Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “SOAP”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,189 records · Page 66Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Vaginal washing and increased risk of HIV-1 acquisition among African women: a 10-year prospective study.

BACKGROUND: No prospective study has examined the risk of HIV-1 acquisition associated with vaginal washing, although intravaginal practices have been identified as potentially important contributors to HIV-1 susceptibility. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the contribution of vaginal washing to incident HIV-1 infection. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. METHODS: Data were derived from a 10-year study of risk factors for HIV-1 acquisition among 1270 Kenyan female sex workers. Intravaginal practices were ascertained at study enrollment. At monthly follow-up visits, women completed a standardized interview and specimens were collected for diagnosis of HIV-1 and genital tract infections. RESULTS: : Compared with women who did not perform vaginal washing, there was an increased risk for acquiring HIV-1 among women who used water [adjusted hazard ratio (HR), 2.64; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.00-6.97] or soap (adjusted HR 3.84; 95% CI, 1.51-9.77) to clean inside the vagina, after adjustment for demographic factors, sexual behavior, and sexually transmitted infections. Furthermore, women who performed vaginal washing with soap or other substances were at higher risk for HIV-1 compared with those who used water alone (adjusted HR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.02-2.13). CONCLUSIONS: In populations where vaginal washing is common, this practice may be an important factor promoting the spread of HIV-1. Intervention strategies aimed at modifying intravaginal practices should be evaluated as a possible female-controlled HIV-1 prevention strategy.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

An evaluation of the residual activity of antiseptic handrub lotions: an 'in use' setting study.

An evaluation of the residual activity of quick-drying agents (alcoholic solutions) used for hygienic hand disinfection is described. We looked for residual efficacy following hand disinfection with soap and water alone or followed by one of two alcoholic handrub lotions supplied from an automatic hand washing machine. The bacterial counts on the hands obtained before and within 2 successive hours after disinfection showed that alcoholic chlorhexidine was the most effective for 10 minutes after contamination of the hands. WELPAS (alcoholic chlorbenzarconium) followed this in its immediate effect and was better than soap and water alone. There were no significant differences after 30' or 120' between the three disinfecting methods.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

The effect of washing on the thickness of the stratum corneum in normal and atopic individuals.

The thickness of, and number of cell layers in, the stratum corneum and the living epidermis were determined on frozen sections of washed and unwashed skin from normal and atopic individuals of both sexes. The stratum corneum of atopic patients was thinner and had fewer layers of dead cells and intercellular lipid than normal, although the living epidermis was thicker. Regular washing with soap and water had no appreciable effect on the dimensions of the living epidermis of either group but caused a reduction in the number of cell layers and the amount of sudanophilic material in the stratum corneum of both. In atopic patients little surface lipid remained, suggesting that washing with soap and water may be detrimental to the barrier function of the stratum corneum in such patients.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2005

A survey of bathing and showering practices in children with atopic eczema.

We evaluated the emollient use and bathing habits of children with atopic eczema (AE) managed at the paediatric dermatology clinic of a university teaching hospital, using children with noneczematous skin diseases as controls. Disease severity of AE in the preceding 12 months was evaluated by the Nottingham Eczema Severity Score. Three-quarters of patients with or without eczema preferred showering to bathing. Patients with AE were more likely to use bath oils than soap and to use emollients after a bath/shower. Review cases, however, were more likely to take a shower and for a longer time (10-30 min) than first-visit eczema patients. These habits did not vary with season or disease severity. Emulsifying ointment was the most commonly used agent for the bath/shower. Most patients applied emollient immediately after a bath/shower. However there were still significant proportions of AE patients who used soap (40% of first-visit vs. 27% of review cases) and who did not apply emollients after a bath/shower (25% of first-visit vs. 23% of review cases). It is important to determine whether this problem is due to inadequate patient education or whether other factors lead to poor compliance.

Baths↗
PubMed1992

Stability of mupirocin ointment (Bactroban) admixed with other proprietary dermatological products.

