Over 2700 ha of the Doñana marshes, an important wintering area for wetland European birds, were contaminated. This study reports analyses of the tubers of Scirpus maritimus (an important food for greylag geese, Anser anser) collected in 2000 in the "Entremuros" (spill-affected area) and in nearby unaffected Doñana marshes (control areas). In the spill-affected area mean tuber tissue concentrations of Cd (0.25 mg kg-1) and Zn (61 mg kg-1) were greater than in those tubers from the control area (0.02 mg kg-1 for Cd, and 22 mg kg-1 for Zn); values of Cd and Zn in "Entremuros" (samples collected two years after the mine spill) were much smaller than those reported only a few months after the accident. Trace elements (As, Fe, Mn and Tl, and to a lesser extent Cd and Pb) showed a preferential accumulation in the outer skin of tubers. Surprisingly, concentrations of As and Fe were greater in tubers from some marsh sites not affected by the mine-spill than in tubers from the "Entremuros". We suggest that relic river channels within the Doñana marshes may be contaminated by trace elements from historic mining activities. An exhaustive study of macrophytes and other plant species in this area is recommended to identify potential risks to wildlife.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Essential trace elements selenium, zinc, copper, and iron concentrations and their related acute-phase proteins in patients with vivax malaria.

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the status of plasma essential trace elements selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe) concentrations and their related acute-phase proteins, ceruloplasmin (Cp), ferritin, transferrin (Tf), and albumin levels in patients with vivax malaria. Plasma Cu and Zn concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Se concentrations were determined by graphite furnace AAS. Fe, Cp, Tf, and albumin levels were determined by colorimetric methods. Plasma Se, Fe, and albumin levels were found to be significantly lower (p < 0.01, p < 0.001, and p < 0.05, respectively) and Cu, Cp, and ferritin levels and Cu/Zn ratios were significantly higher (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.05, respectively) in patients when compared with those of healthy subjects. Plasma, Tf, and Zn levels were not found to be significantly different (p > 0.05) in patients and controls. There were positive important correlations between Cu and Cp (r = 0.908, p < 0.001), Zn and albumin (r = 0.633, p < 0.001), and negative correlations between Fe and ferritin content (r = -0.521, p < 0.05) and Fe and Tf (r = -0.616, p < 0.01) in the patients group. Our findings demonstrated that plasma essential trace elements Se, Cu, and Fe change, but these changes might be dependent on acute-phase proteins, which were regulated as a part of defense strategies of the organism, induced by hormonelike substances.

Acute-Phase Proteins↗
PubMed2000

Effects of soil acidity on the uptake of trace elements in soybean and tomato plants.

The effects of soil acidity on the uptake of trace elements (Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Tc, Ru, Rh and Re) in soybean and tomato were studied by a multitracer technique. The soybean and tomato plants were cultivated on soils at pH 6.4 (normal soil) and 4.2 (acid soil) and administered with a multitracer for 15-60 d. In general, the uptake of cationic elements in the leaves and stems of soybean plants cultivated on acid soil became higher than those of plants cultivated on normal soil during the late period of growth. However, the effect of soil acidification on the uptake of the anionic element. Se, was quite different from that on the cationic elements. The uptake of Se by the plants cultivated on normal soil was higher than that of the plants cultivated on acid soil at all four harvest points. The uptake behavior of these elements in soybean was discussed in relation to their adsorption behavior on the same soil as was used for soybean cultivation. The growth of tomato plants was seriously affected by the soil acidity and lowering of uptake of elements was observed for the plants cultivated on acidified soil.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed2003

[Direct analysis of trace elements in tobacco using electrothermal vaporization ICP-AES].

A method for direct analysis of trace elements (Cu, Fe, Al, Cr and Mn) in tobacco by slurry sampling electrothermal vaporization (ETV) ICP-AES using polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) emulsion as a chemical modifier was described. The main factors affecting the analytical signals were studied. The detection limits of this method for the determination of the interesting elements were in the range of 3.8 ng.mL-1 (Cu) to 13 ng.mL-1 (Fe), and the relative standard deviations (RSD) varied from 2.5% (Cu) to 5.7% (Cr) with the recoveries of 91.0%-112%.

Chromium↗
PubMed2002

Trace elemental analysis of drugs of abuse using synchrotron radiation total reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis (SR-TXRF).

Synchrotron radiation total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (SR-TXRF) was utilized to analyze various trace elements in small amounts of drugs of abuse. Sample amounts of 1 microL solutions containing 10 microg of drugs (methamphetamine, amphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, cocaine, and heroin) were spotted on silicon wafers for direct analysis. In addition, a leaflet of marijuana was set directly on a silicon wafer, and opium in the form of a soft lump was smeared on another silicon wafer for analysis. In these experiments, about 10 pg of contaminant elements could be detected. For example, in a seized methamphetamine sample, iodine was found, which could be indicative of synthetic route. In seized 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine samples, variable amounts of phosphorus, calcium, sulfur, and potassium were found, which could not be detected in a control 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine sample. For marijuana and opium, two spectral patterns were obtained that were far different from each other and could be easily discriminated. Using SR-TXRF, pg amounts of each trace element in 10 microg of various drugs can be easily detected, which is not the case either for a standard TXRF experimental system or for other elemental analysis techniques.

Journal Article↗