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PubMed1989

A comparison of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory and the California Psychological Inventory in assessment of a nonclinical population.

This study investigated the concurrent descriptive validity of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) by comparison with a widely used objective personality inventory, the California Psychological Inventory (CPI), designed to assess normal personality functioning. Due to previous findings (Repko & Cooper, 1985), it was expected that the MCMI would overestimate the prevalence of personality disorders in a nonclinical population. Subjects were 237 male and female undergraduate students enrolled in a state university. A high degree of overlap was found between many of the scales of the MCMI and CPI, which indicates assessment of a number of similar personality dimensions. Depression as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) accounted for a significant amount of variance between the scales. Consistent with expectations, the MCMI was found to overestimate severely the frequency of personality disorders in a student population when compared to the CPI. These results are attributed to Millon's use of base rate scores that require prior knowledge of the population prevalence rate of disorders before accurate scores can be obtained for any population.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Delay of gratification in bulimic and restricting anorexia nervosa patients.

This investigation posited that impairment in the delay of gratification is an etiological factor in anorexia nervosa that differentiates between bulimic anorexic and restricting anorexic subgroups. Forty-eight women aged 18-32 served as subjects. Among subjects aged 18-29, restricting anorexics scored significantly higher than bulimic anorexics on delay. Treatment implications indicate that restricting anorexics would benefit from intervention designed to decrease impulse control, while bulimic anorexics would benefit from intervention designed to increase delaying capacity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Comparison of Anglo- and Mexican-Americans on the 16PF administered in Spanish or English.

The 16PF was administered in either Spanish or English to 546 Anglo- or Mexican-Americans separated into three ethnicity/test language groups: Anglos tested in English, Mexican-Americans tested in Spanish, and Mexican-Americans tested in English. Multivariate and univariate statistics revealed significant differences among the three groups. The largest number of scale differences was between Anglos and Mexican-Americans tested in Spanish. The second largest number of differences was found between the two Mexican-American groups, and the smallest number of differences was found between Anglos and Hispanics tested in English.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Adolescent clients and perceived counselor characteristics: a study of background characteristics, therapeutic progress, psychological distress, and social desirability.

Counseling dyads were investigated through the use of client ratings of their counselor (modified version of the Counselor Rating Form-Short form) and related to client background characteristics, perceived therapeutic gain, psychological distress (Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale [RCMAS] and Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale), and social desirability (Lie Scale of RCMAS). With a sample of severely emotionally disturbed adolescents (N = 45), who had received extensive counseling, only limited support was found for a relationship between counselor ratings and client background characteristics, therapeutic gain, and psychological distress. However, an important finding was the notable influence of social desirability on counselor ratings. This finding must be viewed with an understanding of the special nature of the present sample.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

The relationship among locus of control, coping styles, and psychological symptom reporting.

One hundred two subjects provided locus of control, coping style, psychological symptom, and related information. While locus of control and other predictors were related individually to reports of symptomatology, multiple regressions showed only direct coping strategies and lower reported perceptions of stressfulness as consistently predicting reduced symptom reporting; they generally predicted 25 to 35% of the variance in symptomatology. Direct coping, in turn, was found to be predicted strongly by the combination of increased age, perceptions of the controllability of situations, and an internal locus of control. Older subjects reported fewer attributions to chance locus of control, more direct coping, and less symptomatology, which suggests a possible developmental trend toward better adjustment in these relatively young adults.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

The reasons for living inventory and a college population: adolescent suicidal behaviors, beliefs, and coping skills.

The suicidal behavior of a college population (N = 205) was assessed. Individuals were categorized into four groups: never suicidal, brief suicidal ideation, serious suicidal ideation, and parasuicidal. They also answered questions about why they would not choose suicide, on the Reasons For Living (RFL) Inventory. Depression, hopelessness, and social desirability scales also were presented. A significant difference existed between suicidal and nonsuicidal individuals on the RFL. Hopelessness and depression were found to be correlated significantly with suicidal behavior; social desirability was found to be high among those who were not suicidal and declined as suicidal behaviors became more severe.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Narcissism and the use of fantasy.

