Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “SPECIALISM”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,189 records · Page 66Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Formation of postsynaptic specializations induced by latex beads in cultured muscle cells.

An early event in the formation of neuromuscular junctions is an accumulation of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) in the postsynaptic membrane. This concentration of receptors is essential for the establishment of the synaptic transmission. Previously, we showed that latex beads coated with positively charged polypeptide molecules can induce the formation of AChR clusters at the bead-muscle contacts (Peng, H. B., P.-C. Cheng, and P. W. Luther (1981) Nature 292: 831-834). In this study, we demonstrate that, in addition to AChR clusters, a set of postsynaptic specializations normally present at the adult neuromuscular junction also develops at the bead-muscle contacts in the absence of nerve. These specializations include the membrane-associated cytoplasmic density and its associated thin (6- to 8-nm) filaments, clusters of intramembranous particles, membrane invaginations, the basal lamina, and 60- to 100-nm coated vesicles. Our results indicate that the mechanism for the formation of the postsynaptic specializations is preprogramed in the muscle and can be triggered by an interaction with polypeptide-coated latex beads. Thus, this bead-muscle system can be used as a simple model for understanding the postsynaptic development during synaptogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Experience with special-type pacemaker leads (author's transl)].

The dislodgement rate of endocardially placed pacemaker leads can be decreased by the use of special-type electrodes. Since 1963 a total of 2100 pacemaker implantations was performed. Since 1970 we have been using special-type electrodes in 15 to 20% of our patients each year. The complication rate of all pacemaker leads implanted in the period 1974 to 1978 was 7.6%, the rate of the special type electrodes alone came up to 15%. The lead IE--65--I had the greatest deal of this - 11 out of 43 leads had to be removed. 152 electrodes type IVE--85--armed with metal hooks - were implanted, 18 of which had to be revised and 17 of 117 rigid leads type IE--60--KS--10 revealed failure which made revision necessary. In contrast, 54 screw-in leads type 6957, Medtronik and AE--60--YR, Biotronik caused only one perforation - a lethal one. Primary experiences with a porous tip lead (CPII--4116) are good enough to recommend the use of this electrode as a lead of first choice. We saw 2 dislodgements in 50 implantations. Failure to sense or to pace were never seen (time of observation 2 to 18 months).

Arrhythmias, Cardiac↗
PubMed1981

An electron microscope study of the perfusion-fixed spleen. III. Fine structure of germinal centers in monkey spleens with special reference to the so-called "dendritic reticular cells".

The spleen white pulp of monkey (Macaca mulatta) was studied on electron microscopical level with special reference to cell composition of the light zone of follicular germinal or reactive centers. The presence of a special kind of the so-called "dendritic reticular cells" whose origin appear to have a bearing only on the germinal center formation was confirmed. These non-lymphoid cells, characteristic principally of a well developed Golgi complex and a conspicuous cell coat, overlying mainly the very fine ramified peripheral cytoplasmic processes, seem to support differentiation of small lymphocytes (B-cells). This specialized cell type of peculiar shape and function may be derived most probably from the rest structural reticulum cells under proper circumstances.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[DNA synthesis in the Purkinje cell nuclei of the chick embryo cerebellum in the process of their differentiation and morphofunctional specialization].

Single injections of 3H-thymidine was introduced into chick embryos on days 10, 13 and 15 of development. The label incorporation into the cell nuclei was determined on days 13--20, i. e. during differention and specialization of the Purkinje cells, with the complete absence of their proliferative activity. 3H-thymidine was incorporated in 5.2--38.5% cases. The labeling index and labeling intensity increased with ageing, which is in direct correlation with the increase of DNA content in the nuclei, and with the number of cells having increased DNA contents. It is concluded that the synthesis observed is not a premitotic or reparative one, and that it is closely related to the process of cell defferentiation and specialization. On the basis of our and literature data, the question of non-proliferative replicative DNA synthesis (DNA hyperreplication) in the nuclei of neuronal cells, and especially in the Purkinje neurons, is discussed. In the authors' opinion, this phenomenon is necessary condition for the realization of differentiation and specialization processes in the cell population of developing organisms.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Sensorimotor aspects of flight control in birds: specializations in the spinal cord.

