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PubMed2004

Thyroid gland diseases in Kano.

Goiter is endemic in some parts of Nigeria. Kano is populated by people from various geographical areas. There has not been any report of thyroid gland diseases pattern in Kano, hence the need for this study. A retrospective review of 75 cases of thyroid gland diseases seen and managed at Aminu Kano Teaching hospital, Kano over a 5-year period forms the basis for this study. Of the 75 patients with goiters 69(92% ) were females. Simple non-toxic goiter was the most common histologic type accounting for 51 (68.0% ) of cases. There were 10 cases (13.3% ) of thyrotoxicosis, 4 (5.4% )with follicular adenoma, and 10 (13.3% ) other patients had proven carcinoma. Well-differentiated follicular carcinoma was the most common malignant type, 7 of which were not recognised as such preoperatively. All cases were treated by surgery with minimal morbidity and mortality. Thyroid surgery constitutes a significant proportion of surgical practice in Nigeria. While increase in dietary iodine will reduce the incidence of goiter everywhere, the impact of iodinisation of salt is yet to be determined. A population based survey of the prevalence of thyroid gland disease in Kano northwest, Nigeria is strongly indicated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor levels and binding affinity in the thyroid gland of growth-retarded mice.

Growth-retarded (grt/grt) mice are congenitally primary hypothyroid. Our previous study indicated that thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) responsiveness was defective in the grt/grt thyroid gland. We now report additional studies of impaired grt/grt thyroid function. Semiquantitative RT-PCR confirmed that TSH receptor (TSHR) mRNA expression in the grt/grt thyroid was significantly decreased compared with +/+ thyroids. Scatchard analysis revealed that grt/grt and +/+ mice have only one type of TSH binding site. grt/grt thyroids had fewer TSH binding sites, although this did not apparently affect the affinity of TSH for its receptor. The present data suggest that reduced TSHR levels or defects in TSHR signaling could be one of the possible defective sites in the grt/grt thyroid gland.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Rhythmicity of structural components of the thyroid gland at different stages of postnatal ontogenesis (morphometric study)].

Age evolution of biological rhythms in the activity of the thyroid gland has been studied at organic, tissue and cellular levels. The thyroid glands have been studied in 144 male mice, A/He strain, of three age groups: 14--17-day-old (young premature), 55--60-day-old (mature) and 160--170-day-old (ageing animals). The mean height of follicular cells, stereological index of resorption, relative volumes of follicular and interfollicular epithelium, colloid and stroma have been considered, as well as relations of volumetric fractions in certain tissue components. The data obtained have been processed with a computer. Multicomponent character of the rhythms for all indices studied has been revealed, circadian, ultradiurnal and infradiurnal components including. Spectral analysis of the rhythms has revealed steady tendency towards decreasing relative power of ultradiurnal fluctuations with age while circadian rhythmics become more pronounced. Amplitude of the circadian component of all the rhythms studied increases with growth and development of the animal and decreases for a number of indices in ageing mice. Maximal activity of the organ, as stated the data of morphometric analysis, in all three groups corresponds to the night time.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1984

Occult carcinoma of the thyroid gland.

Ten occult carcinomas of the thyroid gland were found in 274 unselected autopsies at the Pathology Service, Hospital José Joaquín Aguirre, between December 1980 and March 1983. This is the lowest incidence among the most recent published series. The present results suggest that environmental factors play an important role in the etiology of this type of carcinoma.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Involvement of thyroid gland at non-Hodgkin lymphoma initial diagnosis: 2 pediatric cases].

Extranodal thyroid lymphomatous involvement is rare in childhood. We report here 2 children, 1 with vertical transmission-acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), presenting with lymphomatous infiltration of the thyroid gland at diagnosis. One child had infra-clinical endocrine impairment and both responded well to chemotherapy. Although the cases are too scarce to be affirmative, thyroid gland involvement doesn't seem to alter the good prognosis of childhood Burkitt's lymphoma. The third child's cancer in frequency is Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas. Presenting as the initial AIDS event in 1 patient, this case report also highlights the need to systematically propose antiretroviral therapy in vertically HIV infected children.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1992

Primary osteosarcoma of the thyroid gland.

Primary extraosseous osteosarcoma of the thyroid gland is a rare tumor which is associated with a poor prognosis. In this report, we discuss such a tumor and its recurrence in a 78-yr-old female with multinodular goiter, focusing on the imaging evaluation of this unusual tumor.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Tall cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland.

Tall cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland is an aggressive variant of papillary carcinoma with a respectable 20% to 25% lethality. Its histologic features are characterized by a basal orientation of nuclei, abundant eosinophilic or oxyphilic cytoplasm, and a cellular height-width ratio greater than 2:1. These distinguish it from another aggressive variant, columnar cell carcinoma, which has a stratification of its nuclei and scant cellular cytoplasm.

Carcinoma, Papillary↗
PubMed1998

A rationale for conservative management of microscopic papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland: a clinicopathologic correlation of 90 cases.

