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At least 1,189 records · Page 66Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Do social class differentials in health and health behaviors exist in young people (15-to-24-year-olds) in Belgium?

BACKGROUND: Socio-economic differentials in health are a reality in adults but their postulated persistence throughout the life-course is a subject of discussion. METHODS: Given the real socio-economic inequalities in the health of the adult population in Belgium, we used the 1997 national health survey data to measure these inequalities in the population between the ages of 15 and 24 years, inclusive. Concentration indices were calculated for three health-related variables, namely, subjective health, smoking, and drinking, in connection with various socio-economic indicators specific to the individual and/or the household (occupation, education, income, poverty, socio-economic insecurity). RESULTS: These concentration indices confirmed the existence of socio-economic differentials in the health of these 15-to-24-year-olds in Belgium. The data showed that a "poor health" status for subjective health and smoking was more frequent in the most disadvantaged socio-economic groups and for daily drinking more frequent in the better-off socio-economic groups. CONCLUSIONS: We found a relative diversity in the magnitudes of the inequalities measured depending on the parameters used for their quantification. However, there was an overlapping convergence and reproducibility of the patterns in the general directions of the inequality measurements, as follows: the results for a given indicator were remarkably consistent, regardless of the socio-economic variable studied. This consistency argues in favour of the confirmation of socio-economic class differentials in health in 15- to 24-year-olds in Belgium.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Social class difference in response to Christmas cards.

In a total of 590 Christmas cards sent perception of status was important for both the sender and the receiver. High status of the sender increased the response rate significantly, especially among the "blue-collar" receivers.

Communication↗
PubMed1992

Explaining social class differences in psychological health among young adults: a longitudinal perspective.

The relationship between psychological health and occupational class was investigated in the large British sample of 23-year-old subjects from the 1958 birth cohort study. Odds of poor psychological health indicated by (1) the Malaise Inventory and (2) seeking help for a psychological problem between ages 16 and 23] were significantly greater in classes IV and V than in classes I and II: odds ratios were (1) 3.90 and 5.84, (2) 2.32 and 2.33 for men and women, respectively. Explanations for these differences were examined using longitudinal data representing 'inheritance' at birth, socio-economic background, educational achievement, earlier health and behaviour. The analyses suggested that each of these contributes to class differences in psychological health. Behaviour at age 16 (identified from the Rutter Behaviour Scale) was particularly notable for both psychological measures, as were educational achievement (for Malaise) and unemployment (for psychological morbidity needing specialist help). Mechanisms by which such factors might operate are discussed. Having accounted for earlier circumstances, class differences were no longer significant, except for Malaise in women. In this case an odds ratio of more than twofold remained after adjusting for earlier circumstances.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Social class, gay men and AIDS prevention.

The relationship between sexuality, gay communities and class is potentially a very large problem for AIDS prevention. Class is a historical process which interacts with sexuality in ways still little understood. The complexities of modern class structures need full acknowledgement; labour market groupings are internally divided, and cultural privilege and exclusion are important. A community survey in New South Wales of men who have sex with men shows the class selectiveness usual in such research. An exploration of correlates of labour market position, income and education finds few relationships with attachment to milieu except for involvement with gay organisations, and minor differences in broad measures of sexuality but some class differences in HIV risk-taking and some differences in exposure to information and in attitude. An exploration of several cases from a life-history study of working-class gay men shows the impact of class circumstance on the formation of sexual relationships and points to the accessibility of unlabelled homosexual activity in working-class milieux. Research on working-class education points to the importance of curriculum change in overcoming class exclusion, and is moving towards empowerment models of great relevance in AIDS education.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1989

[The state, social class and health].