This study involved the mixing of 1:1 combinations of Bactroban (mupirocin) Ointment 2% with various cream, lotion, ointment, gel, solution and liquid soap formulations with storage at 37 degrees C for 60 days. The mixtures were assayed for mupirocin content at 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days using a high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay. At the time of preparation of these admixtures, Bactroban Ointment is chemically and physically compatible with all of the topical dermatological products studied except for Valisone lotion where a physical incompatibility is immediately observed. Admixtures of Hibiclens liquid soap or Lotrimin solution with Bactroban Ointment were stable throughout the entire 60-day study. Combinations of Lotrimin cream, Hytone cream, Valisone ointment or Vytone cream with Bactroban Ointment also retained chemical stability of mupirocin for the entire period even though two layers were observed and mixing was required to restore a physically homogenous mixture. Other Bactroban Ointment admixtures were found to be either chemically stable for mupirocin for periods less than 60 days or physically incompatible mixtures were observed upon storage. No conclusions were drawn from these studies concerning the efficacy or safety of any of these products when used in extemporaneously prepared combinations.

Dermatologic Agents↗
PubMed2005

Functional assessment of a washing emulsion for sensitive skin: mild impairment of stratum corneum hydration, pH, barrier function, lipid content, integrity and cohesion in a controlled washing test.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Sensitive skin has been described as a skin type with higher reactivity than normal skin and exaggerated reactions to external irritants. Washing with soaps is harmful for barrier-related parameters. Cutaneous irritation induced by cleansing products under exaggerated test conditions, e.g. patch testing, is not necessarily predictive of the irritation occurring under standardized daily use conditions. The purpose of the study was to assess the effect of an improved washing solution for sensitive skin in a half-site comparison on barrier-related parameters. METHODS: Thirty healthy volunteers with self-reported sensitive and so-called problematic skin performed standardized washings with a soap-free washing emulsion with mild acidity (pH 5.5) for 3 weeks. Test areas were both forearms and the cheek. Non-invasive biophysical measurements of the following skin parameters, epidermal permeability barrier function measured as transepidermal water loss (TEWL), stratum corneum (SC) hydration, pH value, skin surface lipids, skin temperature and SC integrity/cohesion, were assessed prior to the first washing, on days 7, 14 and 21 after beginning the washing procedure. SC cohesion was quantified using two independent methods on D-Squame tapes: optical spectroscopy measuring the absorbance and a protein assay assessing the total protein (Bradford). Both methods showed a good correlation. SC integrity was quantified by measuring TEWL after sequential stripping with D-Squame tapes. RESULTS: The use of the washing emulsion led to a mild damage of the epidermal permeability barrier function with no marked difference to water application. Furthermore, a mild but significant dehydration was assessed after 21 days vs. baseline without any differences between the water-treated and the washing emulsion-treated forearm. On the cheek no dehydration was detectable but the lipid content was reduced under the washing emulsion. The pH value increased in all three test areas after 21 days, again without significant differences between water and the washing solution. SC cohesion was quantified using two independent methods on D-Squame tapes: optical spectroscopy measuring the absorbance and a protein assay assessing the total protein (Bradford). Both methods showed a good correlation. The SC cohesion decreased after 21 days on the water-treated as well as on the washing emulsion-treated arm. The decrease over time was significant when used the optical spectroscopy measuring. A standardized questionnaire revealed positive characteristics of the washing emulsion and good acceptance. CONCLUSION: The investigated standardized washing model with the endpoints epidermal barrier function, SC hydration, surface pH, skin surface lipids, skin temperature and SC integrity/cohesion showed only mild damage comparable to washing with water.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1985

Bacterial colonization and neonatal infections. Effects of skin and umbilical disinfection in the nursery.

