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PubMed1991

Nucleotide sequence and spatial expression pattern of a drought- and abscisic Acid-induced gene of tomato.

The nucleotide sequence of le16, a tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) gene induced by drought stress and regulated by abscisic acid specifically in aerial vegetative tissue, is presented. The single open reading frame contained within the gene has the capacity to encode a polypeptide of 12.7 kilodaltons and is interrupted by a small intron. The predicted polypeptide is rich in leucine, glycine, and alanine and has an isoelectric point of 8.7. The amino terminus is hydrophobic and characteristic of signal sequences that target polypeptides for export from the cytoplasm. There is homology (47.2% identity) between the amino terminus of the LE 16 polypeptide and the corresponding amino terminal domain of the maize phospholipid transfer protein. le16 was expressed in drought-stressed leaf, petiole, and stem tissue and to a much lower extent in the pericarp of mature green tomato fruit and developing seeds. No expression was detected in the pericarp of red fruit or in drought-stressed roots. Expression of le16 was also induced in leaf tissue by a variety of other abiotic stresses including polyethylene glycol-mediated water deficit, salinity, cold stress, and heat stress. None of these stresses or direct applications of abscisic acid induced the expression of le16 in the roots of the same plants. The unique expression characteristics of this gene indicates that novel regulatory mechanisms, in addition to endogenous abscisic acid, are involved in controlling gene expression.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

[C]GA(12)-Aldehyde, [C]GA(12), and [H]- and [C]GA(53) Metabolism by Elongating Pea Pericarp.

Gibberellins (GAs) are either required for, or at least promote, the growth of the pea (Pisum sativum L.) fruit. Whether the pericarp of the pea fruit produces GAs in situ and/or whether GAs are transported into the pericarp from the developing seeds or maternal plant is currently unknown. The objective of this research was to investigate whether the pericarp tissue contains enzymes capable of metabolizing GAs from [(14)C]GA(12)-7-aldehyde ([(14)C]GA(12)ald) to biologically active GAs. The metabolism of GAs early in the biosynthetic pathway, [(14)C]GA(12) and [(14)C]GA(12)ald, was investigated in pericarp tissue isolated from 4-day-old pea fruits. [(14)C]GA(12)ald was metabolized primarily to [(14)C]GA(12)ald-conjugate, [(14)C]GA(12), [(14)C]GA(53), and polar conjugate-like products by isolated pericarp. In contrast, [(14)C]GA(12) was converted primarily to [(14)C]GA(53) and polar conjugate-like products. Upon further investigations with intact 4-day-old fruits on the plant, [(14)C]GA(12) was found to be converted to a product which copurified with endogenous GA(20). Lastly, [(2)H]GA(20) and [(2)H]GA(1) were recovered 48 hours after application of [(2)H]- and [(14)C]GA(53) to pericarp tissue of intact 3-day-old pea fruits. These results demonstrate that pericarp tissue metabolizes GAs and suggests a function for pericarp GA metabolism during fruit growth.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Organ-Specific and Environmentally Regulated Expression of Two Abscisic Acid-Induced Genes of Tomato : Nucleotide Sequence and Analysis of the Corresponding cDNAs.

The cDNAs, pLE4 and pLE25, represent mRNAs that accumulate in response to water deficit and elevated levels of endogenous abscisic acid in detached leaves of drought-stressed tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv Ailsa Craig) (A Cohen, EA Bray [1990] Planta 182: 27-33). DNA sequence analysis of pLE4 and pLE25 showed that the deduced polypeptides were 13.9 and 9.3 kilodaltons, respectively. Each polypeptide was hydrophilic, cysteine- and tryptophan-free, and found to be similar to previously identified proteins that accumulate during the late stages of embryogenesis. pLE4 and pLE25 mRNA accumulated in a similar organ-specific pattern in response to specific abiotic stresses. Yet, expression patterns of the corresponding genes in response to developmental cues were not similar. pLE25 mRNA accumulated to much higher levels in developing seeds than in drought-stressed vegetative organs. pLE4 mRNA accumulated predominantly in drought-stressed leaves. The similarities and differences in the accumulation characteristics of these two mRNAs indicates that more than one mechanism exists for the regulation of their corresponding genes.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Purification, Characterization, and Cloning of Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase in Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.).

Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD, EC 1.1.1. 195) has been purified to homogeneity from differentiating xylem tissue and developing seeds of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). The enzyme is a dimer with a native molecular weight of 82,000 and a subunit molecular weight of 44,000, and is the only form of CAD involved in lignification in differentiating xylem. High levels of loblolly pine CAD enzyme were found in nonlignifying seed tissue. Characterization of the enzyme from both seeds and xylem demonstrated that the enzyme is the same in both tissues. The enzyme has a high affinity for coniferaldehyde (K(m) = 1.7 micromolar) compared with sinapaldehyde (K(m) in excess of 100 micromolar). Kinetic data strongly suggest that coniferin is a noncompetitive inhibitor of CAD enzyme activity. Protein sequences were obtained for the N-terminus (28 amino acids) and for two other peptides. Degenerate oligonucleotide primers based on the protein sequences were used to amplify by polymerase chain reaction a 1050 base pair DNA fragment from xylem cDNA. Nucleotide sequence from the cloned DNA fragment coded for the N-terminal protein sequence and an internal peptide of CAD. The N-terminal protein sequence has little similarity with the lambdaCAD4 clone isolated from bean (MH Walter, J Grima-Pettenati, C Grand, AM Boudet, CJ Lamb [1988] Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:5546-5550), which has homology with malic enzyme.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

maternally expressed gene1 Is a novel maize endosperm transfer cell-specific gene with a maternal parent-of-origin pattern of expression.

Growth of the maize (Zea mays) endosperm is tightly regulated by maternal zygotic and sporophytic genes, some of which are subject to a parent-of-origin effect. We report here a novel gene, maternally expressed gene1 (meg1), which shows a maternal parent-of-origin expression pattern during early stages of endosperm development but biallelic expression at later stages. Interestingly, a stable reporter fusion containing the meg1 promoter exhibits a similar pattern of expression. meg1 is exclusively expressed in the basal transfer region of the endosperm. Further, we show that the putatively processed MEG1 protein is glycosylated and subsequently localized to the labyrinthine ingrowths of the transfer cell walls. Hence, the discovery of a parent-of-origin gene expressed solely in the basal transfer region opens the door to epigenetic mechanisms operating in the endosperm to regulate certain aspects of nutrient trafficking from the maternal tissue into the developing seed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1989

Characterization of the glycinin gene family in soybean.

We characterized the structure, organization, and expression of genes that encode the soybean glycinins, a family of storage proteins synthesized exclusively in seeds during embryogenesis. Five genes encode the predominant glycinin subunits found in soybeans, and they have each been cloned, sequenced, and compared. The five genes have diverged into two subfamilies that are designated as Group-I and Group-II glycinin genes. Each glycinin gene contains four exons and three introns like genes that encode related proteins in other legumes. Two other genes have been identified and designated as "glycinin-related" because they hybridize weakly with the five glycinin genes. Although not yet characterized, glycinin-related genes could encode other glycinin subunit families whose members accumulate in minor amounts in seeds. The three Group-I glycinin genes are organized into two chromosomal domains, each about 45 kilobase pairs in length. The two domains have a high degree of homology, and contain at least five genes each that are expressed either in embryos or in mature plant leaves. Gel blot studies with embryo mRNA, as well as transcription studies with 32P-RNA synthesized in vitro from purified embryo nuclei, indicate that glycinin and glycinin-related genes become transcriptionally activated in a coordinated fashion early in embryogenesis, and are repressed coordinately late in seed development. In addition to transcriptional control processes, posttranscriptional events also are involved in regulating glycinin and glycinin-related mRNA levels during embryogenesis.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1989

A frameshift mutation prevents Kunitz trypsin inhibitor mRNA accumulation in soybean embryos.