This study examined the relationship between narcissism and the use of daydreams and fantasy in samples of 129 and 193 subjects. In sample 1, it was found that (1) narcissistic individuals experience achievement, heroic, sexual, hostile, self-revelation, and future-oriented daydreams; and (2) these six types of daydreams represent a coherent "narcissistic" fantasy style. In sample 2, narcissistic individuals who were experiencing higher levels of daily stress report using more self-admiration, power and revenge, and suffering fantasies to cope with stress. The narcissistic theme of entitlement is uniquely related to narcissistic fantasy and the narcissists' use of sustaining fantasies to cope with stress. Results are consistent with clinical literature on the narcissistic personality.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Personality dimensions reflected by the Rorschach and the 16PF.

This study examined the relationships between Rorschach variables and the 16PF in a sample of 62 university students. Good form level was associated with ego strength, and Popular responses were associated inversely with a scale of rebelliousness. The results did not support some hypotheses, for example, that the Difference score, inanimate movement, and diffuse shading would correlate with 16PF indicators of good coping. On the contrary, the Difference score was associated with a scale that suggests anxiety. Further examination revealed that EA, M, and M+ also were associated with 16PF scales of guilt and anxiety. FC+, T, and to a lesser extent S, were associated with indications of good, relatively anxiety-free functioning.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Delinquent and criminal behavior as assessed by the revised California Psychological Inventory.

The revised California Psychological Inventory was studied in samples of 272 delinquent or criminal men vs. 1,088 controls, and 400 delinquent or criminal women vs. 2,266 controls, which gave delinquency base rates of 20% for men and 15% for women. Of the 27 scales evaluated, significant (p less than or equal to .01) mean differences were found on 25 for men and 26 for women. The best differentiator was So (Socialization), with point-biserial correlations of .54 for men and .58 for women. The new CPI theoretical model of personality structure also revealed significant differences. Persons in the Gamma and Delta lifestyle categories manifested higher rates of delinquency than did those in the Alpha and Beta. Low levels of ego integration were associated with greater incidence of delinquency in all four lifestyles.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The differential effects of parental alcoholism and mental illness on their adult children.

Growing up in a household with alcoholic or mentally ill parents is more likely to produce lower self-esteem, greater dysphoria, and more anxiety in adulthood. To test this hypothesis, 139 undergraduate and graduate students completed measures of anxiety, depression, social avoidance, self-esteem, and social support. Results showed that adult children of alcoholics, adult children of mentally ill, and adult children of substance-abusing mentally ill had lower self-esteem and were more socially anxious than normal controls. Adult children of mentally ill parents were more depressed and showed greater trait anxiety than did adult children of alcoholics and controls. The impact of parental pathology is diminished when the adult child has a large and/or satisfactory social support network.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The Children of Alcoholics Screening Test: reliability and relationship to family environment, adjustment, and alcohol-related stressors of adolescent offspring of alcoholics.

The Children of Alcoholics Screening Test (CAST) had acceptably high internal consistency (.88 and .90) and test-retest reliabilities (.88) when administered to adolescents from intact alcoholic families. CAST scores were unrelated to measures of adolescent adjustment or indices that reflect general family environment. However, CAST scores did correlate positively with a measure of the more specific family environment related to alcohol abuse. The study suggested that CAST scores are best suited for screening respondents and not as a dependent variable because the relationships that one is likely to identify between CAST scores and any other variable would be primarily reflective of group differences between offspring of alcoholics and nonalcoholics.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

Reductions in turnover, accidents, and absenteeism: the contribution of a pre-employment screening inventory.

This study examined the rates of turnover, work-related accidents, and unauthorized absence among two contrasted groups of employees in a mid-sized manufacturing environment. For the calendar year 1989, comparative rates on each variable were obtained for a group hired prior to the inclusion of a pre-employment inventory in the Company's selection process and a group hired subsequently. Results indicate that rates of turnover, accidents, and unauthorized absence were all significantly lower in the group hired subsequent to inclusion of the pre-employment screening inventory. Some possible design artifacts and cost-benefit implications are discussed.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1993

Sexually and physically abused adolescents: an empirical search for PTSD.