In a prospective randomized study different regimens for skin and umbilical disinfection in newborn infants were tested: daily whole body soap wash (control group), daily whole body soap wash and umbilical cleansing with (i) benzine solution, or (ii) 0.05% chlorhexidine, and daily whole body wash and umbilical cleansing with a 4% chlorhexidine detergent solution (Hibiscrub). Bacterial cultures were taken from the nose and umbilical area at discharge. Clinical infections were registered in the nursery, and after discharge until 6 weeks of age. Cultures were taken from infected areas. In the control group a high colonization rate was found for S. aureus (91%), E. coli (39%), and group B streptococci (GBS) (20%). The colonization rates were influenced by the Hibiscrub regimen (colonization rate for S. aureus 59%, E. coli 23%, and GBS 10%), but not by the other regimens. Infections (pemphigus, paronychia, conjunctivitis, umbilical infection) occurred in 12.9% of the infants, of whom 65% got infection after discharge from the nursery. 96% of the infections were caused by S. aureus, and 87% caused by strains colonizing the infants in the nursery. None of the tested regimens reduced the rate of infections during the first 6 weeks of life.

Alkanes↗
PubMed1972

Improved experimental model for measuring skin degerming activity on the human hand.

A gloved-hand method is presented for evaluating the interaction of antimicrobial agents with the normal resident bacterial flora of human skin. One of the key features of the experimental model is a simplified technique for sampling the skin, which involves the addition of eluting fluid to the gloved hand. As with other skin sampling techniques, the number of bacteria recovered from the hands showed considerable variation from subject to subject. However, no significant differences were observed between the numbers of bacteria recovered from the right and left hands of individual subjects. The mean number of bacteria recovered from the hand before and after washing with nonmedicated soap was consistent and reproducible over a period of at least 5 consecutive days. The number of recoverable bacteria from the hand was greatly reduced by a single treatment with a surgical scrub preparation containing hexachlorophene. The extent of skin degerming achieved was little affected by the use of a surgical brush, and was maximal at approximately 30 min after contact with the hexachlorophene-containing formulation. It was determined that the level of transient bacteria on the hands could be controlled by a simple wash with nonmedicated soap, resulting in a stabilized base-line level from which treatment interactions with the resident microflora could be measured more precisely. The basic elements of the method presented fulfill the requirements of a satisfactory experimental model for the in vivo evaluation of skin-degerming agents on the hand. The selection of appropriate experimental designs allows treatment comparisons to be made with a high degree of statistical confidence.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed1993

Clinical features and management of recurrent balanitis; association with atopy and genital washing.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate clinical features and diagnostic investigations in patients with recurrent or unresponsive balanitis in order to institute rational management. DESIGN: Forty-three patients presenting to a genitourinary medicine clinic with recurrent or persistent balanitis were studied. All patients were asked whether they had a history of atopic illness and about their practice of genital washing. All patients were investigated by taking a swab specimen from the preputial area for bacterial and viral culture and 30 underwent biopsy of the affected skin. Follow-up was between three and six months. SETTING: Outpatient genitourinary medicine clinic, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK. RESULTS: In 31 (72%) of the patients a diagnosis of irritant dermatitis was made. In comparison with the remaining patients, they had a greater lifetime incidence of atopic illness and more frequent daily genital washing with soap. For 28 (90%) of these patients, use of emollient creams and restriction of soap washing alone controlled symptoms satisfactorily. For the remaining 12 patients, a variety of diagnoses were made. Biopsy proved a well tolerated and diagnostic investigation, but the isolation of microbial pathogens from preputial swabs was irrelevant to management. CONCLUSION: A history of atopic illness and of the practice of penile washing are important aspects in the evaluation of patients with recurrent balanitis. Biopsy is an important investigation in the condition when it does not seem to be caused by irritant dermatitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Effects of skin contactants on evolution of atopic dermatitis in children: a case control study.

There is little published literature on the effects of skin contactants during early infancy on eventual development of atopic dermatitis (AD). The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not a relationship exists between the use of skin care products in early infancy and the subsequent development of AD. We studied a group of 54 Kenyan children with AD and 63 age and sex matched controls. Emollients had been used to lubricate the skin during early infancy in a similar proportion of children in both groups (odds ratio = 0.33; 95% CI = 0.14, 0.80). Similarly, no association was found between the use of toilet soaps or laundry detergents in early infancy and development of AD. These findings suggest that baby soaps and vaseline petroleum jelly can safely be used in the skin care of AD susceptible individuals.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed2003

Demographic and parasitic infection status of schoolchildren and sanitary conditions of schools in Sanliurfa, Turkey.