Microscopic papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland (MPC) measuring < or = 1.0 cm in diameter has a generally benign outcome, but is often overtreated with additional surgery. Ninety cases of MPC and 77 cases of nonmicroscopic papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland (non-MPC) from 1970 to 1980 were retrieved from the Endocrine Registry of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), Washington, D.C. Histologic features and patient follow-up were analyzed. Twenty-one patients with MPC had multifocal disease within the affected thyroid lobe, while a further 15 had either bilateral or intraglandular spread. Four of 10 patients who had additional surgery were found to have additional foci of tumor. Fourteen patients with lymph node metastases at initial surgery had no subsequent nodal metastases. All patients were either alive without disease or had died of unrelated causes after an average follow-up period of 17.3 years. Of the 77 non-MPC patients, 13 developed lymph node metastases or local recurrences, and one died of metastatic disease. Sixty-four of these patients were alive without evidence of disease after an average follow-up of 22 years. Present findings show that while MPC may present with perithyroidal lymph node metastases (15.56%), patients do not develop clinical tumors in the remaining thyroid tissue. Our experience indicates that close clinical follow-up without additional surgery is the preferable management for patients with MPC.

Carcinoma, Papillary↗
PubMed1985

Coated vesicles from the thyroid gland: isolation, characterization, and a search for a possible role in thyroglobulin transport.

We report the first isolation of purified coated vesicles (CVs) from thyroid gland. Bovine thyroid CVs were isolated by differential centrifugation, including a step through sucrose-D2O, using a modification of the method described by Nandi et al. (1) for bovine brain CVs. The CVs were characterized by electron microscopy, sedimentation properties, and SDS-PAGE of the protein components. Thyroglobulin (Tg) was found to be associated with the purified CVs. When the thyroid CVs were exposed to conditions known to remove the protein coat from brain CVs, such as low ionic strength at pH 8.5, most of the Tg dissociated from the vesicles along with the coat proteins. Moreover, the Tg remaining with the uncoated vesicles (UVs) was trypsin sensitive, and therefore judged to be associated with the external surface of the vesicle. Since ligand-receptor complexes are normally located within CVs and not on their outer surface, no evidence was found for Tg-receptor complexes within thyroid CVs. Thyroid slices were incubated in the presence of [35S] methionine with subsequent isolation of labeled CVs in order to study the incorporation of newly-synthesized proteins into these structures. At 0.5 and 2 hours of incubation, the 180K MW subunit of clathrin, as well as other proteins, but not Tg, had become labeled in the purified CVs. Extracellular 19S-[35S] thyroglobulin was isolated from the incubation medium, however, demonstrating release of newly-synthesized Tg (presumably into cut follicles). It is concluded that thyroid CVs do not seem to be involved in the secretion of newly-synthesized Tg from the rough endoplasmic reticulum into the follicular lumen. While a possible role of thyroid CVs in the reabsorption of small quantities Tg by micropinocytosis cannot be completely excluded, the present data do not support a primary role for thyroid CVs in either endocytosis or exocytosis of Tg.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Functional activity of a metastatic differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid gland].

In a patient with differentiated thyroid carcinoma of the follicular type after removal of the thyroid gland and nodular secondaries on the neck a functional secondary was detected in the liver by combined whole-body scintigraphy following administration of 131-I and scintigraphy of the liver using 99mTc-colloid, supplemented by scintigraphy of the skeleton following administration of 99mTc-MDP. At first the high thyroglobulin serum level was after repeated radioiodine treatment falsely negative. The author presents a review of cases reported in the literature who suffered from this rare type of secondaries.

Adenocarcinoma, Follicular↗
PubMed1995

[The effectiveness of iodine prophylaxis of endemic goiter in Slovakia from the viewpoint of physical and ultrasonographic examinations of the thyroid gland].

Being aimed at the effectivity of iodine prophylaxis of endemic goitre the authors examined 2946 children and adolescents at the age of 6-18 years during the period from 1989 to 1995 in 6 regions of Slovakia. The thyroid glands were examined physically and ultrasonographically. The authors have found out that the occurrence rate of diffuse goitre is acceptable and it is not meeting the criteria of endemic goitre. No case of nodular goitre was revealed. Similarly to the relative frequency of diffuse goitre, neither the ultrasonographically measured volumes of thyroid glands differed among various areas. They are comparable with the volumes detected in countries with a sufficient iodine supply. The use of criteria for iodine deficiency evaluation recommended by WHO (goitre occurrence, thyroid gland volume, ioduria) leads the authors to consider the current prophylaxis of endemic goitre as being effective and successful. (Tab. 5, Ref. 20.).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Sclerosing Mucoepidermoid carcinoma with eosinophilia of the thyroid glands: a case report with clinical manifestation of recurrent neck mass.