This paper analyses the health policies implemented in Argentina during the last four decades, relating their application to concomitant development strategies that were underwritten by political projects advancing different 'societal models'. Our hypothesis is that, in Argentina over the last four decades, there have been three major attempts at adjusting the internal needs of capitalist development to the conditions imposed by the world capitalist system. Such strategies, globally termed 'populist', 'developmentalist' and 'authoritarian', imply a modification of the relationships between state and economy (mode of development) and between state and society (mode of hegemony). They also involve peculiar ways of approaching the contradiction between accumulation and distribution, and consequently, different methods for solving social problems and alternative paths to the consolidation of a hegemonic project. Within this context, both the rationale offered by the state for its proposed health and welfare policies, as well as the actual implementation of these policies conforms to the basic principles of each of the models in force. In the populist model, the political project involves a progressive expansion of the participation of the popular sectors, both in the labour and consumption markets and in the political system. Its health plan conforms with this model by recognizing the state's responsibility both to increase its participation in health services and to promote corporativist activities in the sector, in accordance with the global mobilization/incorporation policy controlled by the mass organizations. In the developmentalist model, emphasis falls on the need to privilege accumulation over distribution; investments in infrastructure are treated as a priority as they are considered indispensable to ensure the future generalization of public welfare. The argument is that the impact of medical assistance on labour productivity must go hand in hand with the creation of job opportunities from economic development. Finally, the authoritarian model excludes the promotion of concensus politics in an effort to radically transform the articulations between state and society. The disciplinary function of the market is used to concealing both a serious lack of interest in the population's living conditions and an iron decision to subject the totality of social life to the rationality of a system where social injustice stands as the society's bastion.

Argentina↗
PubMed1993

Black-white differences in injury. Race or social class?

In the United States injuries are the leading cause of years of potential life lost and the leading cause of death for persons less than 45 years of age. Minority groups, particularly African-Americans, are disproportionately represented among those persons who die as a result of injury. Homicides account for much of this racial disparity; however, other forms of injury also contribute significantly to the differential. This paper examines death rates due to four types of injuries that contribute most to the black/white mortality gap. Our examination of death rates from 1984 to 1988 reveals no major reduction in the racial gap during the period, despite the initiation of some prevention efforts. We suggest that socioeconomic status rather than race is perhaps the major correlate of the social conditions and lifestyle choices which contribute to these injuries. We propose that injury prevention efforts must target both the causes and the consequences of socioeconomic inequality.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1997

The measurement of social class in health studies: old measures and new formulations.

The measurement of socioeconomic status (SES) is a serious matter that requires us to think more precisely about both conceptual issues and issues more traditionally thought of as measurement issues. Progress in this area rests on our ability to identify those aspects of SES that are most closely related to health, human development, and life expectancy. In this chapter we review measures of SES based on characteristics of the individual as well as on characteristics of the environment or more ecologically based measures. Each of these types of SES measures has strengths and weaknesses and in all likelihood taps somewhat different aspects of class. In measuring SES across diverse populations, it is also crucial to be sensitive to the ways in which measurement varies across different cultural, ethnic and demographic groups. It is likely that as we conduct more refined research in this area we will understand more fully why SES is so profoundly related to health status. However, so as to understand this relationship, we will need to expand efforts to identify not only those psychosocial or biological processes that occur 'downstream' as a result of SES but also the nature of the social experience itself and those 'upstream' forces that place so many individuals at risk.

Culture↗
PubMed1999

Social class and nutrition in coronary heart disease.

The UK mortality rate for coronary heart disease is higher than other industrialised countries. Inequalities in health mean people at highest risk of CHD are those least likely to be able to adopt healthy diets. Nurses responsible for nutritional health messages need to take into account people's material circumstances.

Coronary Disease↗
PubMed1973

Social class and infectious mononucleosis.

The socio-economic status of 80 patients with infectious mononucleosis was compared with the socio-economic distribution of the general population in the same area of south-west London. An excess incidence of infectious mononucleosis was observed among subjects from upper socio-economic groups. A possible relationship between this observation and the epidemiology of the Epstein-Barr virus is discussed.

Health Surveys↗
PubMed1991

Comparisons among children's responses to the Hand Test by grade, race, sex, and social class.

Four hundred sixty-four children in grades K-8 of an urban school were tested in order to develop norms, check for the presence of developmental trends, and compare the performance of different demographic groups on the Hand Test. Comparisons across grade, race, sex, and socioeconomic class indicated that separate norms for grades, but single norms for race, sex, and socioeconomic levels are appropriate for elementary school children. Discrepancies in the developmental trends raised concern about the validity of indices of psychopathology especially as they apply to children in grades K-8.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1981

Relationship of missed psychotherapy appointments to premature termination and social class.

The problem of missed appointments in psychotherapy has received little empirical study. Consequently, this problem was studied in relation to several demographic and actuarial variables. Lower socio-economic status was found to be related to missed appointments and to premature termination. Missing appointments was also found to be related to dropping out of treatment. Possible reasons for these findings are discussed and suggestions offered for reducing premature termination.

Adolescent↗