Projecting the income distribution in a regional economy.
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Age Factors↗
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Prevalence of neurological diseases in Madrid, Spain.
A pilot study to demonstrate the feasibility of measuring prevalence and prevalence ratios of major neurological disorders was successfully carried out in an urban area of Madrid, Spain, in a population of 961 subjects. The most frequent disorders identified were migraine, epilepsy and peripheral neuropathy.
Adolescent↗
Improving cancer screening among lesbians over 50: results of a pilot study.
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To explore the impact of two one-hour lesbian-specific educational interventions by a lesbian physician on the cancer screening behaviors of lesbians. DESIGN: A pilot pre- and post-test intervention study. SETTING: Two lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered senior organizations in the San Francisco Bay Area (one urban, one suburban). SAMPLE: 36 participants aged 50-81 (meanX = 60.2, SD = 6.48). The majority were Caucasian (86%), single (61%), living in urban areas (67%), employed (56%), and educated beyond high school (meanX = 15.47 years, SD = 2.90, range 9-21). Eleven percent (n = 4) did not have any health insurance and were not on Medicaid or Medicare. METHODS: A lesbian physician led a one-hour, didactic, lesbian- specific educational program on cancer screening, including a review of current research findings with regard to lesbians' risk for cancer and 45 minutes of information on recommended cancer screening, followed by a 15-minute question-and-answer period. Participants completed a pre- and postintervention survey. FINDINGS: Follow-up data were available for 22 women. Of the six women (27%) who had not focused their attention on breast screening behaviors for two years or more, one-third had obtained mammograms and half began performing monthly breast self-examinations. Of the four women (18%) who had not undergone a pelvic examination for three years or more, one obtained a pelvic examination. The women reported no changes in colorectal cancer screening behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Some of these difficult-to-reach women changed their behavior in a very short period of time, supporting the need for a larger study to confirm these findings. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: A need exists to develop appropriate interventions for the underserved population of lesbians older than 50.
Aged↗
[A model for projecting a firm's manpower].
"Manpower projection models, adapted to an organizational context, may help in forecasting the consequences of a firm's manpower planning in terms of mobility of personnel, and, in this way, may help in determining the future size and structure of manpower. Various applications may be derived from this projection exercise, including, for instance, determination of the impact of varying the size and structure of a personnel pool on total labour costs." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)
Economics↗
A study of attitudes and support systems of inner city adolescent mothers.
Because the simultaneous demands of adolescence and motherhood could result in special infant rearing attitudes and concerns, a prospective pilot study of inner city adolescent mothers was undertaken. A sample of primiparous adolescent mothers was compared with primiparous and multiparous nonadolescent mothers. Data were collected by home interviews at two weeks and three months postpartum. The major hypothesis, that the simultaneous occurrence of adolescence and motherhood would result in special infant rearing attitudes, concerns, and support systems which interfered with mothering, was not fully supported by our findings. Few of the adolescent mothers were married (8%) but of those not married, most (95%) lived in an extended family. Adolescent mothers, when compared with older mothers, were more likely to seek medical advice from their mothers as opposed to health professionals and were more insecure in their maternal self-image if caretaking was shared. Attitudinal differences around feeding were seen, but attitudes about spoiling, perception of the baby's behavior, discipline, caretaking, and enjoyment were the same among groups. Adolescent mothers and their infants provide physicians and other child health professional with a special pediatric family. The differences in available support systems and maternal self-image suggest areas for further investigation.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
The use of CAM by women suffering from nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.
BACKGROUND: Nausea and vomiting during pregnancy (NVP) affects two-thirds of pregnant women to varying degrees and over the years many modalities have been used to try to alleviate this often debilitating condition. There is a paucity of information in the literature about the use or efficacy of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) for the treatment of this condition that affects so many women. Our primary objective was to examine the prevalence of CAM usage by women suffering from NVP. Our secondary objective was to ascertain if women had any supervision in the use of these treatments. METHODS: Women who called The Motherisk NVP helpline, were asked after the counseling session to complete a questionnaire, which included demographic data as well as information about their CAM use. RESULTS: Seventy women completed the questionnaire. 61% reported using CAM therapies, of which the three most popular were: ginger, vitamin B6 and acupressure. 21% of those who reported using CAM, had consulted CAM practitioners, 8% their physicians or pharmacists and 71% discussed the usage with family, friends and other allied health professionals. Women who did not use CAM stated they would probably use these modalities if there was more information about the safety in pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Pregnant women with NVP are mirroring the trend in the general population of the use of CAM. They are also using CAM therapies with little supervision from practitioners experienced in the use of these modalities.
