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PubMed1993

Identification of Streptococcus mutans from human dental plaque using the RapID STR System.

The identification of Streptococcus mutans from dental plaque samples with rapid systems, such as the RapID STR System, has not been recommended by the manufacturers. In this study, we evaluated the use of the above method for the identification of 34 human dental plaque Streptococcus mutans strains which had been identified previously by conventional procedures. The results obtained demonstrate that 88.2% of the Streptococcus mutans strains tested were identifiable by the rapid method.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1995

Effect of an antibacterial varnish and amine-fluoride/stannous fluoride (AmF/SnF2) toothpaste on Streptococcus mutans counts in saliva and dental plaque of children.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the simultaneous application of a chlorhexidine and thymol-containing varnish (Cervitec) and an amine fluoride/stannous fluoride containing toothpaste (Meridol) on Streptococcus mutans counts in saliva and dental plaque of school children 12-14 years of age, during a six-week period. The children were separated into group 1 (Cervitec varnish + fluoride-containing toothpaste), group 2 (Cervitec varnish + Meridol toothpaste), and group 3 (Meridol toothpaste alone). Over the six weeks the greatest improvement in salivary Streptococcus mutans count occurred in group 2. Overall, a statistically significant decrease in total microbiological count, and Streptococcus mutans was found in all three groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Effect of sucrose consumption on level of Streptococcus mutans in saliva.

The aim of the present paper was to study whether sucrose consumption may affect the level of salivary Streptococcus mutans. The study was justified by the disagreement between results of "in vitro", animal and human experiments and results of epidemiological studies made on study-populations. According to experimental research, sucrose availability promotes Streptococcus mutans selection and development in the oral cavity. On the other hand, the results of epidemiological studies run counter to these experiments. In the present study, the main reasons for this disagreement were investigated and identified. From this, an epidemiological study was performed, taking into account these potentially confounding factors. The results show that sucrose consumption is actually able to promote Streptococcus mutans selection and development in the oral cavity, thus increasing the risk of dental caries.

Child↗
PubMed1996

[Purulent meningitis in an adult patient caused by multi-drug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae 19A].

UNLABELLED: This is the first report in Hungary about meningitis caused by multiply-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in a 54 year old woman. The Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19A was highly resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, cefuroxime and intermediate resistant to ceftriaxone. The antibiotic treatment was started with penicillin and ampicillin. The antibiotic treatment was changed to vancomycin + ceftriaxone, vancomycin + rifampicin and vancomycin + imipenem on the 2nd, 4th and 11th hospital days, respectively. She died on the 29th day with symptoms of sepsis. Necropsy and microscopic examination of the brain revealed localised inspissed layer of purulent exsudat over the convexities. Under this area the small wessels and capillaries were thrombotic and were surrounded by severe degeneration and necrosis in the white matter. RECOMMENDATIONS: Streptococcus pneumoniae has to be considered penicillin resistant until the organism is proved to be susceptible to penicillin. The authors advise the administration of dexamethasone, based on their own favourable 7 years experience.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents↗
PubMed1995

[Early, severe, neonatal infections due to streptococcus group B. Multicenter retrospective study on the incidence and risk factors].

UNLABELLED: Streptococcus group B is often the causal agent in maternofetal infections occurring early. The prevention of fatal fulminant forms is much controversial. POPULATION AND METHODS: A retrospective multicentric study (10 maternity wards, 5 years, 96.243 live births) was conducted. All cases of early (<48 th) infection due to Streptococcus group B were collected and divided into two groups for comparison: group 1: infant death, and group 2: surviving infants requiring ventilatory assistance for > or = 12 hours. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of fatal infections and to ascertain he clinical features and laboratory data correlated with death. RESULTS: The incidence of fatal early maternofetal infection due to Streptococcus group B (group 1) was 14 cases in 96,243 live births (0.14%) or 1 case in 7,143 live births. All newborns who died were symptomatic at 8 hours of life. The factors significantly correlated with death were: lack of antibiotics per partum, which did not [correction of no] altogether prevent severe forms (2/14 deaths and 14/28 survivals had had antibiotic per partum); prematurity; impaired adaptation to birth, early clinical signs and sudden aggravation; lack of an inflammatory syndrome at first work-up; a chest X-ray suggesting hyalin membrane disease; and major non-infectious associated disease. CONCLUSION: These findings underscore the importance of antibiotic prophylaxy per partum and the need for immediate paediatric care in case of risk factors.

Cross Infection↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anti-Staphylococcus aureus, anti-Streptococcus pneumoniae and anti-Moraxella catarrhalis specific IgE in asthmatic children.