Avian bipedal locomotion and flight suggest specializations in sensorimotor integration as compared to quadrupedal vertebrates. Specializations at the level of the spinal cord were studied with neuroanatomical tracing experiments in pigeons. Bird-specific connections were found in the exteroreceptive system (receptors associated with feathers) and in the proprioreceptive system (spinocerebellar pathways). These specializations seem to be related to flight control. Neurons of the marginal nuclei (accessory lobes) in the lumbosacral cord, which are unique to birds, have propriospinal connections mainly to the contralateral ventral cord. The functional role of these nuclei remains enigmatic.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Specialized transduction by bacteriophage P22 in Salmonella typhimurium: genetic and physical structure of the transducing genomes and the prophage attachment site.

P22pro-1 and P22pro-3 are specialized transducing derivatives of phage P22 that carry the proA and proB genes of Salmonella typhimurium. These genes lie immediately adjacent to the prophage attachment site on the bacterial chromosome. By examining DNA heteroduplexes in the electron microscope, we found that DNA molecules from P22pro-1 and P22pro-3 each contain a substitution which adds length to the composite genome making the intracellular replicated genome too long to fit into a single phage particle. In this respect, and in many of their biological properties, the proline-transducing phages resemble P22Tc-10, another specialized transducing phage with an oversize, intracellular replicated genome which carries a tetracycline-resistance determinant from an R-factor.--Unlike P22Tc-10, however, P22pro-1 and P22pro-3 fail to integrate normally during lysogenizing infections, even when provided with all known integration functions. These results suggest that the proline substitutions have created a defect in the phage attachment site and suggest that the Campbell model for the formation of specialized transducing phages is applicable to phage P22 with the additional feature that oversize genomes can be produced and propagated.--A physical and genetic map of the P22 genome near the prophage attachment site was constructed which shows that the insertion from the R-factor in P22Tc-10 is not at the attachment site: it is therefore unlikely that P22Tc-10 was formed in an abnormal prophage excision event as envisioned in the Campbell model, but was instead the result of a direct translocation from the R-plasmid to P22.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed1994

Meeting the needs of special-needs patients.

In today's society, the trend is toward massive de-institutionalization of individuals with special needs. With the growth of community-based facilities and healthcare, dentists need to embrace the challenge of meeting the oral health needs of special-needs patients. To do so, and establish a trust relationship with these patients, they will require training, education and, above all, compassion. Through accessibility, the provision of care and positive attitudes, the dental profession can profoundly assist in improving the quality of life of special-needs patients.

Dental Care for Persons with Disabilities↗
PubMed1994

[Special cloth futon-cover (Miroguard) as a protection against house dust mite exposure].

We studied the efficacy of a special cloth encasing (Microguard) in protecting against house dust mite exposure. We vaccumed dust from right or left half surface of a shiki-futon (Japanese style mattress). Then we encased the shiki-futon by a new special encasing, vaccumed dust from the other part of the shiki-futon and got a pair of dust samples. We had done the same of the same shiki-futon by a used special encasing (used for one and half years) for about 2 weeks later. We prepared 7 shiki-futons and collected 14 pair dust samples. We weighed the dust and measured the mite allergens with a monoclonal antibody to Dermatophagoides pteronissynius and Dermatophagoides farinae. The dust level was 1.0% of the control (no encasing) in the new encasing group and 2.0% of the control in the used encasing group. The Der I concentration was 2.5 micrograms/(g dust) in the new encasing group and 3.2 micrograms/(g dust) in the used encasing group. The Der II concentration was 1.6 micrograms/(g dust). The total amount of Der I was 0.1% of the control in the new encasing group and 0.5% of the control in the used encasing group. The total amount of Der II was 0.2% of the control in the new encasing group and 0.7% of the control in the used encasing group. We compared Der p and Der f levels in the dust samples which we assayed and found no significant differences either in Der I or in Der II allergen. We concluded that Microguard was a useful tool to avoid mite allergen exposure by reducing not only the concentration of mite allergens but also the amount of dust.

Allergens↗
PubMed1994

Can specially trained physiotherapists improve the care of patients with rheumatoid arthritis? A randomized health care trial.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the influence of specially trained physical therapists (PT) on patterns and outcome of care, relating to inflammatory disease status as measured by disease outcomes. METHODS: Fifty-four patients were allocated at random to specially trained PT, and to traditional PT. Outcomes were measured at baseline and at 4 months by independent assessors. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant or clinically important difference in outcome between the 2 groups. The advice of specially trained PT significantly improved compliance with salicylates. CONCLUSION: The effectiveness of this therapy was not demonstrated, likely due to incomplete compliance along the therapeutic chain, beginning with the PT's report, through a variety of possible responses, and ending with patient outcome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[The status and trends in the improvement of specialized medical care].