BACKGROUND: The design and development of school health programmes will require information at demographic characteristics of schoolchildren and the major health burdens of the school-age group, the opportunities for intervention and the appropriateness of the available infrastructure. This study aims to analyse demographic and parasitic infections status of schoolchildren and sanitary conditions of schools in Sanliurfa province of south-eastern Turkey. METHOD: Three primary schools were randomly selected in the shantytown, apartment and rural districts. A total of 1820 schoolchildren between 7-14 years age were took part to the survey of whom 1120 (61.5%) were boys and 700 (38.4%) were girls. A child form (including child's name, sex, age, school grade and parasitic infections) and school survey form (including condition of water supply, condition of latrines, presence of soaps on the basins and presence of garbage piles around to the schools) were used for demographic, parasitic and sanitary surveys. Stool samples were examined by cellophane thick smear technique for the eggs of intestinal helminths. RESULTS: The demographic survey showed that number of schoolchildren was gradually decreased as their age's increase in shantytown school. The sex ratio was proportional until the second grade, after which the number of females gradually decreased in children in shantytown and rural schools while, in apartment area, schoolchildren was proportionally distributed between age groups and gender even the high-grade students. The prevalence of helminthic infections was %77.1 of the schoolchildren in shantytown, 53.2% in apartment district and 53.1% of rural area. Ascaris lumbricoides was the most prevalent species and followed by Trichuris trichiura, Hymenolepis nana and Taenia species in three schools. Sanitation survey indicated that the tap water was limited in shantytown school, toilet's sanitation was poor, available no soaps on lavatories and garbage piles were accumulated around the schools in shantytown and rural area, while, the school in apartment area was well sanitised. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicated that burden of parasitic infections and poor sanitation conditions constituted public health importance among to the shantytown schoolchildren. School health programmes including deworming and sanitation activities through the health education and improvement of sanitation conditions in the schools have a potential to better health and education for schoolchildren. These programmes also offer the potential to reach significant numbers of population in the shantytown schools with high level of absenteeism.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Efficacy of topical phenol decontamination strategies on severity of acute phenol chemical burns and dermal absorption: in vitro and in vivo studies in pig skin.

Pure phenol is colorless and used in the manufacture of phenolic resins, plastics, explosives, fertilizers, paints, rubber, textiles, adhesives, pharmaceuticals, paper, soap, and wood preservatives. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of several phenol decontamination strategies following dermal exposure using the pig as a model for human exposure, and then assess the effect of the two best treatments on phenol absorption in the isolated perfused porcine skin flap (IPPSF). Six anesthetized Yorkshire pigs were exposed to 89% aqueous phenol for 1 min using Hilltop chambers (10 skin sites/pig; 400 microl/site). Exposure to phenol was followed by one of 10 different decontamination procedures: 1-, 5-, 15-, and 30-min water wash; Ivory soap solution; polyethylene glycol (PEG 400); PEG 400/industrial methylated spirits (IMS); PEG 400/ethanol (EtOH); polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)/70% isopropanol (IPA); and 70% IPA. For each of the last five strategies, 1-min treatment washes were repeatedly alternated with 1-min water washes for a total of 15 min. Evaluation was based on scoring of erythema, edema, and histological parameters such as intracellular and intercellular epidermal edema, papillary dermal edema, perivascular infiltrates, pyknotic stratum basale cells, and epidermal-dermal separation. It was concluded that PEG 400 and 70% IPA were superior to the other treatments investigated and equally efficacious in the reduction of phenol-induced skin damage. In addition, phenol absorption was assessed utilizing the two most effective in vivo treatments in the IPPSF. The assessment of percutaneous absorption of phenol found the PEG 400, 70% IPA, and 15-min water treatments significantly (P < 0.05) reduced phenol absorption relative to no treatment.

Absorption↗
PubMed2000

Effects of biorational pesticides on four coccinellid species (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) having potential as biological control agents in interiorscapes.