We investigated the molecular basis of a soybean Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTi) gene mutation that prevents the accumulation of Kunitz trypsin inhibitor protein during seed development. We found that mRNA encoding the major Kunitz trypsin inhibitor protein (KTi3 mRNA) is reduced at least 100-fold in null (KTi-) embryos but that KTi3 gene transcriptional activity is similar in Kunitz trypsin inhibitor producing embryos (KTi+) and in KTi- embryos. We sequenced the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor KTi3 gene from both KTi3+ and KTi3- lines and found that these genes differ by only three nucleotides (+481, +486, and +487) within the KTi3 coding region. Alteration of these nucleotides results in a frameshift within the KTi3- gene that causes premature termination during translation. Our results suggest that the KTi3- frameshift mutation results in KTi3- mRNA destabilization and leads to a drastic reduction in KTi3 mRNA prevalence.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

APETALA2 regulates the stem cell niche in the Arabidopsis shoot meristem.

Postembryonic organ formation in higher plants relies on the activity of stem cell niches in shoot and root meristems where differentiation of the resident cells is repressed by signals from surrounding cells. We searched for mutations affecting stem cell maintenance and isolated the semidominant l28 mutant, which displays premature termination of the shoot meristem and differentiation of the stem cells. Allele competition experiments suggest that l28 is a dominant-negative allele of the APETALA2 (AP2) gene, which previously has been implicated in floral patterning and seed development. Expression of both WUSCHEL (WUS) and CLAVATA3 (CLV3) genes, which regulate stem cell maintenance in the wild type, were disrupted in l28 shoot apices from early stages on. Unlike in floral patterning, AP2 mRNA is active in the center of the shoot meristem and acts via a mechanism independent of AGAMOUS, which is a repressor of WUS and stem cell maintenance in the floral meristem. Genetic analysis shows that termination of the primary shoot meristem in l28 mutants requires an active CLV signaling pathway, indicating that AP2 functions in stem cell maintenance by modifying the WUS-CLV3 feedback loop.

AGAMOUS Protein, Arabidopsis↗
PubMed2000

Syncytial-type cell plates: a novel kind of cell plate involved in endosperm cellularization of Arabidopsis.

Cell wall formation in the syncytial endosperm of Arabidopsis was studied by using high-pressure-frozen/freeze-substituted developing seeds and immunocytochemical techniques. The endosperm cellularization process begins at the late globular embryo stage with the synchronous organization of small clusters of oppositely oriented microtubules ( approximately 10 microtubules in each set) into phragmoplast-like structures termed mini-phragmoplasts between both sister and nonsister nuclei. These mini-phragmoplasts produce a novel kind of cell plate, the syncytial-type cell plate, from Golgi-derived vesicles approximately 63 nm in diameter, which fuse by way of hourglass-shaped intermediates into wide ( approximately 45 nm in diameter) tubules. These wide tubules quickly become coated and surrounded by a ribosome-excluding matrix; as they grow, they branch and fuse with each other to form wide tubular networks. The mini-phragmoplasts formed between a given pair of nuclei produce aligned tubular networks that grow centrifugally until they merge into a coherent wide tubular network with the mini-phragmoplasts positioned along the network margins. The individual wide tubular networks expand laterally until they meet and eventually fuse with each other at the sites of the future cell corners. Transformation of the wide tubular networks into noncoated, thin ( approximately 27 nm in diameter) tubular networks begins at multiple sites and coincides with the appearance of clathrin-coated budding structures. After fusion with the syncytial cell wall, the thin tubular networks are converted into fenestrated sheets and cell walls. Immunolabeling experiments show that the cell plates and cell walls of the endosperm differ from those of the embryo and maternal tissue in two features: their xyloglucans lack terminal fucose residues on the side chain, and callose persists in the cell walls after the cell plates fuse with the parental plasma membrane. The lack of terminal fucose residues on xyloglucans suggests that these cell wall matrix molecules serve both structural and storage functions.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed1992

Isolation of the Arabidopsis ABI3 gene by positional cloning.