The article analyses the changes which have taken place during the last years in the functioning of the system of specialized medical care in the Armed Forces of Russian Federation. A new definition of this kind of medical care is given in this article, as well as its contents, components, and methods of its further improvement. The authors stress the positive results which were achieved by large multipurpose medical establishments with organic specialized medico-diagnostical units. Trends towards the further development of the system of specialized medical care were created taking into account the regional system of medical support of the Army and Navy. This article has a scientific and practical character and is interesting for the physicians and pharmacists of all specialties.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed1993

[Protective special shoes for diabetics. Personal experience with a group of high risk diabetics during a 2 and 1/2 year period].

A group of 60 type II diabetics with the risk of development of ulceration of the feet was provided with protective specialized footwear. In the course of 2.5 years in 45 patients who could be evaluated the frequency of relapses of previous ulcerations, the development of first ulcerations and the effect on indicators of immediate high risk of a defect (formation of decubital ulcers, blisters) was investigated, as well as the general biomechanical comfort. In 10 patients with relapsing defects relapses developed twice (20%), no primary ulceration developed. As compared with common footwear, the protective footwear had a favourable effect on the formation of sores and blisters 25 patients (55.5%/ 45/100%) reported improvement of the general comfort when walking. 28 (62.2%) patients make use of the favourable experience with the specialized footwear when selecting shoes or when modifiying standard footwear. A surprising finding was delayed fatigue when walking reported by 35 (77.8%) patients, mitigation of dysaesthesias by 23 (51%), pain in the joints by 14 (31.1%), improved stability by 35 (77.8%) of the patients. With regard of the improvement of some subjective complaints the use of protective footwear can be considered a symptomatic-therapeutic element. According to clinical results specialized footwear has a favourable and protective effect on already damaged feet with a reduced tolerance for combined (mechanical, ischaemic, neurotrophic, infectious) insults. Consistent with data of authors from abroad after a 2-5-year follow-up there was a cca 50% reduction in the number of relapses of ulcerations and amputations as compared with common not modified footwear.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The peptidergic mechanisms controlling specialized appetites and taste afferentation].

Were studied the peptidergic mechanisms of regulation of the specialized forms of alimentary behaviour, i.e. the "salt" and "carbohydrate appetites", and the control of taste afferentation in the process of sodium chloride and saccharose consumption. Saccharose consumption controlled with participation of cholecystokinin was found to be mediated by an increase of taste afferentation under the influence of this peptide. Specialized sodium chloride consumption is under the control of the peptides litorine and substance P and mediated by a selective intensification of taste afferentation under the influence of these peptides. Active immunization by litorin-albumin and substance P-albumin conjugates was carried out to gain a high level of endogenous antibodies to these peptides. Injections of capsaicin to newborn rats was done for a degeneration of the substance P-containing nerve fibers. The methods used confirmed the specific participation of these peptides in a systemic regulation of salt consumption and activity of the chemoreceptors of the tongue. Were analyzed the main principles of the peptidergic regulation of the specialized forms of alimentary behaviour and the role of chemosensory afferentation in a correction of the process of consumption of the substances.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1993

Cytomegalovirus transmission in special-care centers for mentally retarded children.

This study aimed to determine whether special-care centers for mentally retarded children are high-risk settings for cytomegalovirus (CMV) transmission. Serum and urine specimens obtained from 311 mentally retarded children aged 3 to 12 in three centers were compared for CMV seropositivity and CMV viruria with specimens from 360 normal children of the same ages. A seropositivity rate of 73.5% and a viruria rate of 8.7% were found among the children attending special-care centers. These rates were significantly higher than the 59.2% seropositivity and 1.7% viruria found among normal children. By logistic regression analysis, it was shown that the prevalence of CMV viruria in the class/center was one of the most important determinants for acquiring CMV infection. The data suggest that acquisition of CMV from playmates or classmates occurs frequently in special-care centers and that horizontal transmission of virus is the most plausible explanation for the higher prevalence of CMV infection among mentally retarded children.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1993

Structural and functional specialization of A delta and C fiber free nerve endings innervating rabbit corneal epithelium.