The total serum IgE levels and the presence of anti-Staphylococcu aureus, anti-Streptococcus pneumoniae and anti-Moraxella catarrhalis specific IgE antibodies were studied in 34 asthmatic children (aged 1-12 years). Eleven of them also suffered also from subacute or chronic sinusitis. Total and specific IgE were determined by radioimmunoassay in solid phase. The total serum IgE levels were increased in 82.3% of the cases. It was observed that 73.5% of the children had detectable specific IgE antibodies to one or more bacteria. Anti-Streptococcus pneumoniae IgE and anti-Moraxella catarrhalis IgE were observed more frequently than anti-Staphylococcus aureus IgE antibodies. There was no correlation among these results. The percentage of cases with increased total serum IgE levels and detectable specific antibacterial IgE was higher in those children who did not have sinusitis. In this group anti-Streptococcus pneumoniae IgE was the most frequent finding. The detection of specific antibacterial IgE is not sufficient to explain the physiopathologic role of such antibodies in the children with asthma.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1996

[Streptococcus agalactiae infection in adults. Presentation of 3 cases].

The Streptococcus of the B group was considered during many years, as a women's prelabor pathogen and neonatus. Lastly an increase of the infections is observed, for this germ in adults, without being in connection with the pregnancy. The Streptococcus agalactiae, affect above all to patients, with any type of illness underlying. The most susceptible are the diabetics and focus of more habitual infection, the soft tissues and the bone. We described three cases of infection by Streptococcus agalactiae in adults picked up during two years, in a Service of Internal Medicine with 51 beds. We are revised Medline, from the year 1985, until 1995, confirming the drop incidence of cases.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

[Usefulness of an ELISA for the diagnosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae in patients with pneumonia].

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the etiologic role of Streptococcus pneumoniae in a series of patients with community-acquired pneumonia. METHODS: By an direct ELISA the presence of Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide antigen in serum and urine from 125 patients with community pneumonia was evaluated. Horseradish peroxidase-labeled polyvalent antiserum (Omniserum) was used. Working dilutions of reagents were determined by checkerboarding. Positive control antigen consisted of Pneumovax 23 and negative control consisted of serum and urine samples from healthy subjects. RESULTS: Antigen detection was positive in 8 of 124 (6.45%; CI 95%: 2.80-12.30%) serum samples and in 15 of 115 (13.04%; CI 95%; 7.51-20.68%) urine samples concentrated 25-fold. Pneumococcal pneumonia was diagnosed by ELISA in 17 cases (13.60%; CI 95%: 8.15-20.95%), of which one had positive blood culture. The sensitivity of the ELISA in 24 patients with definite pneumococcal pneumonia diagnosed in this series was 70.83%. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the ELISA is a useful method in rapid diagnosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae in patients with pneumonia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Mitral endocarditis secondary to Streptococcus mitis bacteremic pneumonia].

Streptococcus viridans usually are an etiologic agent in odontogenic infection and endocarditis and only in some cases have been acknowledged as a respiratory pathogens. We present two cases of Streptococcus mitis bacteremic pneumonia with secondary mitral endocarditis in two patients that were been admitted by a respiratory infection (pneumonia), and later diagnosticated of mitral endocarditis. We dismiss the fisiopathogenic possibility of pneumonia with secondary pulmonary septic embolisms. With this description we help to prove the S. mitis respiratory system pathogenicity and show the known risk of endocarditis in any case of Streptococcus viridans bacteremic infection.

Bacteremia↗
PubMed1996

[Screening of Streptococcus agalactiae (group B) in the perinatal period].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the carriage rate of Streptococcus agalactiae in a group of pregnant women and evaluate its role in a neonatal infections. DESIGN: Prospective study between December 1992 and May 1993. SETTING: University hospital. PARTICIPANTS: 166 patients aged 17 to 41 years (m = 28 yrs) with a gestational age of 32 to 42 wks (m = 39.99 +/- 1.73) were admitted to the delivery suite. All patients had a vaginal swab on admission before any lavage. RESULTS: The recovery rate of Streptococcus agalactiae (group B) was found to be 7.8% (13/166) in our population. Twelve of the thirteen newborn to colonized mothers (92%) were term newborn as compared to 141 of 153 (92.1%) newborn to non-colonized mothers (p = 0.72). Three of thirteen (23%) colonized mothers had premature rupture of membranes and 23% (3/13) had prolonged labor > 12 h as compared to of 38 (25.1%) and 8 (5.1%) non-colonized mothers (respectively p = 0.58; NS; p = 0.035). No intra-partum fever was reported. All neonates born to colonized mothers had a birth weight > 2,800 g, an average Apgar score of 8.6 while neonates of non-colonized women had a weight > 2,800 g in 89.4% of cases and an average Apgar of 8.8 (p = 0.9). Two (15.4%) newborn infants born to colonized mothers had an early neonatal infection: one had a pneumonia and had a favorable outcome, the other one developed sepsis and meningitis and died on day 3. CONCLUSION: Despite the low rate of Streptococcus agalactiae (group B) colonization (found in our population), regular identification of the organism is recommended because of the high risk of neonatal infection with a high mortality. Further studies on a larger group are needed to confirm such an approach.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[An adult case of bacterial meningitis caused by penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae with gene mutations of penicillin binding proteins].