Arabidopsis abi3 mutants are altered in various aspects of seed development and germination that reflect a decreased responsiveness to the hormone abscisic acid. The ABI3 gene has been isolated by positional cloning. A detailed restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) map of the abi3 region was constructed. An RFLP marker closely linked to the abi3 locus was identified, and by analyzing an overlapping set of cosmid clones containing this marker, the abi3 locus was localized within a 35-kb region. An 11-kb subfragment was then shown to complement the mutant phenotype in transgenic plants, thereby further delimiting the position of the locus. A candidate ABI3 gene was identified within this fragment as being expressed in developing fruits. The primary structure of the encoded protein was deduced from sequence analysis of a corresponding cDNA clone. In the most severe abi3-4 allele, the size of this predicted protein was reduced by 40% due to the presence of a point mutation that introduced a premature stop codon. The predicted ABI3 protein displays discrete regions of high similarity to the maize viviparous-1 protein.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

The AAPT1 gene of soybean complements a cholinephosphotransferase-deficient mutant of yeast.

Aminoalcoholphosphotransferases (AAPTases) utilize diacylglycerols and cytidine diphosphate (CDP)-aminoalcohols as substrates in the synthesis of the abundant membrane lipids phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. A soybean cDNA encoding an AAPTase that demonstrates high levels of CDP-choline:sn-1,2-diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase activity was isolated by complementation of a yeast strain deficient in this function and was designated AAPT1. The deduced amino acid sequence of the soybean cDNA showed nearly equal similarity to each of the two characterized AAPTase sequences from yeast, cholinephosphotransferase and ethanolaminephosphotransferase (CDP-ethanolamine:sn-1,2-diacylglycerol ethanolaminephosphotransferase). Moreover, assays of soybean AAPT1-encoded enzyme activity in yeast microsomal membranes revealed that the addition of CDP-ethanolamine to the reaction inhibited incorporation of 14C-CDP-choline into phosphatidylcholine in a manner very similar to that observed using unlabeled CDP-choline. Although DNA gel blot analysis suggested that AAPT1-like sequences are represented in soybean as a small multigene family, the same AAPT1 isoform isolated from a young leaf cDNA library was also recovered from a developing seed cDNA library. Expression assays in yeast using soybean AAPT1 cDNAs that differed only in length suggested that sequences in the 5'leader of the transcript were responsible for the negative regulation of gene activity in this heterologous system. The inhibition of translation mediated by a short open reading frame located 124 bp upstream of the AAPT1 reading frame is one model proposed for the observed down-regulation of gene activity.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Localization and interaction of the cis-acting elements for abscisic acid, VIVIPAROUS1, and light activation of the C1 gene of maize.

The C1 regulatory gene of the maize anthocyanin pathway is regulated by a combination of developmental and environmental signals that include the Viviparous1 (Vp1) gene, abscisic acid (ABA), and light. Using protoplast electroporation and particle bombardment assays, we have defined c/s-acting elements that are necessary and sufficient for the activation of C1 by ABA, VP1, and light, respectively. The sequence from positions -142 to -132 (CGTCCATGCAT) is essential for VP1 activation, whereas a larger overlapping element from -147 to -132 (CGTGTCGTCCATGCAT) is necessary and sufficient for activation by ABA. A separate light (blue and red)-responsive c/s element is located between positions -116 and -59. Light interacts synergistically with the ABA and VP1 responses in transient expression assays, suggesting that combinatorial interaction between modules plays a role in integrating these signals in the developing seed.

Abscisic Acid↗
PubMed1997

Regulation of lysine catabolism through lysine-ketoglutarate reductase and saccharopine dehydrogenase in Arabidopsis.

In plant and mammalian cells, excess lysine is catabolized by a pathway that is initiated by two enzymes, namely, lysine-ketoglutarate reductase and saccharopine dehydrogenase. In this study, we report the cloning of an Arabidopsis cDNA encoding a bifunctional polypeptide that contains both of these enzyme activities linked to each other. RNA gel blot analysis identified two mRNA bands-a large mRNA containing both lysine-ketoglutarate reductase and saccharopine dehydrogenase sequences and a smaller mRNA containing only the saccharopine dehydrogenase sequence. However, DNA gel blot hybridization using either the lysine-ketoglutarate reductase or the saccharopine dehydrogenase cDNA sequence as a probe suggested that the two mRNA populations apparently are encoded by the same gene. To test whether these two mRNAs are functional, protein extracts from Arabidopsis cells were fractionated by anion exchange chromatography. This fractionation revealed two separate peaks-one containing both coeluted lysine-ketoglutarate reductase and saccharopine dehydrogenase activities and the second containing only saccharopine dehydrogenase activity. RNA gel blot analysis and in situ hybridization showed that the gene encoding lysine-ketoglutarate reductase and saccharopine dehydrogenase is significantly upregulated in floral organs and in embryonic tissues of developing seeds. Our results suggest that lysine catabolism is subject to complex developmental and physiological regulation, which may operate at gene expression as well as post-translational levels.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of rice bifunctional alpha-amylase/subtilisin inhibitor from Oryza sativa.