An in vitro preparation of rabbit cornea was used to compare anatomical specialization and electrophysiological responses of A delta and C fiber sensory afferents which terminate as free nerve endings. Living nerve endings were visualized using epifluorescence microscopy and the vital dye 4-di2-ASP, and response properties were determined using microstimulation and recording of fiber discharge activity. Fiber type was determined based on conduction velocity measurement and preferred stimulus energy (modality) of each fiber. Four modality-specific fiber populations were identified: (1) slowly adapting C fiber cold receptors (conduction velocity of 0.25-1.6 m/sec), (2) C fiber chemosensitive units with mixed phasic and tonic activity (1.1-1.8 m/sec), (3) rapidly adapting mechanosensitive A delta fibers (1.5-2.8 m/sec), and (4) high-threshold mechano/heat (> 350 dyne or > 40 degrees C) phasic A delta afferents (3.5-4.4 m/sec). In addition to these physiological differences, anatomical specialization was also noted. A delta fiber nerve endings were distinguished from those of C fibers by thin, elongated sensory endings that ran parallel to the corneal surface; C fiber endings formed short, branching clusters that ran mostly perpendicular to the surface. The elongated structure of A delta nerve endings was associated with directional selectivity for mechanical stimuli. These results substantiate previous suggestions that free nerve endings can exhibit both structural and functional specialization.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1993

Special Olympics: an evaluation by professionals and parents.

Attitudes toward Special Olympics were examined in a group of 41 experts in the field of mental retardation and 40 parents of participants in the Special Olympics program. Experts completed a 15-item questionnaire that included Likert-type items regarding possible Special Olympics goals and their importance and fulfillment and open-ended questions regarding program benefits, strengths and weaknesses. Experts were also asked how the program might fit into the normalization debate. Parents were given a similar survey that also included child and parent participation questions. Generally, both groups viewed the program as highly beneficial, particularly in terms of social adjustment and life satisfaction. As to concerns cited, some experts noted potentially segregative aspects of the program, whereas parents focused on administrative issues.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Recent advances in addictive disorders. Special populations. Women, ethnic minorities, and the elderly.

The term special populations in the field of substance abuse refers to groups of patients who have unique treatment needs or who are underserved. This article reviews recent advances in substance abuse among three special population groups: women, ethnic minorities, and the elderly. The prevalence, problems with identification, issues in treatment, and treatment outcomes of substance abuse are discussed separately for each group. Finally, the heterogeneity of characteristics within each special population group is emphasized.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

Assuring a residue-free food supply: special-fed veal.

The importance of extra-label drug use is discussed as this provision relates to special-fed veal production. Presently, there are 3 drugs approved and labeled for use in veal calves. Other medications and pharmaceuticals required to maintain and enhance calf health and well-being must be provided by consulting veterinarians under extra-label drug use provisions. Although special-fed veal has recently been reclassified as a minor use species (within Inter-Regional-4 designation), a sufficiently broad spectrum of safe and effective drugs will probably not be approved for use in veal calves within an acceptable and reasonable period. The use and practice of extra-label drug use provisions have apparently not represented a food safety hazard if the FSIS National Residue Program results are considered a measure of relative food safety. In 1988, the percentage of violative residues (based on all contaminants including antibiotics) was 3.3%; in 1991, this percentage was 0.24%. If existing extra-label drug use provisions were antagonistic with continuing efforts to enhance food safety, the percentage of violative residues would not have decreased. Perhaps not coincidentally, a comprehensive Veal Quality Assurance Educational Program (VQAEP) also was initiated in 1988. This industry-funded, industry-directed program is comparable to QAEP or total quality management programs conducted in other species and production systems. Over 80% of all US special-fed veal producers and others involved in the veal industry have participated in VQAEP seminars since 1988, with repeated attendance by many producers. Although the VQAEP has been effective, the goal of this and other programs must be zero violative residues.

Aging↗
PubMed1995

Ultrastructural study of a special type of ependymal cell at paraventricular level of the golden hamster third ventricle.

The present paper describes the presence of a special cell located in the ependymal wall at the level of the paraventricular nucleus. At this level, ultrastructural observation of these ependymal cells, unlike most other mammalian species, shows the presence of nucleolus-like bodies in their cytoplasm and occasionally basal processes. These processes appear perpendicular to the ependymal surface and end in contact with the basal membrane of hypothalamic capillaries. Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and numerous filaments are present in the basal processes. Nucleolus-like bodies or nematosomes consist of round or ovoid unbound masses of granular appearing material of variable density located in the apical cytoplasm of the cells. Some of their ultrastructural characteristics are similar to other ependymal specialized cells which are classically termed tanycytes. These findings point out the possibility that those special cells may also be implicated in a ventricle-blood vessel communication.

Aging↗