A 62-year-old Japanese male developed acute bacterial meningitis. Administration of ABPC, CDZM, INH, and RFP was started. The causative bacteria was identified as penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (PRSP) 3 days later. We changed ABPC to PAPM/BP and the bacterial meningitis improved dramatically. Measurement of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the bacterial strain from CSF and blood showed that it is susceptible to PAPM/BP and RFP. Mechanism of drug resistance is considered to be gene mutations of penicillin binding protein (PBP) that decreases drug affinity to PBP. Recently penicillin resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae has been found to be associated with mutations of pbp-2b, 1a genes and the cefem resistance of that is with those of pbp-2x, and 1a genes. By PCR (polymerase chain reaction) analysis we identified the mutations of pbp-1a, 2x, and 2b genes of the isolated strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae. We emphasize the importance of detection of pbp gene mutations for the diagnosis of PRSP infections.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1976

Esculin hydrolysis by Streptococcus dysgalactiae.

In a mastitis control program based on eradication of intramammary infection, it is important to differentiate streptococci. According to earlier reports, Streptococcus dysgalactiae was unable to hydrolyze esculin. Preliminary data from the present study indicated that under optimal conditions, some strains of S dysgalactiae were capable of esculin hydrolysis. In a study of 45 strains of S dysgalactiae, 55.5% were able to hydrolyze esculin. In the past, these organisms would probably have been identified as Streptococcus uberis. Streptococcus dysgalactiae is more sensitive to antibiotics than S uberis, and the infection is easier to eradicate from infected glands.

Culture Media↗
PubMed1998

Effect of sucrose and glucose on the susceptibility of Streptococcus mutans to cephalosporins.

The effect of the type of sugar used as substrate on the susceptibility of Streptococcus mutans to antibiotics was evaluated. Thirty strains, grown in excess of sucrose (s-MIC) and in excess of glucose (g-MIC), were tested for susceptibility to four cephalosporins. About 21% of the strains were sensitive in the presence of sucrose and resistant in the presence of glucose, whereas only 3% of the strains showed the opposite situation. The mean values of the s-MICs of the four cephalosporins were significantly lower than those of the g-MICs. These findings may also be explained by the synthesis, in excess of sucrose, of insoluble glucan by Streptococcus mutans which increases the interbacterial distance and promotes antibiotic diffusion. Given the susceptibility of Streptococcus mutans grown in excess of sucrose to cefotaxime and cefepime, these antibiotics may be used in the primary prevention of infective endocarditis, when subjects predisposed to endocarditis need invasive dental therapy.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1998

[Utilization of rapid diagnostic tests for group A streptococcus and and bacteriologic and clinical correlations with acute angina in general medicine].

OBJECTIVES: A prospective study was conducted between November 1995 and May 1996 by 130 general practitioners in France to assess feasibility of a rapid routine diagnostic test for group A streptococcus infection in a general medicine setting and to search for bacteriological and clinical correlations. METHODS: A routine diagnostic test was performed in all patients presenting acute pharyngitis and cultures were ordered in case of positive tests. Among the 2,800 patients included, there were 563 children under 14 years and 2,226 adults. The routine diagnostic test was positive in 393 cases (14%). A culture was obtained in 375 case and isolated group A streptococcus in 324 (11.5% of the total population). The positive predictive value of the routine diagnostic test was 86.4% in this general medicine setting. RESULTS: Comparing clinical signs with the results of the routine diagnostic test showed that an erythematous pultaceous aspect of the pharynx, severe dysphagia and the presence of enlarged nodes were more frequent in patients with streptococcal pharyngitis. The association of these 3 clinical signs with fever > 38 degrees C was also more frequent in patients with a positive routine diagnostic test (OR = 3.3; 95% CI = 2.5-4.4). The triad hoarseness + cough + rhinorrhea was more frequent in subjects with a positive routine diagnostic test (22.7% versus 9%; OR = 2.6; 95% CI = 2.1-4.3). CONCLUSION: The general practitioners who participated in this study found the routine diagnostic test for group A streptococcal pharyngitis was easy to use and compatible with everyday practice. This diagnostic tool was seen as a progress in the management of acute pharyngitis, but only 53.7% of the practitioners were willing to use antibiotics only for cases where a highly specific routine diagnostic test performed during the consultation identifies group A streptococcus. Lack of reimbursement by the national health assurance however makes it impossible to use this test routinely in the general medicine setting.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Neonatal infection by Streptococcus agalactiae. Multicenter study in the area of Barcelona, Spain].