Rice bifunctional alpha-amylase/subtilisin inhibitor (RASI) can inhibit both alpha-amylase from larvae of the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) and subtilisin from Bacillus subtilis. The synthesis of RASI is up-regulated during the late milky stage in developing seeds. The 8.9 kDa molecular-weight RASI from rice has been crystallized using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. According to 1.81 angstroms resolution X-ray diffraction data from rice RASI crystals, the crystal belongs to space group P2(1)2(1)2, with unit-cell parameters a = 79.99, b = 62.95, c = 66.70 angstroms. Preliminary analysis indicates two RASI molecules in an asymmetric unit with a solvent content of 44%.

Crystallography, X-Ray↗
PubMed2004

OsYSL2 is a rice metal-nicotianamine transporter that is regulated by iron and expressed in the phloem.

We identified 18 putative yellow stripe 1 (YS1)-like genes (OsYSLs) in the rice genome that exhibited 36-76% sequence similarity to maize iron(III)-phytosiderophore transporter YS1. Of particular interest was OsYSL2, the transcripts of which were not detected in the roots of either iron-sufficient or iron-deficient plants, but dramatic expression was induced in the leaves by iron deficiency. Based on the nucleotide sequence, OsYSL2 was predicted to encode a polypeptide of 674 amino acids containing 14 putative transmembrane domains. OsYSL2:green fluorescent protein (GFP) was localized in the plasma membrane of onion epidermal cells. Promoter:beta-glucuronidase (GUS) analysis revealed that OsYSL2 was expressed in companion cells in iron-sufficient roots. GUS activity was increased in companion cells, but no GUS staining was observed in epidermal or cortex cells, even in iron-deficient roots. In the leaves and leaf sheaths of iron-sufficient rice, GUS staining was observed in phloem cells of the vascular bundles. In iron-deficient leaves, the OsYSL2 promoter was active in all tissues with particularly strong GUS activity evident in companion cells. The phloem-specific expression of the OsYSL2 promoter suggests that OsYSL2 is involved in the phloem transport of iron. Strong OsYSL2 promoter activity was also detected in developing seeds. Electrophysiological measurements using Xenopus laevis oocytes showed that OsYSL2 transported iron(II)-nicotianamine (NA) and manganese(II)-NA, but did not transport iron(III)-phyosiderophore. These results suggest that OsYSL2 is a rice metal-NA transporter that is responsible for the phloem transport of iron and manganese, including the translocation of iron and manganese into the grain.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Oleate desaturase enzymes of soybean: evidence of regulation through differential stability and phosphorylation.

The endoplasmic reticulum-associated oleate desaturase FAD2 (1-acyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine Delta12-desaturase) is the key enzyme responsible for the production of linoleic acid in non-photosynthetic tissues of plants. Little is known, however, concerning the post-transcriptional mechanisms that regulate the activity of this important enzyme. The soybean genome possesses two seed-specific isoforms of FAD2, designated FAD2-1A and FAD2-1B, which differ at only 24 amino acid residues. Expression studies in yeast revealed that the FAD2-1A isoform is more unstable than FAD2-1B, particularly when cultures were maintained at elevated growth temperatures. Analysis of chimeric FAD2-1 constructs led to the identification of two domains that appear to be important in mediating the temperature-dependent instability of the FAD2-1A isoform. The enhanced degradation of FAD2-1A at high growth temperatures was partially abrogated by treating the cultures with the 26S proteasome-specific inhibitor MG132, and by expressing the FAD2-1A cDNA in yeast strains devoid of certain ubiquitin-conjugating activities, suggesting a role for ubiquitination and the 26S proteasome in protein turnover. In addition, phosphorylation state-specific antipeptide antibodies demonstrated that the Serine-185 of FAD2-1 sequences is phosphorylated during soybean seed development. Expression studies of phosphopeptide mimic mutations in yeast suggest that phosphorylation may downregulate enzyme activity. Collectively, the results show that post-translational regulatory mechanisms are likely to play an important role in modulating FAD2-1 enzyme activities.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Protein disulfide isomerase family proteins involved in soybean protein biogenesis.