Sclerosing mucoepidermoid carcinoma with eosinophilia (SMECE) is a recently recognized malignant neoplasm of the thyroid gland. About 14 cases of SMECE have been reported and this is the first reported case in Korea. A 57-year-old woman presented with right neck mass for 20 years. Total thyroidectomy was performed under the impression of thyroid carcinoma. The resected thyroid gland showed a poorly circumscribed hard mass. Histologically, the tumor consisted of solid nests of large atypical cells with dense fibrous stroma. The tumor cells showed squamoid appearance with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. There were also rare mucin-containing cells within the nests. Within the hyalinized stroma, numerous eosinophils were found. The surrounding thyroid parenchyma displayed Hashimoto's thyroiditis. There was metastasis in a regional lymph node. Two years after initial surgery, she underwent a modified radical neck dissection due to recurrent neck mass. After the radiation therapy for eight weeks, laryngectomy and esophagectomy were performed due to a recurrent carcinoma in the esophageal wall. We report an additional case of SMECE, with metastasis to regional lymph nodes and esophagus. The tumor appears to be more aggressive than previously reported and a correct diagnosis can be rendered by just examining the metastatic lesions.

Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid↗
PubMed1993

Impact of therapeutic regional lymph node dissection for medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland.

BACKGROUND: Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland (MCT) is a disease commonly associated with regional metastases. Apart from surgical resection, there are limited therapeutic options for such patients. Given the variable and often prolonged survival of such patients, the benefit of surgical resection is difficult to evaluate. We have reviewed our experience with regional lymph node dissection for metastatic MCT. METHODS: From Jan. 1, 1980, to Dec. 31, 1991, 36 patients underwent dissection of regional lymph node metastases for MCT at our institution. Survival was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method and comparisons by log rank analysis. Significance was defined as p < 0.05. RESULTS: Thirty-six patients (13 women), with a mean age of 48 years (range 16 to 78 years), underwent operation for clinically palpable or radiologically identified nodal disease. Median follow-up was 53 months, with an overall actuarial 5-year survival of 65%. Factors significantly associated with a poor outcome included the following: age greater than 40 years, mediastinal metastases, incomplete excision, extranodal disease, and failure to reduce the thyrocalcitonin level. CONCLUSIONS: The resection of metastatic MCT to regional lymph nodes can be associated with appreciable survival. Prognostic parameters are identified that adversely affect survival.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Immunohistochemical localization of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) in the rat thyroid gland under various experimental conditions.

Detection of T4 and T3 in paraffin sections of the rat thyroid gland in various functional states was attempted by an immunoenzyme technique. Both hormones showed a similar localization, being detected mainly in the colloid in the follicular lumen, and sometimes in certain regions of the cytoplasm of the follicular epithelium. Following administration of TSH, their stainability was increased, and the localization within the cytoplasm became more remarkable. Decrease or disappearance of stainability was observed after hypophysectomy or administration of PTU. These findings support the view that the immunostainability of T4 and T3 is closely correlated with the functional state of the thyroid gland.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Lectin histochemistry of the thyroid gland.

The authors carried out a histochemical study with lectins (Ulex europaeus agglutinin-I [UEA-I], Triticum vulgaris [WGA], Glycine max [SBA], Dolichos biflorus [DBA], and Arachis hypogaea [PNA]) in different thyroid gland conditions (17 benign nodular goiters, three diffuse hyperplasias, five Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 20 follicular adenomas, 14 well-differentiated papillary carcinomas, five well-differentiated follicular carcinomas, and 30 normal thyroids) in order to determine if specific lectin patterns are developed during neoplastic transformation. The results showed that (1) in normal thyroid glands, the lectin, UEA-I, is able to discriminate between follicular cells and C-cells; (2) pathologic follicular epithelium had an increased expression of UEA-I, SBA, and WGA receptors; (3) no lectin or group of lectins allow a distinction between follicular carcinoma and papillary carcinoma; (4) when benign and malignant tumors are compared for UEA-I affinity there is a significantly greater frequency of malignant tumour with UEA-I receptor; and (5) although all investigated lectins have shown receptors in endothelial cells at least in one case, the most constant findings have been obtained with UEA-I and WGA. These findings suggest that lectins are not useful in routine diagnostic pathologic examination; however, in particular cases of follicular carcinoma, UEA-I may be a useful tool for the recognition of small vessels invaded by tumoral cells and the demonstration of fucose residues in malignant tumor cells.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1980

Secondary carcinoma of the thyroid gland.

When the cervical tumor mimics thyroid carcinoma, some cases are shown to be the primary carcinoma of other site. Four cases of secondary thyroid carcinoma, of which primary sites are adjacent organ, are studied. The characteristics of histology are squamous cell carcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma of which primary organ seems to be thyroid often discloses metastatic neoplasm originated from the adjacent organs. Since chronically inflammatory lesion is recognized concurrently, abnormal thyroid is suggested to be congenial soil for malignant growth. Our experience indicates that the secondary carcinoma due to direct extension should be considered on diagnosing squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