BACKGROUND: Streptococcus agalactiae or streptococcus group B (SGB) is the main etiologic agent of early neonatal sepsis. A multicenter study was performed with the aim of determining the incidence and characteristics of this disease in our medium and contribute the design of an adequate prevention protocol. METHODS: Ten hospitals and two primary health care centers were implicated in the study; 103 microbiology confirmed episodes of SGB neonatal sepsis (blood and/or LCR positive) were reported from 1994 to 1996. RESULTS: The incidence of early SGB neonatal sepsis was 1.48/1,000 live births with a mortality of 8.7%. The cultures, for detecting the state of the SGB carrier were performed in only 26 (25%) of the patients. At least one of the factors described for risk of perinatal SGB infection was observed in 46% of the mothers, with the most frequent being prolonged amniorrhea (26%), intrapartum fever (17%), and early delivery (14%). At the time of delivery only 10.7% of the mothers received endovenous antibiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: From these results the following recommendations have been made: a) detection of SGB carriers by the systematic practice of blood cultures in the last weeks of gestation and b) the administration of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis in both early births (< 37 weeks) and in all the SGB carriers should be undertaken. With these measures we aim to decrease the neonatal infections by streptococcus group B.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Streptococcus bovis endocarditis. Clinical and microbiological observations and review of the literature].

Fourteen patients (11 men and 3 women) with Streptococcus bovis infective endocarditis have been observed by the Infectious Disease Section of our Department of Clinical Medicine between the years 1988-1998. The mean age was 63.2 years (range 35-85 years); 5 patients previously suffered valvular disease or had a valvular prosthesis, the infection involved the mitral valve in 6 patients, the aortic in 8, the prosthetic valve in 1. No patient developed cardiac failure or died during hospitalization; only 1 episode of major embolism (spleen) was observed. No patient required cardiac surgery. All patients became afebrile after starting antibiotic treatment; no cases of Streptococcus bovis relapse have been observed, during a six-month follow-up after antibiotics discontinuation, in 13 patients fully evaluated. The remaining patient was lost to follow-up. An underlying asymptomatic colonic neoplasm was diagnosed at colonoscopy in 7 of 11 evaluated patients. This study confirms that Streptococcus bovis infective endocarditis is relatively benign, but it stresses the frequency and potential severity of the associated colonic lesions, requiring colonoscopy and making the treatment of high risk lesion mandatory.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Transferability of macrolide, lincomycin, and streptogramin resistances between group A, B, and D streptococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus.

The transferability of plasmid pRI405 between various streptococci of groups A, B, and D, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus is described. pRI405 originated from Streptococcus faecalis and encodes for resistance to macrolides, lincomycin, and streptogramin B (MLS resistance). The host range of the well-documented streptococcal plasmid pAM beta 1 was found to be similar to that of pRI405. Cleavage with restriction enzymes suggests that pRI405 belongs to a related family of MLS resistance plasmids.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1965

THE CELL-BOUND ALPHA-AMYLASES OF STREPTOCOCCUS BOVIS.

1. The cell-bound alpha-amylase of Streptococcus bovis has been isolated from other carbohydrases in the cell extract by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The enzyme has been compared with the extracellular alpha-amylase produced by this organism. 2. The two amylases had similar action patterns on amylose, the main product being maltotriose with smaller amounts of maltose and a little glucose. 3. The cell-bound amylase hydrolysed maltopentaose and maltohexaose at a similar rate to the hydrolysis of amylose. Maltotetraose was hydrolysed six times more slowly, and maltotriose 280 times more slowly, than amylose. 4. Studies with end-labelled maltodextrins revealed that the cell-bound alpha-amylase preferentially hydrolysed the third linkage from the non-reducing end, liberating maltotriose. The linkage at the reducing end of maltotriose was more easily hydrolysed than the other. 5. Egg-white lysozyme and the extracellular enzymes of Streptomyces albus lysed the cell walls of Streptococcus bovis, releasing amylase into the medium. In the presence of 0.6 m-sucrose 10% of the maximal amylase activity was released by lysozyme. Suspension of the spheroplasts in dilute buffer caused the rupture of the cytoplasmic membrane and the liberation of amylase. 6. A sensitive method for determining the ability of amylases to degrade starch granules is described.

Amylases↗