Protein disulfide isomerase family proteins are known to play important roles in the folding of nascent polypeptides and the formation of disulfide bonds in the endoplasmic reticulum. In this study, we cloned two similar protein disulfide isomerase family genes from soybean leaf (Glycine max L. Merrill cv. Jack) mRNA by RT-PCR using forward and reverse primers designed from the expressed sequence tag clone sequences. The cDNA encodes a protein of either 364 or 362 amino acids, named GmPDIS-1 or GmPDIS-2, respectively. The nucleotide and amino acid sequence identities of GmPDIS-1 and GmPDIS-2 were 68% and 74%, respectively. Both proteins lack the C-terminal, endoplasmic reticulum-retrieval signal, KDEL. Recombinant proteins of both GmPDIS-1 and GmPDIS-2 were expressed in Escherichia coli as soluble folded proteins that showed both an oxidative refolding activity of denatured ribonuclease A and a chaperone activity. Their domain structures were identified as containing two thioredoxin-like domains, a and a', and an ERp29c domain by peptide mapping with either trypsin or V8 protease. In cotyledon cells, both proteins were shown to distribute to the endoplasmic reticulum and protein storage vacuoles by confocal microscopy. Data from coimmunoprecipitation and crosslinking experiments suggested that GmPDIS-1 associates with proglycinin, a precursor of the seed storage protein glycinin, in the cotyledon. Levels of GmPDIS-1, but not of GmPDIS-2, were increased in cotyledons, where glycinin accumulates during seed development. GmPDIS-1, but not GmPDIS-2, was induced under endoplasmic reticulum-stress conditions.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2025

Beyond parental lines: multi-omics analyses reveal epigenetic and transcriptional mechanisms underlying heterosis in Oryza sativa × Oryza rufipogon hybrids.

Heterosis, or hybrid vigor, refers to the superior phenotypes of a hybrid compared with their parents and is widely exploited in agriculture. Interspecific hybrids within the Oryza genus demonstrate significant potential for the systematic improvement of rice varieties. Nevertheless, the mechanistic basis underlying heterosis in interspecific Oryza hybrids remains poorly understood. Here, we systematically performed phenotypic characterization, whole-genome bisulfite sequencing, RNA sequencing, and small RNA profiling using Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica cv. Nipponbare (NIP), Oryza rufipogon Griff. acc. CWR, and their resulting F1 hybrid (named as NC). NIP and CWR showed distinct phenotypic and molecular differences. The interspecific hybrid, NC, exhibited significant yield heterosis. In the hybrid, most epigenetic and transcriptional features displayed additive inheritance patterns relative to parental lines. Analysis revealed that domestication-selected genes maintained relatively low DNA methylation coupled with high expression levels in both hybrid and parental lines. Additionally, we identified that non-additive miRNAs were potentially involved in regulating fertility, cell growth, and cell division processes in the hybrid. A significant negative correlation was observed between DNA methylation level and gene expression. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that hybrid-MPV DEGs were significantly associated with flowering time regulation, carbohydrate metabolism, photosynthesis, protein phosphorylation, seed development, and defense responses. Through weighted gene co-expression network analysis, we identified 102 functional gene modules, six of which were significantly associated with yield-related heterosis. Collectively, our results provide a multi-omics framework for understanding interspecific hybridization between elite cultivars and wild rice relatives, highlighting CWR as an untapped genetic reservoir for rice improvement.

Oryza↗