The direct toxicity of insecticidal soap, horticultural oil, Azatin, an extract from the Neem tree containing azadiractin, and BotainiGard, a commercial formulation of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana, was assessed on adults of four species of coccinellids--Hippodamia convergens (Guérin-Ménéville), Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer), Harmonia axyridis Pallas, and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant. All biorationals caused less mortality than a conventional pesticide, carbaryl (Sevin). Horticultural oil (Sunspray ultrafine oil) consistently had no effect on beetle survivorship. Insecticidal soap (M-Pede) significantly reduced survival in all replicates for C. maculata and in at least one of the three replicates for the other three coccinellid species. Beauveria bassiana (BotaniGard) significantly reduced survival of C. montrouzieri at 72 h after spray in all three replicates. Azatin reduced survivorship in only one species, C. maculata, in only one of the three replicates.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Micro-determinations of alpha-tocopherol in tissue lipids.

It has been shown that the determination of small amounts of tocopheral in tissue lipids by methods that use, in sequence, saponification, extraction, TLC and colorimetric assay, is greatly influenced by the concentration of soap in the saponification mixture. Soaps appear to interfere with the recovery of tocopherols during the subsequent extraction step. Based on this knowledge a method is described that was used to measure as little as 15 to 20 ng of tocopherol in 3 to 4 mg of lipid obtained from rat retinas. Presumably the method would be applicable to other tissues as well. The results show that the rat retina is readily depleted of tocopherol if none is included in the diet.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Pattern of use of skin care products in children with and without eczematous skin lesions.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the pattern of use of skin care products between children with eczematous skin lesions and those without. DESIGN: Case control study. SETTING: Two well baby clinics at the Kenyatta National Hospital and the Mbagathi District Hospital in Nairobi. SUBJECTS: Eighty nine infants with eczematous skin lesions and 89 age and sex matched controls without skin lesions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Presence and severity of skin lesions related to the type of skin care products used by the child. RESULTS: Exposure to various products was not significantly different between infants with skin lesions and those without. However, more mothers whose children had a skin rash had made a change in the type of soap and or skin cream used for their child (p<0.0001). The principal reason for changing products was skin rash in the baby and most mothers made changes away from scented baby soap products. CONCLUSION: The study found no significant difference between the cases and controls regarding the type of skin care products used.

Age of Onset↗
PubMed1975

Handwashing practices for the prevention of nosocomial infections.

Handwashing is generally considered the most important procedure in preventing nosocomial infections, because many types of these infections may be caused by organisms transmitted on the hands of personnel. Personnel should wash their hands before and after significant contact with any patient. The risk of personnel acquiring transient hand carriage of organisms is usually greatest after contact with excretions, secretions, or blood; patients at greatest risk are those undergoing surgery, those with catheters, and newborn infants. Although handwashing with an antiseptic agent between patient contacts is theoretically desirable, handwashing with soap, water, and mechanical friction are sufficient ro remove most transiently acquired organisms. Antiseptic agents may produce excessively dry skin if used frequently, and any regimen of handwashing that leads to dermatitis negates the purpose of handwashing. We favor antiseptics for handwashing before surgery and other high-risk invasive procedures and in the care of newborn infants but prefer soap and water for other handwashing.

Antisepsis↗
PubMed1998

Cleansing regimens for continence care.

Soap and water can be harmful when used to cleanse patients with fragile skin. Two alternatives to soap and water were tested with elderly, incontinent patients. Further trials are needed with a larger sample and with different patient populations.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Examining threats to skin integrity.

Intact skin serves a vital role in maintaining homeostasis of the body and is regarded as the body's first line of defense against invading micro-organisms. The skin's barrier function can be jeopardized or threatened by several events: aging, dryness, bathing technique, activities of daily living, and soaps. In this paper, the authors review the structures of the skin that facilitate moisture retention and examine bathing practices that threaten the integrity of the skin. Finally, wound and skin care nurses, as well as generalist nurses, are encouraged to critically review the type of soap and the techniques used for bathing.

Aging↗