Adult↗
Differential susceptibility to ageing of rat preganglionic neurones projecting to the major pelvic ganglion and of their afferent inputs.
We have analysed age-related changes in the morphology of preganglionic neurones in the lumbosacral spinal cord, labelled following injection of retrograde tracers into the major pelvic ganglion of young adult and aged male rats. We have also examined changes in neurotransmitter-characterised spinal afferent inputs to these neurones, or to the nuclei in which they lie, using light and electron microscope immunohistochemistry. In previous investigations of the major pelvic ganglion, the sympathetic, but not parasympathetic, postganglionic neurones were seen to exhibit age-related changes and the same pattern is seen in the preganglionic neurones. This included an apparent reduction in the numbers of sympathetic preganglionic neurones, and a reduction in the length of their dendrites and the complexity of their branches. Ultrastructural immunohistochemical studies described here reveal significant reductions in the area of synaptic contact made by glutamate-immunoreactive boutons onto the dendrites of sympathetic (but not parasympathetic) preganglionic neurones, while contacts from boutons immunoreactive for glycine or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were unchanged. There is also a reduction in synaptic contacts received by sympathetic somata from boutons immunoreactive for none of these amino acids. Serotonin-immunoreactive terminals are closely associated with preganglionic autonomic neurones, and these are reduced in number in sympathetic, but not parasympathetic, spinal nuclei of aged rats. However, serial section electron microscopy has so far failed to demonstrate conventional synaptic contacts between serotonergic terminals and the dendrites or somata of the preganglionic autonomic neurones. In young animals, axon terminals immunoreactive for thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) are abundant in all spinal laminae including area X, but in aged animals, such terminals are significantly reduced in number in regions containing preganglionic sympathetic, but not parasympathetic, neurones. These results indicate that the sympathetic preganglionic neuron populations that project to the major pelvic ganglion, and the spinal inputs they receive, show a number of degenerative changes in aged rats which are not seen parasympathetic preganglionic neuronal populations.
Afferent Pathways↗
A pilot study on the frequency structure of histological neoplasm diagnoses in rats.
There are large differences in the frequencies of different kinds of neoplasms in a human or animal population. The question arises, whether the set of these frequencies shows some characteristic feature. Our fitting results on neoplasm frequency data relating to laboratory rats show that the frequencies are approximately lognormally distributed. At the same time, fitting results with the logarithmic series distribution, also frequently used in similar studies, are poor. A good fit of the Zipf-Mandelbrot distribution, fitted to the descendingly ordered dominant and subdominant frequencies can be achieved, sometimes after omitting some diagnoses. We point out the possibility that the omitted frequencies may be considered "unnatural" ones. The good fit of a particular frequency distribution to the diagnosis frequency set suggests a corresponding chance mechanism in forming the occurrence probabilities of different kinds of neoplasms. A frequently used scalar feature of frequency distributions of categorical data is the concentration or diversity. It was found that in the female rat population the diagnoses are more concentrated among the diagnosis categories. A possible explanation may involve the fact that females mature faster than males. The study of the distribution properties of the diagnosis frequencies promises the observation of new epidemiological phenomena.
Animals↗
Backcalculation of flexible linear models of the human immunodeficiency virus infection curve.
The authors present a regression approach to the backcalculation of flexible linear models of the HIV infection curve. They note that "because expected AIDS incidence can be expressed as a linear function of unknown parameters, regression methods may be used to obtain parameter and covariance estimates for a variety of interesting quantities, such as the expected number of people infected in previous time intervals and the projected AIDS incidence in future time intervals. We exploit these ideas to show that estimates based on maximum likelihood are, for practical purposes, equivalent to approximate estimates based on quasi-likelihood and on Poisson regression. These algorithms are readily implemented on a personal computer." These concepts are illustrated by projecting AIDS incidence in the United States up to 1993.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
[Accuracy of forecasts of annual numbers based on monthly numbers].
"Since 1985 monthly forecasts have been made of yearly numbers of births, deaths, immigration, emigration and marriages [in the Netherlands] on the basis of monthly figures. The forecasts are equal to the arithmetic average of an ARIMA projection and a naive forecast.... This article compares the forecasts for the years 1985-1989 with forecasts obtained from a simple alternative method." (SUMMARY IN ENG)
Developed Countries↗
Childhood blindness: a new form for recording causes of visual loss in children.
The new standardized form for recording the causes of visual loss in children is accompanied by coding instructions and by a database for statistical analysis. The aim is to record the causes of childhood visual loss, with an emphasis on preventable and treatable causes, so that appropriate control measures can be planned. With this standardized methodology, it will be possible to monitor the changing patterns of childhood blindness over a period of time in response to changes in health care services, specific interventions, and socioeconomic development.