Recently, clinical manifestations of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children and adolescents have been investigated, yet little is known about its assessment or diagnosis. Few empirically based studies appear in the PTSD literature on non-adult populations. Data were collected from 19 physically and sexually abused adolescents (aged 13-18 years) who were living in a group home setting. Subjects were administered the MMPI, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Spielberger State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Results suggest that the subjects were moderately depressed and anxious, but that these adolescents did not manifest significant symptomatology of PTSD similar to that seen in adult, civilian PTSD populations using comparable MMPI measures. Implications of these findings for assessment purposes are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Object relations and social functioning of schizophrenic and borderline patients: a cross-sectional developmental perspective.

Using a cross-sectional design, this study compared patients with schizophrenic and borderline personality disorders on measures of object relations and social functioning. Although we found that on measures of object relations the borderline group remained less impaired than the schizophrenics, during the course of the lifespan the schizophrenic patients appeared to surpass the borderlines on social functioning. These results are integrated with the literature that compares the long-term course and outcomes for these disorders and are discussed within the context of differential adaptive capacities, change mechanisms, and treatment interventions.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Additional validity evidence for the Harder Personal Feelings Questionnaire-2 (PFQ2): a measure of shame and guilt proneness.

The present study sought to provide additional evidence for the construct validity of the Harder (Harder & Zalma, 1990) Personal Feelings Questionnaire-2 (PFQ2), a recently revised measure of shame and guilt proneness. Seventy university students, 35 male and 35 female, completed the PFQ2 and scales that assess self-derogation, instability of self-concept, shyness, social anxiety, public self-consciousness, private self-consciousness, and locus of control. The correlation results were generally consistent with validity predictions. As in previous studies, however, the discriminant validity of the shame and guilt scales was supported, but not strongly.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Exploring the sociotropy-autonomy dimensions in a sample of Turkish psychiatric inpatients.

The present study explored the constructs of sociotropy and autonomy with a group of Turkish depressed inpatients, who were administered the Beck Depression Inventory, the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale, the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire, and the Sociotropy-Autonomy Scale. A comparison group of students from three SES levels also were included in the study. Comparisons were made on the scale scores among the non-dysphoric students, the dysphoric students, and the depressed patients. The results seem to support the relationship of sociotropy with other depression measures in both samples. However, several problems were encountered with the construct autonomy as it is conceptualized in the Sociotropy-Autonomy Scale.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Developmental and gender differences in the relationship of behavior pattern to heart rate reactivity between two teenage samples.

The Type A Behavior Pattern was assessed for 122 teenagers from two age-groups. Subjects had their heart rate measured during rest and presentation of a mental arithmetic stressor under timed and competitive conditions. Data were analyzed to determine whether sex, age, task performance, and behavior pattern predicted the degree of heart rate reactivity shown by these children. Although there were no significant main effects for behavior pattern, sex, or age, there was a significant interaction among age, sex, and behavior pattern. It is suggested that the two age groups of teenagers sampled here differ in the relationships they show between behavior pattern and heart rate reactivity. This result challenges some previous assumptions with regard to the homogeneity of teenagers on this issue.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Sense of humor and dimensions of personality.

Previous researchers have demonstrated relationships between sense of humor and personality. Most have viewed sense of humor from the perspective of humor appreciation. Others have taken the approach that sense of humor has two factors: appreciation and creativity. Our approach has been to look at sense of humor as made up of creativity and several additional elements. The present study reports on the factor analysis of a Multidimensional Sense of Humor Scale, as well as correlates of various elements of sense of humor with personality traits assessed by the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule. Relationships by humor scale factors are reported, as are differences between those high and low in sense of humor within a sample of 426 individuals, 18 through 90 years of age.

Adaptation, Psychological↗