Abstracting and Indexing↗
Probabilistic analysis of fertility and fecundity: an application to Tombia in Rivers State of Nigeria.
"This paper discusses fertility and fecundity from a probablistic point of view, using Tombia [Nigeria] as a case study. The fertility distribution in Tombia, fertility beyond a given time, infertility rate, measures of central tendencies and dispersion of the fertility distribution in Tombia, prediction of age at menopause in Tombia and projection of fertility beyond a given time are discussed. The emphasis is on the discussion and interpretation of the results obtained in the probabilistic models developed therein."
Africa↗
A comparison of four methods for projecting households.
"The purpose of this paper is to extend the headship rate method for projecting households to encompass both sexes. Four models are considered that explicitly incorporate the impact of changes in the number of men and women on the number and joint age distribution of husband-wife households. The models are applied to the Philippines using data from the 1988 National Demographic Survey to project households to 2010. The models are also evaluated by 'backcasting' and comparing the results with special tabulations from the 1970 and 1980 censuses and the 1975 National Demographic Survey."
Age Distribution↗
Epidemiological surveillance of Guillain-Barré syndrome in Sweden, 1996-1997. Network members of the Swedish GBS Epidemiology Study Group.
OBJECTIVES: To set up an epidemiological surveillance system of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) in Sweden and to evaluate the pilot practice of the system for 2 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A network of neurologists reported incident patients with a GBS diagnosis among a general population of 4.5 million inhabitants in Sweden during 1996 1997. Historical GBS data from the national hospital in-patient registry were used for predicting incidences and controlling under-reporting. RESULTS: One hundred and seventeen cases were reported. No alarm signals were identified during the study period. A re-analysis of data in 1996 revealed: 1) a higher than expected incidence in the population aged below 40 years in January, and 2) 27% under-reporting mainly associated to one hospital and to GBS patients hospitalized outside neurological departments. Threshold values for GBS incidences among the general and selected populations were obtained from corrected data. CONCLUSION: - The Swedish Network for GBS Surveillance can provide immediate support for epidemiological evaluation of suspected outbreaks or increased GBS incidence.
Adult↗
Privacy or life: how do women find out about screening mammography services?
AIM: This study investigated how women found out about the Waikato pilot breast cancer screening programme and what influenced them to participate. METHODS: A sample of 1085 women who had undergone screening mammography were sent survey questionnaires in 1999 to investigate how they had found out about the programme and what had influenced them to participate. Data from 599 completed questionnaires were analysed. RESULTS: The most common external sources of information about the availability of screening mammography were: letters of invitation (42%), family doctors (42%), television (32%), and newspapers (27%). The most important external sources of influence for attending screening were: letter of invitation (28%), and knowing someone with breast cancer (27%). CONCLUSIONS: Letters of invitation from the programme provide an important source of influence for attending screening mammography clinics. Up-to-date databases are needed to ensure that women receive information from the screening programme. There was an inconsistency between the government policy to provide a population-based screening programme and the operation of the Privacy Act 1993, which prevents use of other sources of information to update addresses for population groups most likely to benefit from screening. The high gone, no address rate reduced ongoing screening among women who depend on receiving regular recall notices.
Breast Neoplasms↗
Problems of field testing theoretical models: a case study.
The problems of field-testing models are discussed with reference to a population simulation model for the tsetse fly glossina pallidipes Austen developed by us at Nguruman in southwestern Kenya. Model predictions showed a reasonable fit to the changes in the biconical trap index of population size, but tended to overestimate some changes and underestimate others. A more rigorous test for the model is to manipulate one of the population parameters and compare model predictions with the observed population trends. This revealed that some changes in population size resulted more from fly movement than from changes in mortality rates. Fly movement must therefore be incorporated in the model for it to be a useful tool in the development of appropriate control strategies.
Algorithms↗
Population screening for cervical cancer in Jamaica. Results of two separate surveys.
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Adult↗
Preservation of the entire population of normally transient ipsilaterally projecting retinal ganglion cells by neonatal lesions in the rat.
The number of ipsilaterally projecting retinal ganglion cells (IPRGCs) in developing normal rats and rats which received unilateral thalamic lesion and monocular enucleation at birth was studied using wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) as a retrograde neuronal marker. The results showed that the number of IPRGCs labelled in day-21 rats which received lesions at birth was comparable to the highest number of IPRGCs observed in normal rats on day 0 (day of birth). These results suggest that the entire population of IPRGCs which had their axons already grown in or near to their target structures on day 0 can be rescued by neonatal lesions.
Aging↗